Security is a cornerstone of development and progress in a free society. A basic and widespread understanding of the importance of security as a guarantee of citizens’ well-being and the stability of the State itself is therefore essential. Moreover, the Middle East is home to many diverse peoples, with ancient and proud cultures, in varying stages of political and socio-economic development, often times in conflict. Now in a state of historic flux, the Arab Spring has transformed the Middle Eastern landscape, with great consequence for the Arab national security strategies of the neighboring countries and their foreign relations. The Arab National security environment in the Arab World has become increasingly complicated after the independence. This paper identifies several important trends that are shaping the Arab national security and identifies their implications with the rest of the world However; ongoing domestic changes throughout the region will become increasingly important as well. Issues such as political reform, Arab spring revolution, economic reform, civil-military relations, leadership change, and the information revolution are all affecting the regional security dynamics. This research paper examines each of these issue areas and identifies some of the challenges that they pose for the Arab world international relations. The paper covered, Dimensions, perceptions, risks and future strategy security; challenges of natural geography; political contestation following the Arab Spring and state responses; the military tool; armed non-state actors; US Middle East policy; regional security architecture; and the historical role of the army in Middle East state-building. The National security is a concept that a government, along with its parliaments, should protect the state and its citizens against all kind of "national" crises through a variety of power projections, such as political power, diplomacy, economic power, military might, and so on.

This study aims to determine how the significant role between the role of Leadership and Communication on Teacher Performance in Semarang High School. Respondents in this study were high school teachers in the Semarang region with a sample of 81 respondents. The results showed that leadership and communication had an effect on the performance of teachers in senior high schools in the Semarang District

Liver cirrhosis is a life-threatening disease and quick diagnosis of liver cirrhosis is important. Liver Biopsy is considered a gold standard method for the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis. However, it is an invasive method. Basic imaging and non-invasive methods have been developed over the last few decades for the detection of liver cirrhosis. The aim of our research is to compare shear wave elastography with greyscale and Doppler ultrasonography for better treatment and diagnosis of Liver Cirrhosis. One-ninety-five (195) patients were selected at INMOL Hospital, Lahore radiology department suffering from cirrhosis. On Shear Wave Elastography (SWE) Elasticity and Stiffness were mean 21.76±9.00 Kpa (10.50 to 72.3 Kpa) and Shear-wave Velocity Mode was mean 2.578±0.4766 cm/s (2.08 to 4.86) cm/s. This study showed that the greyscale and Doppler ultrasonography alone is not enough for the detection of Liver cirrhosis and Shear wave elastography (SWE) is the more accurate and best method for the detection of Liver Cirrhosis

The review briefly clarifies and summarize some of the major research works on cereals at molecular level. Some basic knowledge about cereals and the isolation and quantification of DNA along with various researches that are previously reported are gathered and presented briefly.

Background: The manuscript is originally the internship report of Muhammad Junaid, submitted for the partial fulfilment of the degree of BSc (h) to University of Swabi. The internship was completed at NIFA (Nuclear Institute of Food and Agriculture), Peshawar, KP-Pakistan under the supervision of Syed Tariq Shah, Senior Scientist, NIFA Peshawar in 2014. The results obtained are from the original project of Syed Tariq Shah, Senior Scientist, NIFA Peshawar. Methodology: Ten advance lines of wheat were surface sterilized by 70% ethanol for two minutes and then rinse with double distilled water three times. Again washed with mercuric chloride and washed with double distilled water for three times. The sterilized seeds were cultured in Petri dish and kept it in growth chamber at 25oC. When the plants achieved optimum size after germination, the flag leaf were collected on the basis of weight and stored at -80 for molecular analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from these leaves using DNeasy plant mini kit. Agarose gel was run after the DNA extraction and then the Spectrophotometric Determination was done. Results: The results literally focused on to study an efficient method for extraction of genomic DNA and to determine the quality and quantity of genomic DNA. After the extraction of genomic DNA from the plant tissues the quantification, quality and concentrations of isolated genomic DNA were verified on 1% of Agarose gel. RNA and other polysaccharides proteins contamination in the Data is not recoded providing a very rapid and sensitive means of estimating the nucleic acid concentration. DNA concentration was also measured and quantified by ultraviolet spectrophotometer using ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Results showed the differences in DNA yield and DNA quality among the advanced lines of ten wheat samples. Purified genomic DNA has A260/A280 ratios of 1.5–1.77, and absorbance confirming high purity. L-10 shows the highest yield of DNA that is 462.47 and the lowest DNA yield is of L-7 that is 355.54, the OD260/280 of L-3 is high then the remaining nine lines. Conclusion: DNeasy plant mini kit is an efficient for genomic DNA extraction and purification.

Fig (Ficus carica) is one of the famous fruit species in world wide. The present study was undertaken to investigate “the performance of fig cultivars (Local, Brown Turkey and Black Mission) planted in high density system under agro-climatic conditions of Islamabad”, at the experimental farm of National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC) Islamabad. Production and quality data were recorded for the evaluation of these cultivars. Five parameter (number of fruits, weight, size (volume), TSS, and yield plant-1) with three replications and five plants replication-1 for each cultivars were studied during the experiment and after harvesting. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). It was observed that number of fruits plant-1 indicated a significant difference among cultivars. Highest number of fruits plant-1 were observed in Brown Turkey (12.48) followed by Black Mission, while lowest number of fruits plant-1 (10.38) was noted in local cultivar. Maximum fruit weight (25.77 g) was recorded in Local selection while lowest fruit weight (20.39 g) was found in Brown Turkey cultivar. Fruit volume, and maximum fruit size was observed in Brown Turkey (22 ml) followed by Black Mission having (19.33 ml). Maximum TSS of fruits was observed in Black Mission (12.49) while minimum TSS (11.03) of fruits was recorded in Brown Turkey. The maximum yield plant-1 was recorded in local selection (265.43 g) followed by Black Mission having (256.2 g) plant-1.The result of this study suggested that brown turkey followed by local selection was found the best in relation to growth and yield of fig tree in Agro-climatic condition of Islamabad.

This study aimed to examine and analyze the influence of the characteristics of Corporate Governance, profitability, and reputation of KAP on audit report lags in Real Estate and Property Companies in Indonesia. This study also tested and analyzed the moderating influence of company size in the relationship between the characteristics of Corporate Governance, profitability, and the reputation of the KAP on audit report lag. This type of research is causal research. The population in this study are Real Estate and Property companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2012-2016 with 61 companies. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling based on certain criteria. Based on these criteria, the number of observations was 170 units of analysis. The results of the research show that the characteristics of corporate governance, profitability, and reputation of KAP simultaneously influence and are significant for audit report lag. Institutional ownership, independent commissioners and profitability have a negative and significant effect on audit report lag. While the reputation of KAP has a positive and significant effect on audit report lag. Managerial ownership and audit committees influence and are not significant to the audit report lag in real estate and property companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Company size is proven to not be able to moderate (strengthen) the relationship between corporate governance characteristic variables, profitability and KAP reputation with audit report lag variables on real estate and property companies.

Mishaps such as fractured instruments, ledges and perforations are critical procedures faced by clinicians during endodontic treatment. Fractured instrument is a complex condition especially when the file fractures beyond the apex. There is potential risk of contamination associated with such kind of situation, which compromises the healing process. Management of a fractured instrument beyond the apex is difficult and time consuming. Various devices and techniques have been introduced in endodontics for retrieval of the fractured instruments, but none are consistently successful. This case report describes retrieval of fractured instrument separated beyond the apex using the modern ultrasonic tips

Polycystic ovarian syndrome is most common heterogeneous problem affecting seriously women’s lives in their fertile age group. Obesity, infertility, insulin resistance, increased type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are risk factors frequently present with PCOS. Among these, anovulation infertility is one of the most alarming situation. Obesity also stands out as it has reached its epidemic proportions. Objective: The objective of this study was sonographic correlation of PCOS with obesity by measuring subcutaneous fat at suprapubic region. Material and methods: A total 138 sample size was selected according to Prevalence of PCOS based on AE- PCOS Society. Both 69 Patients with PCOS and 69 without PCOS were included. Toshiba Xario machine was used at Gosh-e-Shifa hospital, Lahore. Both transvaginal and transabdominal (linear and convex) were used. Specific scanning protocols were used. Results: The 69 (50%), individuals who were diagnosed with PCOS, few of them had previous history of PCOS. Total 10 (14.4%) patients out of 69 patients had prior history of PCOS. The other 69 (50%) patients are normal. The clinical symptoms of patients and sonographic criteria for PCO collectively used to diagnose PCOS and normal patients. Then suprapubic subcutaneous fat was measured. The mean of measurements was taken and correlated the both type of individuals with their corresponding fat thickness. The result showed that the patients with PCOS had more subcutaneous fat thickness comparatively to subcutaneous fat thickness of normal patients. The patients with PCOS showed more subcutaneous fat thickness at suprapubic region than normal patients .This study concluded that PCOS and suprapubic subcutaneous fat thickness are correlated with each other

This complete enumeration, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 62 students (females=29; 46.77%; males=33; 53.23%) at Rajiv Gandhi Medical College, Kalwa, Thane, Maharashtra State, India, to determine the effect of objective structured practical examination on student scores. After the examination procedure and the check-list based marking system was explained to first-year medical students, written informed consent was taken from willing participants. The mean conventional practical examination score (out of 60) was 38.03  8.62 (95% CI: 35.89 – 40.18), while that for objective structured practical examination (out of 60) was 52.19  4.56 (95% CI: 51.06 – 53.33). The difference in overall scores was highly significant (Z=11.433; p<0.00001). But, the gender differences in mean scores were not significant. The results of this study indicate that objective structured practical examination was more objective, measured practical skills better, eliminated examiner bias and significantly enhanced student scores and can be used for formative assessment to improve students’ competence (psychomotor component). Students with lower scores may need remedial educational intervention

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive diminution in renal function especially in normal excretory and regulatory functions of the kidney. Kidney function is assessed in clinical practice to screen for kidney diseases. It is of prime importance to evaluate kidney function as accurately as possible due to different clinical presentations during the cource of the disease which are often asymptomatic. Evaluation of biochemical markers like serum BUN, creatinine, BUN:Cr ratio and ALP could play an important role in accurate diagnosis and in assessing risk of renal failure that could assists in adopting therapeutic strategies to minimize the mortality rates associated with renal failure. Keeping in view, one hundred patients with varying degree of renal disease categorized as mild, moderate and End stage renal disease (ESRD) were enrolled in the present study. Serum levels of BUN, creatinine, uric acid and ALP were measured and analysed statistically by SPSS software. Males had higher levels of BUN, Creatinine, uric acid compared to females. Serum levels of these markers were found to increase significantly (P<0.05) from mild to moderate CKD to ESRD patients. Thus, indicating role of BUN:Cr ratio as efficient prognostic marker in diagnosis of renal failure. Also pre-dialysis and post-dialysis evaluation of these markers done in ESRD patients resulted in significant decrease in these markers following dialysis. Hence, confirming dialysis as an efficient renal replacement therapy in patients with ESRD

Benign breast diseases are common in young females in the second and third decade of life. Most common presentation is painless lump in the breast. Clinical and cytological correlation is essential for definitive diagnosis and early treatment of the lesions. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a popular technique utilized in the diagnosis of palpable masses anywhere in the body, it is sensitive and specific, expedient, economical and safe and less time consuming without much discomfort to the patient. The aim of this study is to analyze and correlate the diagnosis of breast lesions on cytology with histopathology. This is a retrospective cum prospective study which includes 468 cases of palpable breast masses. The chief complaint was lump in the breast, pain in the breast and/or discharge from the nipple. Patients’ ultrasound findings were noted. FNAC was performed by using 23 gauge needle attached to 5 ml or 10ml disposable syringe. For histopathological examination tissue was grossed and representative areas were taken and processed for slide preparation and staining. Slides were examined under light microscope and the findings were correlated with FNAC findings. The study included 468 breast masses / cases, which were diagnosed on cytology. Most of the cases in this study were in the age group 20- 29 years (157 cases). The size of the lesion varied from 1.0 cm to 7.6 cm in the largest plane, number of swellings in a single breast varied from one to eight. Largest numbers of multiple fibroadenomas (both breast) were 16 of varying sizes. Most of the lesions were noted in the left breast than right breast. The accuracy of the FNAC is 97.88 % in this study.

Over the past few years, the Persian and English translations of Quran have been studied from different standpoints throughout the centuries, Muslim and non-Muslim translators have been very concerned to convey the meaning of the Quran into languages other than Arabic. The holy Quran is a divine book and its translation into other languages must be done meticulously. In this regard, Persian and English translation of one of the surahs of this magnificent book was selected to be compared. The present study has gone through the investigation of the Persian translation of one of the surahs of this holy book “Yasin” by Dr. Elahi Ghomshei (1361) and its English translation by three famous translators Yusuf Ali (2000), Pickthall (1930) and Sarwar (2011) to see discrepancies. Also, this study tries to find out the unit of translation and classify different kinds of Vinay and Darbelnet’s procedures used by the English translators.

No matter what type of surgery you choose, you can rest assured that you are in the hands of the most experienced and skilled doctors because laparoscopic or robotics both are operated by a surgeon only. Most patients and physicians would agree that minimally invasive surgery is preferred over traditional open surgery techniques. However, sometimes patients have the choice between two minimally invasive surgery techniques: robotic surgery and laparoscopic surgery. Most surgeons and patients would agree: minimally-invasive surgery is preferable to open surgery. There’s often less post-operative pain, hospital stays are shorter and recovery is easier. Only you and your doctor can decide which is best in your case. But we need to be through on to learn the basics and what to expect with both methods. This review explains about connection in laparoscopic and robotic surgery

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, accounting for 56% of all female tumors. it is one of the leading causes of death in female. Metaplastic carcinoma is another rare carcinoma, with incidence accounting for 3-6 % of breast carcinoma. Early treatment management has better prognosis. Aim: To detect the importance of immunohistochemistry studies in detecting breast carcinoma. Material and Methods: Among 75 total mastectomy specimens received in Sree Balaji Medical College in department of Pathology 57 cases reported as ductal carcinoma insitu, Metaplastic carcinoma 5 cases, Papillary carcinoma 10 cases and Neuroendocrine carcinoma 3 cases. Among 5 Metaplastic carcinoma cases, Immmunohistochemistry staining was done with tumor marker CD68 and CK to find the expression of the markers in tumor cell and to find rare variants in the carcinoma. Results: Out of 5 cases of metaplastic carcinoma of breast, 3 cases were positive for CD68 and CK. CD68 and CK has a sensitivity of 86% and specificity80% in detecting variants in breast carcinoma. Conclusion: Molecular genetic analysis should be done in breast carcinoma in large number of cases to know the onset of this rare variant and early treatment management gives better prognosis.