The complex relationship between pastoral communities and their socioeconomic background casts more doubts as to how the local people are involved in policy process of improving access to Primary Schooling, Mugwe, 2006. The study reiterates the usefulness of case studies for educational research given its variety and complexity in making formative evaluation and in educational policy making. This is in agreement with Cletus, B [34] which emphasizes the critical role of evidence- based policy and practice. Investigation was carried out to examine implications of Free Primary Education (FPE) on access to schooling. The study adopted ethnographic research design that utilized purposive sampling technique and saturation procedure to select a total of 170 respondents that included head teachers, teachers, parents, school dropouts, educational managers, community leaders, and Non-Governmental Organizations drawn from Turkana South sub-county. Purposive sampling was used to select individuals, groups and organizations that would provide insight into the study. Data was collected using focus group interviews, structured and unstructured interviews, observation, and document analysis. Subsequently, data was collected by use of questionnaire that was sent to head-teachers and education officials and was used only to validate the qualitative data. The collected data was coded, analyzed, described and summarized. The statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) 12.0 for Windows was used to analyze coded information for the purposes of checking for internal consistency, creation of composite scores, and correlation. The study identified various implications of FPE on Primary Schooling for pastoralists as the following: increased enrolment; shortage of teachers; high transition rate; poor handling of children with special needs; increased dropout rate and lack of funds for school feeding program. The findings also concluded that if the roles of various stakeholders were properly articulated, it would improve access to Primary Schooling among pastoralist communities.

This study’s aim was to establish the relationship between peer pressure and high-risk sexual behavior among high school students in Kenya. Twenty-eight students were sampled per school from form 1 to 4, which summed to 138 students in Nakuru East Sub County. Primary data was gathered from the 138 students through a structured questionnaire. Interviews were conducted to the school head teacher. Only 120 respondents were able to fill in the questionnaires.This meant that the response rate was 87.6%. The focus group discussions were done successfully as well as the interviews scheduled with the head teachers. Quantitative data was analyzed through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) using cross tabulation and chi-square to determine response frequency and percentage. Cross tabulation was used to analyze the variables using tables and was supported by qualitative data. The Pearson Chi Square was 0.00 indicating that peer pressure influenced high-risk sexual behavior among high school students in Nakuru East Sub County, Kenya. The study found that peer pressure influenced the students’ decisions on sex and relationships. The study concluded that peer pressure was an influence to high-risk sexual behaviour among high school students and the youth in general. It influenced the decisions they made on dating, sexual relationships, and sex. The study recommended that sex education should be included in the curriculum in order to help the students on gaining knowledge on life skills.

Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) is the most common healthcare associated infection arising as the complication at intensive care units accounting for 80% of all hospital acquired infections .Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most commonly reported Health Associated Infections (HAIs) in the United States, accounting for 32% of all infections Weber, Sickbert-Bennett et al., 2011. Although many preventive measures and guidelines to prevent CAUTI exist in different health care setting. The main purpose of this study was, to assess the knowledge and attitude of nurses towards the prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infection in the ICU’s of the public hospitals Lahore. A cross sectional descriptive survey was performed to assess the knowledge and attitude among Nurses. A convenient sample of n=160 was used to collect the data. A structured adopted questionnaire from knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses towards the prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infection in selected referral hospitals in rwanda was used to collect data. The questionnaire consisted demographic variables, Knowledge and attitude of nurses about CAUTI among the nurses of the ICU at public hospitals Lahore. The findings reveals that majority of participants 48.75% were having moderate knowledge towards CAUTI prevention, having 48.13% poor knowledge and 3.13% having only good knowledge. However, attitude of nurses toward CAUTI prevention was 60% negative and 40% positive. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 21. Overall knowledge is satisfactory however negative attitude needs much attention.

An experiment was conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jamalpur, Bangladesh which geographic coordinates located between 24034ʹ and 25026ʹ north latitude and between 89040ʹ and 90012ʹ east longitude during the period from November, 2015 to March, 2016 to observe the growth and yield performances of the rapeseed-mustard varieties under field condition grown from the seeds of different stages of siliquae maturity of the previous year experiment. Four rapeseed-mustard varieties viz. BARI Sarisha-11 (V1), BARI Sarisha-14 (V2), BARI Sarisha-6 (V3) and Tori-7 (V4) and seeds of those varieties harvested at four stages of siliquae maturity viz. H1 = Green stage of siliquae, H2 = Pale yellow stage of siliquae, H3 = Golden yellow stage of siliquae and H4 = Full maturity stage of siliquae were included as the treatments in the experiment. Harvested seeds of the previous year were stored in air tight polythene under freezing condition till set up the experiment. Results revealed that four rapeseed-mustard varieties varied significantly for most of the parameters studied. Variety V1 produced significantly the highest seed yield (1.99 t ha-1) while the lowest (1.04 t ha-1) was recorded from V4. Seeds of H2, H3 and H4 stages produced statistically similar and significantly higher seed yield ranges from 1.57-1.65 t ha-1 (H4>H3>H2)) than that of H1 stage which produced the lowest (1.34 t ha-1) mainly due to the poor stand establishment. Interaction effects of varieties and seeds harvested at different stages of siliquae maturity did not show significant variation in expressions of seed yield and yield contributing parameters.

Renal failure is one of the most increasing issue and patient need to admit or enter in any care organization where care for the renal care or therapy are provided to the patients. The renal kidney failure patient’s kidney stopped working well and it is difficult for the patients to survive easily without dialysis (Weiser 2013). The main purpose of this study was, to assess the level of satisfaction regarding nursing care in dialysis centers LHR. A cross sectional descriptive survey was performed to assess the satisfaction level of dialysis patients. A convenient sample of n=150 was used to collect the information. A structured questionnaire with demographic variables and causes variables was applied. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 21. On the basis of this study results it is concluded that a questionnaire was used for the assessment of patient. It contains multiple questions about nurses and participants. According to these study results it shows that patient satisfaction with dialysis was high. Moreover patients were more satisfied if they provided information about dialysis procedure, nurses also give emotional support to the patient. Finally, questions were asked to the patients about their views on the care provided in the dialysis center. Most of the patients' had satisfied from nurse’s care provided in dialysis center. Patients were more satisfied if they provided information about dialysis procedure; nurses also give emotional support to the patient.

Household air pollution (HAP) arising from use of high polluting cooking fuel use remains a global health threat .This study sought to determine the major type of household cooking fuel used by workers ,their level of knowledge of the health effects of use of various categories of house hold cooking fuel, the association between level of knowledge and category of cooking fuel used and the determinants of category of cooking fuel used by respondents A questionnaire based descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 352 staff of the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Nigeria selected by multi-stage sampling technique between July and October,2017. Data was analyzed with STATA version 10. The major cooking fuel used was liquefied petroleum gas, LPG 221(62.8%). A good proportion 222 (63.1%) also used an alternative cooking fuel with kerosene 88 (37.8%) being the commonest. Main reason for choice of major cooking fuel was convenience 100 (28.4%). Most respondents had good knowledge (70.5%) of the effects of cooking fuel on health. Few knew that cooking fuel is associated with low birth weight 98 (27.8%) and cancer of the lungs174 (49.4%). Categories of staff and level of education were significantly associated with level of knowledge of effect of cooking fuel on health (P<0.001 and P=0.01 respectively) .Determinants of category of cooking fuel used by respondents were level of knowledge (P=0.004), education (P= 0.00), category of staff (P=0.002), place of residence (P=0.008), type of house (P=0.000) and main cooking site (P=0.000).LPG was the major cooking fuel used .Level of knowledge of the health effects of cooking fuel was good though areas of knowledge gap existed .Intensive public enlightenment programs is needed to sustain the awareness and address the knowledge gaps. Government policy of abolishing gas flaring will improve access to clean household cooking fuels and enhance its use.

From the above medical crises it is strictly order to for the first fifteen minutes of the blood transfusion the nurse should stay with the patient to closely monitored c for any signs of adverse effects (Allan & and Bates 2004). The main purpose of the study is to assess the practices of blood transfusion among clinical nurses at a public tertiary care hospital Lahore. In this study across sectional descriptive design was used. The study was conducted at Mayo hospital at all the critical and other inpatients areas. A questionnaire adapted from thesis of Ebenezer tetteh (2015) “Knowledge and practice of blood transfusion among nurses in Ghana: experiences from the cape coast teaching hospital, this questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondent. Questionnaire consists of 2 parts first focusing on demo-graphic data of participant and second is lekert scale questionnaire which is based on practice data. Analysis of variables was done on SPSS 21. The overall practice results shown in the above table and graph reveals that there were no participants in the poor practice category. 63.56% of the participants had moderate practices having score of practice between 45 and 80 on a maximum score of 108. 36.44% of the study participants had good practices and scored above 80 score on a maximum of 108 practice total score. Majority of the participants was having moderate practices of Blood transfusion but there were no as such poor practices.

The aim of the study is to assess the mental health literacy among care providers working in beggar relief and rehabilitation center. The study setting is Bangalore beggar relief and rehabilitation center. Focused group discussion was conducted to identify mental health literacy. Two separate focused group discussion were conducted. One for nurses and one for warders. Eight nurses and eight warders working in the center were selected using purposive sampling technique. The method used to analyze the data is interview transcribing. The Reponses shows that nurses has some knowledge and warders had poor knowledge about causes, commonly seen mental illness, signs and symptoms, treatment, medications and side effects of mental illness. But intense training will help the nurses and warders to improve and affirm their knowledge. The focused group discussion concludes that the mental health literacy among nurses and warders need to be improved to better care the mentally ill inmates of beggar relief and rehabilitation center. The nurses had better knowledge compared to the warders.

Ventilator associated pneumonia is the most common nosocomial infection arising as complication at Intensive care units. It affects nearly 8-20% of the clients admitted at intensive care units and is 27% among the mechanically ventilated patients (Al Shameri). The main purpose of this study was, to assess the knowledge and practice of Ventilator associated Pneumonia prevention among nurses at PIC Hospital Lahore. A cross sectional descriptive survey was performed to assess the knowledge and practices among Nurses. A convenient sample of n=122was used to collect the data. A structured adopted questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire consisted demographic variables, Knowledge of VAP and Practices of VAP among the nurses of the ICU at PIC Lahore. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 21. Overall knowledge was satisfactory where 50% of the study participants had good knowledge and gave more than 80% correct responses about different aspects of the Ventilator Associated pneumonia prevention. 30.33% were satisfactory knowledge about the VAP prevention. Overall Practice result very good practices among 83% of the participants who were practicing 20 or more items out of 24 statements. 12.33% had satisfactory practices. Overall knowledge was satisfactory and practices were good among the nurses at PIC regarding ventilator associated Pneumonia.

Amrutharistam is a vital Ayurvedic formulation used for all kind of fever and rheumatic fever, which is prepared by fermenting the decoction of Tinospora cordifolia containing berberine as one of the active ingredient. Preliminary analysis indicated the presence of berberine being the largest concentration. The HPLC carried out in Lichrospher 100, RP-8e (250*4.6*5) column, mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (70: 30). The determining wavelength was confirmed as 343nm. Five marketed formulations of Amrutharistam A-I, A-II, A-III, A-IV and A-V showed berberine concentration to be 9.63µg/ml, 10.10µg/ml, 10.20µg/ml, 9.64µg/ml and 10µg/ml respectively. The result showed the peak area response is linear within the concentration range of 10-50µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. Recovery studies 50%, 100% and 150% were conducted by standard addition method and found to be 99.804%. The developed and validated method can be effectively applied to the quantitative determination of berberine in Amrutharistam.

Occupational hazards are termed as workplace undesirable activities that can cause an injury or ill health among the health care workers at their work place Aluko et al., 2016. In discharging their duties, nurses encounter a variety of occupational health problems which may be categorized into biological, chemical, mechanical, and psychosocial hazards Manyele, Ngonyani, & Eliakimu, 2008. The main aim of this study is to determine the knowledge and attitude of clinical practicing nurses regarding occupational hazards at the selected hospital. A Descriptive Cross sectional design was used to assess the awareness of nurses regarding the occupational hazards and its management. A quantitative non experimental approach was applied. A sample n=200 registered nurses was drawn from the list of all registered nurses at Mayo Hospital Lahore through convenient sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was adopted from a previous study. The adopted questionnaire meets the basic purpose and objectives of this current study. All the questions were written and formulated simply. The data collection tool consists of closed ended questions with Yes and No for Knowledge and Likert scale of agreements and disagreements for Attitude. After the data categorized and entered in to the computer, it will be analyzed with the help of SPSS software (version 21). Religion and Knowledge of occupational hazards is having significant association (p value= .001). Furthermore Marital status of the participants is significantly associated with the knowledge and attitude towards the occupational hazards among nurses. The chi squire tests are having significant association (p value= .000) less than .05. Moreover Knowledge and attitude of occupational hazards showed a significant relationship with having Pearson chi square values (p values .000). In conclusion, the Knowledge ad attitude of occupational hazards was found to be associated with different factors such as Education, Marital status and religion etc.

The oropharyngeal aerobic gram-negative bacillary carriage, uncommon in healthy people, is high in patients with head and neck cancer. A marked increase in oral Gram-negative enterobacteria and pseudomonads has particularly been shown during the period of radiation therapy. The aim of the study was to determine whether these bacteria could play a role in the causation of irradiation mucositis. The current study demonstrated that aerobic and facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods and cocci and Gram-positive bacteria showed a marked increase in head and neck–irradiated subjects. There was a weak but non-significant correlation between the bacterial flora and oral mucositis.

Discoloration of orthodontic adhesive during the length of orthodontic treatment and after debonding of brackets poses a difficult aesthetic situation for the clinician and the patient. A detailed review of the causes of the discoloration from a clinical perspective is detailed in the article. Demineralization of enamel and penetration of resin tags, enamel cracks, surface defects are the main causes. The type of composite used, its constituents and the curing process also affects the speed and extend of the discoloration of the enamel. Steps the clinician can take reduce the amount of discoloration of enamel like use of a slow speed tungsten carbide burs are explained. Even though some discoloration of enamel is inevitable, steps can be taken to minimize the problem to a negligible proportion.

A study on the contraceptive prevalence amongst married women residing in Bayelsa State was carried out. Its principal objectives was to carry out a random estimate of contraceptive prevalence amongst married women in Bayelsa State, and to determine the contraceptive prevalence, types of contraceptive used and factors affecting the latter amongst women in Bayelsa State. The study was aimed at promoting general public awareness on family planning amongst women in Bayelsa State. A Non-experimental study design on the contraceptive prevalence amongst married women residing in Bayelsa State. A sample random method was employed where only four hundred and ninety eight (498) women within the age range of 15 – 45 years of age were interviewed. Out of the five hundred (500) questionnaires only four hundred and ninety eight (498) were retrieved and used in this study. The highest contraceptive prevalence were between age range of (21-30) (75, 15.7%) highest users based on educational level are Tertiary 142 (28.5%) occupation was business women 99 (19.9%) based on children 1 – 2 surviving children 104 (28.7%). From the result of the research carried out, contraceptive prevalence rate amongst married women in Bayelsa is low when compared to worldwide figure, though higher than the national figure in Nigeria. Education of eligible women on the use of contraceptive should be encouraged.

Nigerian economy is a multi-sector economy with agricultural and manufacturing sectors as the prime sectors. This study focused on the effect of commercial bank credits on the output of agricultural and manufacturing sectors in Nigeria. It spanned for the period of 31years (1986-2016) and made use of secondary data extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical (CBN) Bulletin for various years. The study adopted ex-post facto research design and employed the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test and Ordinary least squares multiple regression analysis considering necessary diagnostic tests such as unit root test, test of normality, heteroskedasticity test, and cointegration test. The findings revealed that commercial bank credits have significant positive effect on the productivity of agricultural and manufacturing sectors in Nigeria. The implication of the findings is that more credits to agriculture and manufacturing sectors in Nigeria will increase output in the respective sectors. Hence, the researcher recommended among others more lending to agricultural and manufacturing sectors so as to boost productivity of these sectors.