Indicators are used to determine the equivalence point in acid – base titrations (neutralization titrations). They show sharp color change with respect to change in pH. Popularly used indicators for neutralization titrations are synthetic chemicals. They are found to posses hazardous effects in human body. The highly colored pigments obtained from plants are found to exhibit color changes with variation in pH. A study was done to check the indicator action of aqueous extract of flower pigments and compared with that of already existing synthetic indicators. Extraction was done using hot water and a definite volume of extract was added which gave accurate and reliable results for different types of neutralization titrations - strong acid against strong base, strong acid against a weak base, weak acid against strong base and weak acid against weak base. The work proved to be acceptable in introducing flower pigments as a suitable substitute to the synthetic indicators.

This study aimed to examine the psychometric characteristics of the achievement motivation scale on a sample of the teachers of the Jordanian Ministry of Education in the Directorate of Education of Northwest Badia. The study sample consisted of 216 male and female teachers, who were randomly selected from different schools of the directorate; the achievement motivation scale used in this study consisted of three dimensions: ambition, perseverance, and the existence of an objective to be sought for. The results of the study showed that the achievement motivation scale used in this study had a reasonable degree of validity and reliability. The validity indicators were available through calculating the correlation coefficient between the scale and the criterion and it amounted to 0.57 that is statistically significant; they were also available through calculating the correlation of items with the total degree that it was acceptable and it ranged from (0.29 – 0.57) proving the internal consistency of the scale. With regards to the reliability of the scale, it was achieved by applying the Cronbach-alpha equation that it amounted to (0.85). In light of the findings, the researcher recommends applying the scale to greater samples and samples taken from different sectors in the fields of work, adding other dimensions of the scale, and exploring their psychometric characteristics and comparing them with what was achieved in this study.

An interrogation of the autobiographies by leaders who write from the margins of power show that subaltern political autobiographies inhabit a privileged position that enable one to see the effect of power on subaltern subjects. Their writings, thus, resist and mount a challenge to hegemonic structures that encroach and sustain the materiality of domination. In this regard, their political autobiographies can be said to be engaged in the quest for dismantling the silence of being the “Other.” This paper contends that the Kenyan subaltern political autobiographies are not merely literary but political acts, and examining these texts will lead to a better understanding of the current political frameworks that help in the conceptualizing the Kenyan nation. The unit of analysis will be two Kenyan political autobiographies, particularly Jaramogi Odinga‟s Not Yet Uhuru and Raila Odinga‟s The Flame of Freedom. Biographical method of analysis will be employed. The perspectives and experiences of Jaramogi and Raila are used as the basis for a critique of the dominant discourse of the post-independence political elites. In particular, the emergence of these autobiographical works is interrogated here as counter- narratives of Kenyan politics and society, alongside the persisting elite structures of politics and culture extending from the colonial through to the postcolonial eras. The analysis of the autobiographical reflections of Jaramogi and Raila demonstrate levels of resistance which have not been recognised until now.

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of roles played by student councils on curbing the frequency of student unrests in Public Boys Boarding Secondary Schools in Elgon Sub-county, Kenya. The study was based on Social Systems Theory. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. There are only 3 Public Boys Boarding Secondary Schools. Therefore, the census method was used to sample the three secondary schools. Stratified sampling technique was used to sample respondents from the categories of students and members of student councils. The target population for students was 750 while that of members of student councils was 78. The study used Likert type Students' Questionnaire and Questionnaire for Members of Student Councils as research instruments. Descriptive statistics namely, means, frequencies and percentages were computed. The study reported a negative and statistically significant relationship between communication roles by student councils and the frequency of student unrests (r= -0.848**; p<0.01. It can be concluded that if student councils participate in communicating student problems to school management, frequency of student unrests will be curbed in Public Boys Boarding Secondary Schools in Elgon Sub-county. The study recommends that student councils be thoroughly prepared in their roles through seminars, workshops and regular meetings with the principals.

The study objective was to establish Relationship between Provision of Classroom Teaching Resources and teachers’ performance of instructional roles in secondary schools in Nandi East Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted correlational research design. Data collection tool was teachers’ questionnaire. Reliability of the instrument was tested using test re-test method. It was validated by experts. The target population was secondary school teachers while the accessible population was the 192 teachers teaching in the 30 secondary schools in Nandi East Sub-County. The study used proportionate sampling to categorize respondents into female and male teachers, boarding and day schools. Proportionate sampling was used to apportion respondents from various schools. Simple random sampling technique was used to sample the actual respondents. The Sample size was 127 teachers in the 30 sampled schools determined by using Krejcie and Morgan table of Sample size determination. The study established that there was a positive and a statistically significant relationship between provision of classroom teaching resources and performance of instructional roles. It was concluded that teachers in most of the schools were ineffective in preparing curriculum support materials, supervising students as they study, explaining concepts in class, and in using audio-visual equipment during lesson delivery. It was further established that majority of the schools had not provided ICT resources for use by teachers in performance of instructional roles. Similarly, provision of laboratory chemicals to be used during teaching of practical subjects was found to be insufficiently provided. The researcher recommends that teachers should be provided with necessary, relevant and adequate teaching and learning resources to be used during performance of instructional roles. Additionally, Teachers Service Commission (TSC) of Kenya to urgently implement Teacher Professional Development programs to address the weaknesses of teachers’ inability to explain concepts in class and encourage them to use ICT resources in teaching and evaluation.

TVET is very cardinal to any economic development of the country. It serves to prepare learners with the skills they need to succeed in the workforce and is the candle of hope lighting the darkness of political inefficiency, poverty and human degradation. Therefore, the development of curricula content and their implementation is one of the key competences of instructors in the area of educational planning and practical training for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions in Kenya. The TVET sub-sector continues to be challenged by inflexible and outdated TVET curriculum, mismatch between the skills learned and the skills demanded by industries, inadequate mechanism for quality assurance, Low participation of private sector in the curriculum design and development. Therefore, the present study sought to evaluate the role of public-private partnership in enhancing curriculum development in TVET institutions within Rift Valley and Western Kenya Regions. Multiple case-study design was adopted for the study. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were applied to select TVET and enterprise officials respectively. Questionnaires and interview guides were used in data collection. Data collected was analyzed using Multiple Attribute Utility Theory, (MAUT) and results presented in tabular and graphical forms. It was found out industry players were not involved in the reviews and curriculum reviews was reported to be too. The frequency at which curriculum reviews were carried out was reported to be very low at 5 representing 12.5 %. The use of resource persons from enterprise in curriculum instruction is also very low at a frequency. The study also reported low donation of instructional materials from enterprises. Therefore, curriculum planners should review curriculum at regular intervals in the light of needed skills in modern industries.

Pressure ulcers are the major problem of bed case patients in all the hospitals. There are great chances to develop pressure ulcers in those patients who are in critical condition and admitted in the hospital for a long time. Due to prolonged stay in the hospital and negligence of health care provider pressure ulcers can be developed. Prevention is better than cure because if once pressure ulcer developed it is difficult to treat. So nurses should take precautionary measure to prevent from pressure ulcers. This study mainly focuses on knowledge and practice of nurses regarding pressure ulcers prevention if nurses have accurate knowledge regarding prevention of pressure ulcers they can manage it timely before its development .Pressure ulcers can be prevented by regular assessment while providing nursing care to the patients Maggi, 2010. The absence of pressure ulcers in bed ridden patients is generally known as measure of quality nursing care and performance of practice of nurses. Assessment of Knowledge & Practice among nurses regarding prevention of Pressure Ulcer in Mayo Hospital Lahore”.

To assess the clinical outcome of oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients with generalised chronic adult Periodontitis. A total of 92 subjects, comprising 46 in non diabetic and 46 in diabetic group were enrolled in the clinical trial according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Periodontal clinical parameter, Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) was assessed at baseline. Following initial examination Scaling and root planing was completed for all the subjects enrolled in the study and by cluster randomization first 25 subject subjects from each group were supplemented with oral vitamin D3 granules of 60,000IU once a week for 8 weeks following SRP. At the end of the study after 8 weeks, Probing Pocket Depth was reassessed. Significant improvement was seen in both interventions namely SRP +VITAMIN D and SRP alone .But marked reduction in PPD was seen in SRP+vitamin D supplemented group. Reduction in PPD was more for Non diabetic subjects when compared to Diabetic subjects. Vitamin D supplementation can be used as an adjunct to SRP for both diabetic and non diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis in vitamin D deficient subjects.

This study explored Nigeria and South Africa relation within the context of citizen diplomacy. We collated our date from qualitative descriptive method and hence relied on secondary data. We predicated our analytical framework on the basic propositions emanated from the theory of complex interdependent. The study among others, observed that with economic advantage as the major international political issues, states and their citizens are under anxiety not to be outwitted and outcompeted in the fast growing global interdependence and thus subscribe to the rule of reciprocal relations as foundation for cooperation. The study therefore underscored the effect of diaspora in national economic development within the rubric of international rule of reciprocity; while observing the checks of domestic values and culture of host states. Focusing on Nigeria‘s diaspora defence in South Africa, the study explored the basic factors that determine Nigeria-South Africa relations especially as it concerns the contributions of the Diaspora to national development through the application of international best practice and social relations, it equally made useful suggestions aimed at strengthening the capacity of Nigeria to achieve the foreign policy goals and to provide adequate safeguards to her citizens living in foreign countries.

The paper dwells on the concept of Barakah (blessing) reiterating its origin and the position of the Prophet as the most blessed of all the creations. The concept of Barakah as explored in the paper belongs to Allah who allots it to His creatures according to His will and mercy. The paper focuses mainly on how the companions of the Prophet acquired the Barakah of the Prophet. Reference is made to authentic Prophetic traditions on how the companions of the Prophet yearned for the blessing in his hair and in the fragrance of his sweat. The companions had also contested for leftover water of his ablution in order to gain Barakah. It is in the light of this that that the paper discusses the emphasis of the Glorious Qur’an and the Sunnah on the relevance of the barakah of the Prophet in averting the wrath of Allah as well as the effect of the blessings of the Prophet on food and water. As states in the paper, strict compliance with the teachings of the Prophet accorded the companions of the Prophet his blessings. The paper recommends to the Muslims the need to believe that the Prophet is a mercy to mankind and his blessing could be acquired through invocation of blessing on him and compliance with his teachings.

This paper examines the History of Manyani Detention Camp from 1952 to 1963. From 1952 onwards, the British government established detention camps where suspected Mau Mau fighters and their sympathizers were incarcerated. Manyani was started as a holding camp for “hard core” Mau Mau fighters. Manyani held Mau Mau fighters from 1952 to 1963. The colonial government preferred Manyani detention camp because of its harsh environment that was expected to exert maximum physical torture on the detainees so that they could plead guilty and assist in ending the Mau Mau uprising. The paper shows Manyani detention camps as an institution of political domination and control during the state Emergency in Kenya. The paper is a contribution to the historiography of prisons in Kenya.

This paper aims to focus, to bring the existing misperception of the letters „p‟ and „b‟ in panoramic view, to make the readers understand that there is nothing defective on the side of the speakers‟ in comprehending the sounds of the letters /p/ and /b/ when they listen to, alike other phonemic sounds. Further, it is to exercise the spectrographic picturization of the aforementioned letters for the scientific development, the theories involved in, and to bring out the linguistic phenomenon spread over the pronunciation of /p/ and /b/ phonemes.

Choice of science based careers by female students in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutes and particularly Technical and Training Institutes (TTIs) has attracted a lot of attention of education planners, economists and administrators the world over. Female students choosing careers in TVET science programmes are still few and especially in Siaya County, Kenya. The study was based on social Cognitive. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The research instruments were questionnaires the sample size was 316 female students sampled using census method. Tools in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 was used to analyze data. Frequencies, percentages and means were computed. Inferential statistics such as regression coefficients, T-statistics, F-statistics, correlation of coefficients shall were derived. Charts, graphs and tables were used to present the findings. It was found out that there exists a negative and statistically significant relationship between socio-cultural factors and female students‟ choice of career in science TVET Programmes (r=-0.546**; p<0.01). The significance of this study is that the findings could be used to come up with policies on how to increase the number of female students choosing careers in TVET. This could guarantee employment opportunities for women in the country which in turn could raise their standard of living.

Parental participation is one of the cornerstones of pediatric practice. Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) is the major referral hospital in Malawi and caregivers stay with their children in the hospital and participate in the care. However, little was known about the perception of these caregivers regarding their participation in care of their hospitalised children. The aim of the study was to explore caregivers’ perceptions regarding parental participation in the care of their hospitalised child. A descriptive qualitative study was done using semi structured interview guide to collect data from 20 caregivers in the pediatric department. Thematic analysis was done guided by Collaizzi method. Seven main themes emerged from the data and these were lack of role negotiation by health care workers, inadequate role preparation for caregivers, perception of caregivers on care they provided to their hospitalised children, poor HCWs- caregivers’ communication, benefits of caregivers’ participation in care of hospitalised children, needs of caregivers participating in care of hospitalised children and overall impression of caregiver’s participation. The study findings showed that caregivers view their participation in the care of hospitalised children as appropriate, important and satisfying. However, gaps exist in the way caregivers participate in the care of their hospitalised children due to inadequate role negotiation, role preparation for caregivers and inadequate information for caregivers. The researcher recommends that management should develop protocols and guidelines for the implementation of parental participation in care of hospitalised children to promote best practices.

The present study is planned to analyze radiographically examined success and failure of endodontically treated teeth among the patients who came at Taibah dental clinics, Saudi Arabia. One hundred (N=100) endodontically treated teeth were clinically examined by using dental mirror, dental explorer and periodontal probe. The periapical radiographs of these teeth were radiographically examined. Several reasons including defective restoration, periodontal disease, recurrent caries, under filling, poor density obturation, over filling and many others of each root filled canal were recorded in the patient data sheets. Chi square test was applied to determine statistical significance if any. Our study demonstrates 20% success rate of endodontic treatment while failure was recorded in 65% and potential failure in 15% of cases. Clinical data revealed defective restoration in 84% followed by periodontal disease (62%), recurrent caries (52%). When endodontic treatment was radiographically evaluated, periodontal lesion was observed in 74% followed by recurrent caries (73%), under obturation (50%), poor density obturation in (48%) of the cases. Defective restoration, poor density obturation, under obturation and periodontal diseases were significantly (p=0.001) associated with endodontic failure while periodontal disease is posing significantly higher risk of potential failure in this study. The success rate of endodontic treatment was found only in 20% and the most common cause of its failure was defective restoration followed by periodontal lesion, recurrent caries, under filling, poor density obturation etc.