Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a form of community empowerment sustainably implemented by the private sector which is believed to be a strategic approach in an effort to alleviate poverty in Indonesia. Implementation of community-based CSR policy has been also carried out by Semen Bosowa Maros (SBM) Ltd. The main area targeted as community-based CSR is the operational area of PT. SBM in the village of the District Baruga Bantimurung Maros. This study aimed to analyze the determinant factors of policy implementation of CSR Semen Bosowa Maros in sustainably improving the community empowerment of Baruga village. The study took place in the operational area of SBM Ltd. in Baruga village applying qualitative research with a case study approach. Sources of data in the study consisted of primary and secondary data. The study concluded that determinant factors in policy implementation of CSR SBM Ltd. in increasing community empowerment in Baruga village are factor of support policy makers, resources availability, support policy implementor, and community participation.

This complete-enumeration, before-and-after type of study (without controls), was conducted in April 2018 on 53 First-year MBBS students (24 females: 45.28% and 29 males: 54.72%) at a medical college in Kalwa, Thane, Maharashtra, India. After explaining the purpose of the study to the prospective participants, written informed consent was obtained. Those who did not give written informed consent or those who were absent during either pre- or post-test were excluded. The pre-test, conducted after traditional didactic lectures on respiratory system, comprised 15 questions (2 marks each; total 30 marks). The post-test was conducted after case-based learning, using a questionnaire that was identical to that of the pre-test. The outcome studied was the difference in cognitive domain scores after attending traditional didactic lectures (by a pre-test) and after case-based learning (by a post-test). The difference between the mean pre-test score (14.11 +/- 5.12; 95% CI: 7.13 - 15.49) and post-test score (25.92 +/- 4.63; 95% CI: 24.68 - 27.17) was highly significant (Z=12.455; p<0.0001). In the pre-test, the first quartile score of female students was on par with the third quartile score of their male counterparts while the third quartile score of female students was on par with the maximum score obtained by males. The pre-test result also exhibited higher variability in scores obtained by male students. In the post-test, the overall scores of male students improved and the maximum score and third quartile were identical for students of both genders. In the pre-test, the gender differences in mean scores were statistically significant for 5 out of 15 questions, while the mean scores in the post-test did not exhibit significant gender differences. Extension of this study to other topics in the First-year MBBS course may enable formulation of suitable teaching-learning techniques.

The political history of Nigeria is characterised with an unprecedented level of insecurity. Inter-communal and inter-ethnic clashes, religious violent, and armed robbery, assassination, murder, gender based violence, and bomb explosions have been on the increase leading to enormous loss of lives and properties and general atmosphere of siege and social tension for the people. In recent times, inter-ethnic relations tension has resonated in Nigeria. This is due to the activities of some ethnically motivated groups. “The Political Economy of Fulani Herdsmen Activities and Inter-ethnic Relations in Nigeria‟s Forth Republic: Issues and Prospects”, focused primarily on the activities of the nomadic Fulani herdsmen in some parts of Nigeria such as Kaduna, Enugu, Benue, Ekiti, Taraba, Nasarawa, Plateau, Kogi States, etc. In these conflicts, many lives and cattle are lost and properties destroyed. This paper examines the causes of the incessant Fulani herdsmen and farmers conflicts in Nigeria. Secondly, to underscore the nexus between the incessant conflicts and interethnic relations in Nigeria, and thirdly, to overview the alternative options to ameliorate the incessant conflicts between the Fulani herdsmen and the hosting farming communities vis-à-vis to douse the ethno-religious dimension of the conflict.

The spatial patterns of urban land use at both the macro and the micro levels are a central issue in global change studies. The land use/land cover (LU/LC) changes are real important to have proper provision and use of natural resources and their management. Land is becoming a scarce resource due to immense agricultural and demographic pressure. Hence, information on land use /land cover and possibilities for their optimal function is essential for the selection, preparation and implementation of land use schemes meet the increasing needs for basic human needs and welfare It was done by using the data SOI Toposheets, Landsat TM, (1991), Landsat ETM+ (2001), LISS-III (2011) and LISS –IV (2016) and with the aid of using Remote Sensing and Geographical information Techniqnies. The supervised classification method is used to classify the land use and land cover of the study area. The major findings of change detection analysis revealed that the maximum change in the land use and land cover from 1981 to 2016 has been seen in the instance of the built-up area, which has varied from 2.89% to 40.36%. The major expansion of the built-up area is mainly along the highways and the outskirts.

Shaykh „Uthman bin Foduye (1754-1817) was born and raised in Hausaland (presently Northern Nigeria) where the inhabitants lived in a darkness of ignorance about Islam. The aim of writing this paper is to analyse the struggle of Shaykh „Uthman bin Foduye in Hausaland when he wanted to reform people‟s attitude towards Islamic Faith. Firstly it starts by briefing the biography of Shaykh „Uthman bin Foduye, it also discusses the situation and activities of people in Gobir Kingdom before and after the reformation of Shaykh „Uthman bin Foduye. Then the paper underlines the approaches of Shaykh „Uthman bin Foduye in reforming the Faith and Social Vices among the people in Gobir Kingdom. The method used in this research is analytical method. The paper ends by conclusion and some recommendations which if well used Hausaland will be turn to a land of peace and prosperity.

The Importance of H. pylori as an etiological agent in gastroduodenal disease had suggested antibiotic treatment as a main target for the elimination of infection and to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with gastro-duodenal pathologies and the susceptibility patterns of isolates Consecutive dyspeptic patients for endoscopy were recruited in the study. Gastric biopsies were collected from the patients and H. pylori isolated and identified. The present study a total six antimicrobial agents such as Ciprofloxacin, Metronidazole, Norfloxacin, Tetracyclin, Amoxycillin and Clarithromycin were used In against 100 clinical isolates Antibiotic sus-ceptibility was determined by disk diffusion and agar dilution methods against The resistance pattern, amoxicillin and metronidazole (AMRR METR) was the most common (23.7%) amongst the isolates Ninety two (83.6%) of the 110 patients (mean age 42.5 ± 15.7, range 14–70 years) were positive for H. pylori, The antibiotic susceptibility rates were 61% for tetracycline, 54.3% for clarithromycin, 16.4% for amoxicillin and 1.8% for metronidazole. Antimicrobial susceptibility results also revealed 12 antibiotypes based on resistance to the antimicrobial agents investigated.. More than 60% of the isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance to three or four antibiotics. Studies attributed the high level of resistance to the frequent use of the drugs to treat various other infections, ineffective drug control policy and the current treatment regimen in Bikaner.

This study was designed to assess oral health knowledge, attitudes and practices among secondary schools students in Sana'a city, Yemen. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted on (1000) of secondary school students, (500) male students and (500) female students with an age ranged from 16-19 years. A selfadministered structured questionnaire consisting of 24 questions on socio-demographic data, oral health knowledge, attitudes and practices was distributed and collected data was subjected to statistical analysis. The mean knowledge scores for the secondary school students was 72.27 with a statistically significant difference between males and females (P = 0.001). Nearly 75.5% of them reported that regular visits to the dentist are necessary. In contrast, nearly (60.3%) of them visited the dentist when they felt pain and toothache was the most leading reason provided for visiting the dentist (62.1%). Moreover, nearly 42.9% of them reported that fear of needles and drilling was the major reason for their fearing of visiting the dentist. The use of toothbrush and paste was the most oral hygiene method used (78.6%). About 44.6% of them brushed their teeth once per day and 36.8% of them spent one minute for brushing their teeth. Nearly 44.3% of them reported that the time of tooth brushing was before going to bed only. Finally, most of them (74.1%) reported that their parents advised them about the importance of oral hygiene without their watching and did not supervise them. It showed that the students had good oral health knowledge. However, their oral health knowledge, attitudes and practices were bitter in female students than male students.

Anacyclus pyrethrum L. root is one among the ingredients of polyherbal formulation frequently employed for the treatment of stress by Ayurvedic practioners. So, the objective of this study was to scientifically validate its use. Animals were administered graded doses of ethanolic extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum root and subjected for anoxia stress tolerance test, swimming endurance test and acetic acid induced writhing test models and its adaptogenic potential was assessed by estimating various parameters. Stressed animals demonstrated altered values of these parameters. Ethanolic extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum root exhibited significant anti-stress activity by restoration of all the altered values. Present findings validate its use in Aurvedic system of medicine.

Trauma remains one of the principal causes of mortality in the world, especially among young adults. The most serious immediate life-threatening complication following maxillofacial trauma is airway obstruction. The onset can be sudden, as with foreign body aspiration, or following soft-tissue damage that can lead at a later stage to airway-compromising edema. The medical literature regarding facial trauma appears to support the hypothesis that maxillofacial trauma alone is rarely life threatening or will not lead to life-threatening conditions unless associated with airway compromise. There are some causes of life threatening complications following trauma to the maxillofacial region such as massive bleeding or undiagnosed cervical spine injury. However, there are some situations that may cause irreversible damage unless immediate operation is undertaken. The almost complete lack of reports dealing with death or irreversible damage in trauma involving the maxillofacial region prompted us to review the mortality following trauma to the maxillofacial region.

The gastroretentive drug delivery system is site-specific and allows the drug to remain in the stomach for a prolonged period of time so that it can be released in a controlled manner in the gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of the research work is to formulate and optimize the gastro retensive film (GRF) containing Propranolol hydrochloride in order to prolong the release time and improve the bioavailability. Five basic gastroretensive films were developed by solvent casting method for preliminary trial . The best formulation was subjected for two factor two level design approach. Independent variables selected were concentrations of Eudragit S 100 (X1) and Eudrajit RL 100 (X2) and dependent variables were Folding Endurance (Y1) Tensile strength (Y2) Elongation at break (Y3) and in vitro drug release (Y4). The results of the study indicate optimized formulation (P2) exhibit folding endurance 114, tensile strength 1.3 kg mm2, Elongation at break 22% and in vitro release 46.5 % for 12h. The in vitro release data were well fit into Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas model and followed non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. The gastro retensive formulations can be used in diseases where an extended release of propranolol is required.

The Qur‟an contains the Divine revelations of Allah (The exalted) to mankind. It is the message from Allah to man and therefore of utmost importance to us. Therefore, some special knowledge of the circumstances that surround the Glorious Qur‟an is also necessary for fuller understanding of its meaning and implications. This paper, therefore, studies one of the important science of the Qur‟an (that is Miraculousness of the Qur‟an) comparatively from the views of two prominent Islamic scholars, such as; Shaykh „Abd Allah bn Foduye who was born in the year 1179A.H/1766-7.C.E and (d. 1829 C.E), and Bediuzzaman Sa‟id Nursi who was born in 1877 C.E in the small village of Nurs in the province of Bitlis in eastern Anatolia of the old Ottoman Empire (modern day Turkey) and (d. 1960 C.E), who had a good numerous of things in common and differ with Shaykh Abd Allah in some explanations especially in „Ijaz al-Qur‟an (Miraculousness of the Qur‟an).This paper attempts to discuss definition of the „Ijaz al-Qur‟an, the views of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi and Shaykh Abd Allah bn Foduye on „Ijaz al-Qur‟an. The paper also explains where these two prominent Islamic sages are compatible and incompatible concerning their thoughts on the Miraculousness of the Qur‟an. This paper also explicit the two great scholars have expresses this aspect of „Ijaz alQur‟an (Miraculousness of the Qur‟an) in details. The whole idea of selecting these renowned scholars, despite the difference in the time of their existence and place of activities, is for a number of reasons. Firstly, to show the efforts of the two scholars in reviving the religion of Islam in their respective domains and times and vindicating its truth despite the challenges they encountered from those who were against the teachings of Islam. Secondly, is to show the people of these two continents that there are great scholars who worked vigorously about Qur‟an and to benefit from their knowledge and good character. Looking at the nature and scope of this research, analytical method was employed by studying and analyzing the works of the two scholars.

Nasogastric tube feeding (NGT) is used for those patients who can-not sustain their oral requirements. Poor nursing adherence to evidence-based guidelines has negative consequences leading to higher mortality rates, delayed recovery and longer length of stay. Nurses play an intrinsic role in preventing these infections especially aspiration pneumonia by pursuing standard guidelines. Current study was designed to evaluate nurses’ knowledge and practices of NGT feeding in order to reduce complications. Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study design was proposed. Study population included 70 nurses working in three public sector hospitals in Lahore. Nurse’s knowledge was obtained using a self -structured questionnaire and their practices were recorded by direct observation through a checklist. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20. Data was represented in the forms of figures and tables. By knowledge and practice 60% secured under satisfactory level. Nasogastric tube feeding is a critical practice for seriously sick patients and errors in proper knowledge and skills can lead to serious complications. The present study could identify a high level of gaps in knowledge and skills of applying nasogastric tube feeding procedure. This necessitates the action at training institutions for nurses and on job protocols including monitoring for safety of patients.

The number of customers at Giant Citra Raya over the last five years (2011- 2015) has decreased significantly, due to many factors including poor service quality and poor customer care. Likewise Extra Giant Switching Customer behavior has Negative Net Switching, when compared to the three brands (Carrefour, Hypermart and Lotte Mart). This low customer loyalty index is due to poor service quality. The research design is explanatory, where sampling method is a non-probability sample (non-random sample). The sampling technique uses accidental sampling, in which the researcher has the freedom to choose who to meet which can be sampled according to the requirements of the existing population. The method used in this research is survey method. The average customer population is 2,070,823 / 12/30 = 5752 per day, with Slovin samples of 152 respondents. Quantitative analysis method with Analytical Path Analysis tool and SPSS tool version 2.33. Prior to the analysis conducted test of questionnaire instrument with validity test and classical assumption. After analyzed with Path Analysis continued with test of determination analysis (R Square), partial test of hypothesis (t test) and simultaneously (F test) with 5% error tolerance level. The result of this research is that Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction have a effect on Brand Image and Customer Loyalty. Brand Image and Customer Loyalty are still influenced by other variables other than Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction, therefore need to do further research.

Laryngeal tuberculosis is an extra pulmonary form of tuberculosis and is found in about 2% of all tuberculosis cases. A retrospective analysis of 31 cases of laryngeal tuberculosis was done in the present study extending for 30 years in three Medical Colleges of West Bengal, India. Out of these 31 cases in the study, 20 patients were male and 11 were female with an M: F Ratio of 1.8:1. The age of the patients ranged from 31 years to 59 years. The highest incidence of 45.2% was observed in the age group of 51 to 60 years, followed by 35.5% in the age group of 41 to 50 years and 19.4% in the age group of 31 to 40 years. All the patients presented with hoarseness of voice and cough was the second common symptom. Out of the 31 patients, 9 patients complained of pain in the throat and seven of those had referred earache also. In majority of the cases, the lesions were limited to the vocal cords, arytenoids, and posterior commissure. False cord was involved in 15 cases and ulcer over the arytenoid was found in 14 cases. Patients with lesions involving only the vocal cords, presented with hoarseness of voice, whereas lesions involving the other areas of the larynx, such as arytenoid and aryepiglottic fold presented with odynophagia. Enlargement of the regional lymph nodes was observed in 5 cases out of the total 31 cases. Most of the cases were found during the first 20 years of the study whereas only 4 cases were found during the last 10 years, which could be attributed to the successful implementation of the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme in India. However, the emergence of multi drug resistant strain of the causative bacillus and tuberculosis-HIV co infection has complicated the scenario at present. On histopathological examination, tubercular granuloma with stromal hyperplasia, large number of phagocytes and giant cells, epitheloid cells, Langhans cells and typical necrosis with caseation were found. Confirmation of the diagnosis utilizing a proper diagnostic algorithm and treatment with specific Anti Tubercular Drugs (ATDs) are most important in the management of laryngeal tuberculosis.

Over the past three decades, rapid urban sprawl, a changing economy, and shifting demographics have caused rapid developments, which included the urban regeneration of existing neighborhoods. In the 1940s, after oil and natural gas discoveries in the State of Qatar, Doha experienced massive transformations on social, economic, cultural and environmental levels. These transformations have created (A) the need for creating sustainable neighborhoods and (B) raised questions related to how existing neighborhoods can be more sustainable in the future. This study investigates the neighborhood of Msheireb Downtown Doha and the reasons which have caused its urban regeneration. The study investigates (1) practical forms of sustainable urbanism principles by analyzing the Msheireb project and (2) how this urban project can be enhanced according to these principles. The research design encompasses a summary of the literature, the site analysis, structured interviews and a resultant vision of a sustainable concept for Msheireb to define the actions needed to implement the sustainable neighborhood concept. The findings reveal that, comparing the image of old Msheireb with the current regenerated one, the later neighborhood is compact, pedestrian-friendly and mixed use, which in turn encourage people to engage and promote a higher level of social interaction and therefore, contribute to enhancing the urban livability of the neighborhood.