The study measured the impact of exchange rate to financial remittance in Nigeria for the period 1990 to 2016 using the traditional ordinary least square method for estimation. Also, empirical and theoretical evidence from Nigeria. Africa and the continent was compared. The analyses of the OLS regression showed evidence that real effective exchange rate positively and significantly impacted on financial remittance in Nigeria. Similarly, estimates from the ordinary least square model provide evidence to show that exchange rate also positively significantly impacted on other macroeconomic variables such as money supply but negatively to economic growth under the period of the study. The result points to the fact that the macroeconomic variables and financial remittance in Nigeria if well managed can engineer the Nigerian economy to greater growth.

Abstract: Management of heart disease complicating pregnancy in a tertiary care centre is a great challenge to obstetricians and cardiologists. To know the maternal perinatal outcome of heart disease complicating pregnancies so that the quality of treatment in a tertiary care centre can be improved. Cardiac disease in pregnant women most commonly due to RHD, CHD, less commonly due to ischemic heart disease or cardiomyopathy. Though the frequency of RHD has decreased worldwide but still in developing countries like India, RHD is predominant. Admission of heart disease in pregnant women is approximately 30 of 2278 total deliveries from the month of june2018 to august2018 in MGMGH. The purpose of this study is to analyse all heart diseases in pregnancy and to characterize the clinical course, treatment and perinatal outcome in antenatal and postnatal women. Details of all antenatal or women less than 6 weeks postpartum admitted to MGMGH in the month of june to august 2018 were reviewed. Obstetric data included gestational age at the time of delivery, type, indication , location of delivery, congenital , rheumatic heart disease, operated , newly diagnosed were categorised depending on the major system involved. Out of 2278 deliveries from june2018 to august2018 in MGMGH, Trichy, 30 were heart disease complicating pregnancy. Rheumatic heart disease and congenital heart disease were more common. Operated congenital heart disease was also more common. Postnatally most of them required ICU monitoring and management. Incidence of Postpartum cardiomyopathy was very less in this study. Early anticipation of complications and close monitoring in the antenatal and perinatal period decreased maternal morbidity and mortality.

The purpose of the study is to find out whether there is a long-term and shortterm influence of the development of the Islamic capital market on economic growth in Indonesia. The data used are monthly data from January 2011 to December 2017 with Islamic stock variables, Islamic bonds (sukuk), and Islamic mutual funds as independent variables, as well as economic growth as the dependent variable. This research uses longterm relationship and error correction models to see the existence of short-term relationships. The results of this show are the significant positive influence between corporate sukuk, the Jakarta Islamic Index and Islamic Mutual Funds on Economic Growth in Indonesia. Whereas in the short term there is no influence between corporate sukuk, the Jakarta Islamic Index, and Islamic Mutual Funds on Economic Growth in Indonesia. Based on the results of the study, it can be implied that Islamic capital market is able to become an alternative capital to increase economic growth in Indonesia with long-term analysis using ECM.

Abstract: The objectives of the study were: a) To identify the different risk factors in Early onset Preeclampsia. b) To study the Fetomaternal outcomes in that group. This was a one year cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Gauhati Medical College and Hospital.100 mothers with Early onset Preeclampsia (EO-PE) (<34 weeks of gestation) were taken. Data about maternal risk factors, maternal complications, foetal and neonatal outcome were analysed and statistical significance determined. Primiparity, increasing BMI, family history of preeclampsia and male sex of the foetus were found to be important risk factors in development of EO-PE. All the maternal complications like eclampsia, sepsis, systemic disorders, ICU admissions and maternal deaths were higher in EO-PE. Greater number of patients with EO-PE progressed to develop severe preeclampsia. The rate of neonatal complications like abnormal umbilical artery Doppler, low birth weight, reduced APGAR score was higher in EO-PE. Incidence of NICU admissions and neonatal/perinatal deaths was also noted to be higher in EO-PE. Classification of preeclampsia into early and late onset has both etiological and prognostic value. Early detection, close monitoring, timely intervention by the obstetrician and good neonatal care by the paediatrician is the key for successful outcome in Early onset preeclampsia.

HIV/AIDS is a viral malady which is causing havoc with the lives of the people in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It has become notorious in taking away the lives of the people due to the lack of awareness on the part of the victims. The chief sources of the mass prevalence of this disease are: contaminated water, reuse of needles and syringes, carelessness about blood transfusion, lack of awareness about the use of contraceptives while having sex, and non-sterilized shaving and surgical instruments. District Faisalabad, from the central Punjab (Pakistan) was the place where this present research study was conducted. Throughout the course of this research study, multistage sampling technique was widely employed. At first stage, out of four tehsils of district Faisalabad, one tehsil (tehsil Faisalabad) was selected randomly. At second stage, out of eight towns of tehsil Faisalabad, two towns (Jinnah Town and Iqbal Town) were selected randomly. At third stage, two union councils were randomly selected from each town. At fourth stage, a sample of 25 young people was drawn from each selected union council to make an overall sample of 200 respondents. An interview schedule was developed for data collection which was divided into two parts. Individual characteristics i.e. gender, age, conjugal status was included in the preliminary part of the questionnaire. The questions related to the awareness regarding HIV/AIDS were the part and parcel of the remaining part of the questionnaire. The major findings of this study are: majority of the respondents 68.0 % were males, 56.0 % of the informants were intermediate, 48.5% were disclosed during interview that they had adequate knowledge about the preventive methods of HIV/AIDS after blood test or blood transfusion, 30% respondents had no knowledge about the preventive methods of HIV/AIDS after blood test or blood transfusion, 76.0 % were un-married, and 42.5 % were of the view that their source of sexual health information was their friends. HIV/AIDS, no doubt, is a fatal malady but can be controlled by launching awareness campaigns via mass media informing people about the preventive measures such as insisting on new syringe during inoculation, secure and safe blood transfusion, abstaining from extra-marital activities, avoiding contaminated water, and refraining from using the razor, tooth brush, and towel of an infected person.

The definition of health expanded to include mental wellbeing, and during the current difficult times in the Middle-East in regards to economics, politics and all the health issues it results in, the need for a better mental healthcare is of grave importance. However, the field of psychiatry is culturally-dependent on factors that might interfere with its goals. The main need is to eliminate stigma towards mental health services facing the progression of mental healthcare services. To minimize public stigma towards mental health treatment and to improve the acceptance of people with mental health problems in order to attain the highest quality of life. This is a cross-sectional study which involved the collection of socio-demographic and a stigma scale towards mental health treatment. The subjects were selected from four health centers in the Kingdom of Bahrain. This study established the mean level of perceived stigma towards mental health treatment in the study population was 6.99±2.89, considerably as moderate levels of stigma towards mental health treatment. Some of the demographic factors identified to effect the stigma towards receiving mental health treatment were occupation and gender. This study showed moderate amount of stigma towards mental health treatment and increasing mental health awareness among the population is necessary. Further studies should be encouraged to tackle other factors affecting stigma towards mental health treatment

Economic development of a village will be successful if there is participation from entrepreneurs who are expected to create jobs. Entrepreneurship is a development potential that can drive the economy of a village, therefore, it is very necessary to empower the businesses that are expected to be able to develop the potential of the village through innovation and creativity. So that this can be achieved, it needs support from various parties and one of them is a Village-Owned Enterprise (BUMDesa). BUMDesa is intended to strengthen village income, increase business opportunities, reduce unemployment and at the same time become the motor of the village economy. The existence of MSMEs with BUMDesa is supposed to go together, this is because if the economy wants to advance then the small businesses owned by the community must be supported by advanced and organized management. In addition there are other factors that can support the success and sustainability of a business, namely human resources. As a business manager, it is required to have an entrepreneurial spirit, where the spirit of entrepreneurship can be formed through the world of education and non-education and this is the duty of universities to provide supplies and motivate graduates to become entrepreneurs.

The existence in a country of groups of people that radically differ in culture, population and ethnicity may almost always generate fears of domination of minority groups by the majority groups. This paper examines the legal and political steps taken by the Nigerian Government to protect the interests of minority groups within its borders. Efforts have been made to discuss such steps as: state creation; fundamental human rights; federal character; resources derivation, allocation and utilization; and commissions set up to carter for the welfare of the minority groups. A brief discussion of minority questions on international plane is, also, undertaken. In order to achieve the above stated goals, reliance has been placed on the Constitutions of Nigeria 1979 and 1999, statutes, judicial authorities, international legal instruments and practical experiences. This is followed with recommendations and conclusion

Banking plays an important role in the economic development of a country, where banks provide benefits to the mechanism of available sources of funds effectively and efficiently. In addition, banks provide financial services to all levels of society, so that the soundness of banks must be considered so that the economy is better. Therefore, it is very important to assess the performance of a financial institution. The purpose of the assessment is to determine the state of health of a bank. Where the soundness of a bank is seen from the performance of the bank that is assessed in terms of profitability, and the level of profitability is assessed through Return on Assets (ROA). Innovations made by banks on the basis of information technology have an extraordinary impact on efficiency and effectiveness. One of them is the existence of electronic banking products such as ATMs. This study aims to examine the effect of the Loan Deposit Ratio (LDR), NonPerforming Loan (NPL) and Net Interest Margin (NIM) on Return on Assets (ROA), as well as ATM as a moderating variable on the effect of Loan Deposit Ratio, NonPerforming Loans, and Net Interest Margin against Return on Assets. In Banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, from 2010 to 2017. Sampling using Purposive Sampling. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression with SPSS 24. Research shows that Loan Deposit Ratio, Non-Performing Loans, and Net Interest Margin are able to explain Return on Assets. Research results show that (1) Loan Deposit Ratio has a significant negative effect on Return on Assets; (2) Non-Performing Loans have a significant negative effect on Return on Assets; (3) Net Interest Margin has a significant positive effect on Return on Assets; and (4) ATMs do not moderate the influence of Loan Deposit Ratio, Non-Performing Loans, and Net Interest Margin on Return on Assets.

Implantable cardiac devices, including defibrillators and pacemakers, may be the cause of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) or may worsen existing TR. Diagnosis by clinical exam and 2-dimensional echocardiography may be augmented by 3-dimensional echocardiography and/or computed tomography or cardiac magnetic resonance. The mechanism may be mechanical perforation or laceration of leaflets, scarring and restriction of leaflets, or asynchronized activation of the right ventricle. Pacemaker-related TR might cause severe right-sided heart failure. Percutaneous removal of PM and ICD leads is often performed in large specialty centers with significant experience, but carries with it significant and sometimes fatal risk. TR is usually treated by either surgical repair (usually consisting of ring annuloplasty) or by tricuspid replacement in some patients with advanced valvular disease

Friction is the vital aspect of Orthodontics which requires attention during all the phases of treatment, especially during the phase of space closure. In Orthodontics, space closure can be achieved by the sliding mechanics and/or the segmented arch mechanics. Though sliding mechanics is the most commonly used space closure mechanics, it has the disadvantage of generating the friction at the bracket-archwire interface which indirectly affects the desired tooth movement. Due to the universal acceptance of this type of mechanics, the role of friction in orthodontics has become the topic of interest. Thus, this article enlightens the role of friction in orthodontic tooth movement, with an approach to its clinical implication, the importance of frictional resistance, and the recent advances in orthodontics to reduce the friction.

Uterine fibroids, also known as uterine leiomyomas or fibroids, are benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus. Most women have no symptoms while others may have painful or heavy periods. If large enough, they may push on the bladder causing a frequent need to urinate. Dermatoglyphics is referred to as study of the friction ridge formation that appears on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. There have been works done by different researchers on dermatoglyphics in the field of medicine which has helped in the detection of diseases like breast cancer, anemia etc. But not much has been done at level 2 dermatoglyphics which has created a gap in literatures on those areas especially uterine leiomyoma. This study was aimed at determining the level 2 dermatoglyphic digital patterns in Uterine Leiomyoma. The study was non-experimental and analytical. One hundred subjects selected by simple random sampling. Chi-square test was done using SPSS twenty version. The result of the study has shown clearly that the most distributed level-2 pattern in both categories is the bifurcation and ridge crossing the least distributed pattern in both categories. In uterine leiomyoma the distribution of bifurcation was higher than in the control group. The higher distribution of bifurcations in the uterine leiomyoma could be attributed to the genetic difference in both categories. The difference between the uterine leiomyoma subjects and the control subjects (normal) was not significant statistically (p>0.05) in there pattern distribution, but there was a marked difference that can be used as a guide in the diagnosis of uterine leiomyoma condition

The underlying research problem was the outcome of a crucial need to estimate the scenario of women participation in the agricultural labor force in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is an established fact that agriculture is the backbone of the economy of Pakistan and the rural women take part in the agricultural activities with zeal and zest as the male to female ratio is slightly higher in Pakistan according to the census of 2018. There are numerous factors which affect the female participation in the agricultural labor force. Hence, this study was an effort to identify such factors and quantify their effect on female labor force participation decisions in the rural areas of the Punjab Province, Pakistan. Cross Sectional data of 1800 women for the years 2001-02 and 2010-11 were extensively used which was collected by Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES). The identified influencing factors were: Age, educational level, household size, monthly income, and the status of women. The analysis of the logit model showed a positive relationship between female age, educational level, household size, household monthly income, and female as the household head, on the female labor force participation (FLFP) decisions in the agricultural activities. Negative relationship of FLFP was found with married women and the infants (under 5 years) in the household for the year 2001-02. The status of women as daughter, daughter-in-law and others (cousin, aunt etc.) were negatively influencing the FLFP decisions. But for the year 2010-11, the presence of the infants in the household, age, educational level, household size, household monthly income was positively related to FLFP. The status of women in the household as the household head, daughter, daughter-in-law and others (cousin, aunt etc.) were also positively influencing the FLFP decisions in rural areas of the Punjab Province of Pakistan. The findings of this present research study suggest that in focusing on the factors that encourage women to participate in agricultural labor force of Pakistan, an economic revolution can be brought in all the socio-economic spheres along with the emancipation of the suppressed women in the other provinces of Pakistan such as Sindh and Baluchistan where though women participate in the labor force but their participation still is not recognized by the dominated male community.

The practice of defensive medicine (DM) including requesting unnecessary tests, procedures and treatments or avoiding risk taking is increasing worldwide. There is no data from the Arab world and Bahrain. It is vital to identify the drivers behind this growing practice in an attempt to combat it. In our study we aimed to estimate the practice of defensive medicine in primary care in the kingdom of Bahrain and to study the factors associated with it. We conducted a cross-sectional study between the months of March and June 2016 in all governmental health centers in the kingdom of Bahrain. Study participants were all the primary care doctors practicing clinically in those local health centers. A total of 247 physicians out of 285 (86.7%) completed the survey. Nearly all (86.6%) reported practicing defensive medicine. Taking more detailed history note taking (66.4%, 95% CI 60.5 -72.3) and ordering unnecessary tests than indicated 60.0%, 95% CI (54 -66.0) and avoiding risky procedures 59.0% (95% CI 53.0 -65.2), were there most common forms of DM practiced. Patient pressure, relief of anxiety and fear of legal claim, 86.4%, 65.0% and 62.0% respectively were the most common reasons given for the practice of DM. Significantly, physicians with more years of experience were less likely to practice DM and more likely to practice with extra hour of work per week (p< 0.05). We concluded that the practice of Defensive medicine is highly common among practicing primary care physicians in the Kingdom of Bahrain

The Communication industry in Nigeria was thrown into the Quality of Service challenges as a result of rapid growth of mobile users with their increases in the demand for mobile communication application services. Most often in this country, the outages are high which leads to total network failures, block calls, drop calls. All these are as a result of poor signal strength at the receiving end. This research was aimed at minimizing outage probability in mobile network using beamforming adaptive antenna array system. To achieve this goal, the number of outages was measured at a specified period. A beamforming antenna was designed so as to enhance signal reception. An LMS algorithm was developed for the antenna for signal tracking and acquisition. A model for minimizing the outage probability in the network using adaptive beamforming antenna was then developed and simulated in MATLAB Environment. Results obtained showed that the outage probability is lower with adaptive beamforming antenna and also the BER curve was better with beamforming technique.