Production and supply of pathogen and toxic chemical free water is the preliminary aim of water treatment. The natural killing property of bacteriophages makes them the most prominent tool in eliminating unwanted bacteria, making them ideal candidate in water treatment research. In this study phage formulations against multidrug resistant E. coli KP005067 were fabricated by immobilizing them in broth, activated charcoal and alginate beads. The cross section of the phage formulation was analysed using Confocal Raman Microscope and the disinfection study was carried out in batch and packed bed reactor. The phage formulations remained stable for almost 4-8 and 3-5 months at 4oC and 30oC respectively. The batch reduction study using phage connoted the order of host reduction as phage-charcoal > phagebroth > phage-bead. Further more, the disinfection study using packed bed reactor showed 100 and 97% host reduction using phage-charcoal and phage-bead respectively. At the same time, there was concomitant increase in the phage population in the packed bed-reactor indicating that the phage formulations are highly potent in killing bacterial pathogen in water.

This study aims to determine the effect of inflation, exchange rates, maturity period, bond ratings, company size, and return on assets which are independent variables on sukuk yields as the dependent variable. This study uses a sample of sharia-based corporate bonds listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and rated by Pefindo during 2012-2016, while exchange rate and inflation data are data published by Indonesian banks. This study uses a purposive sampling method and the analysis technique used is the test of multiple regression analysis using the SPSS application. The results obtained are that the independent variable of inflation, exchange rate, maturity and sukuk rating does not affect the yield of sukuk. Whereas the independent size of the company (firm size) and return on assets have an effect on the dependent variable of the sukuk yield.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence between variables brand awareness, brand association and perceived quality to Purchase Decision and determine the dominant influence of variables. The sample of 190 people. The samples in this study using accidental sampling. To analyze the data used multiple linear regression test, partial linear regression test and simultant linier regression test. The results in this study showed that variable brand awareness, brand association and perceived quality positive influence on purchase decision. Partially, variable brand association and perceived quality showed a significant influence on purchase decision, meanwhile, the variable brand awareness shows the influence of variables that are not significant. Simultantly, variable brand awareness, brand association and perceived quality showed a significant influence on purchase decision. The variable dominant influence on consumer purchasing decisions of variable perceived quality.

To characterize, identified and precisely diagnose liver flukes genetic variability among population has great importance. Several molecular techniques based on DNA have been applied to molecularly characterized Fasciola isolates, but there is no data about genetic analysis of Fasciola isolates from District Mardan Pakistan. In current study Fasciola isolates of sheep and goat collected from District Mardan of Pakistan were genetically analyzed by amplifying ITS1 gene of rDNA through PCR technique. Band pattern of all isolates showed a single band of ~470bp in length indicating that there is no variation in ITS1 region size between sheep and goat isolates. Sequencing analysis also confirmed nil variation.

In this work derivation of Lorentz transformation by Newton second law using relativity speed. Also discussed many expression of relative mechanical relation and proper time and Relative coefficient form classical force and Minkowiski force in other side using Total relative energy of the moving particle to derivation Relative coefficient.

Objective: This study was carried out to detect presence of some secondary metabolites that may have antimicrobial activity and to evaluate the antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of methanol extracts of six marine macroalgae belonging to green algae (Chlorophyceae), brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and the red algae (Rhodophyceae) collected from the intertidal area of the Sudanese Red Sea coast near Port Sudan. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis, the DPPH radical scavenging and cytotoxicity screening were carried out in methanol extracts of the six macroalgae as per standard methods with few modifications. Results: Analysis revealed that secondary metabolites with higher medicinal activities such as saponin, cumarin, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins triterpens and steroids were present. Anthraquinones, and cyanogenic glycosides were absent in all algal extracts. Most of samples were inactive in DPPH radical scavenging and has no cytotoxic effects. Conclusion: The study demonstrated clearly that macroalgae of the Red Sea can be significant sources of important compounds which may be used in formulation of drugs by the pharmaceutical industries.

Polymerization methods of acrylic resins have considerable effect on physical and mechanical properties like release monomer and porosity. The aim of this study was to investigate the release of residual monomer and porosity for acrylic denture base materials processed by different polymerization methods (heat and pour cured). Ten specimens were fabricated for each test. For release monomer test the samples were analyzed using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector and for porosity test it was calculated by measurement of the specimen weight before its immersion in water and 7 days following immersion in water. Student t- test was performed to study the differences between the mean ratio of release monomer and porosity in heat-cured and pour-cured acrylic resin. The statistical analysis indicated highly significant differences in the mean rate of release monomer and porosity between pour-cured and heat-cured acrylic resin (P<0.001). As a conclusion, pour-cured acrylic processing method was significantly higher than heat-cured one in both residual monomer content and porosity.

Background: Intra oral changes are seen in various therapeutic drug usage which can be mild to severe. Oral contraceptive pills (OCP) usage is one among them which causes frequent intra oral changes. Aim of the study was to assess knowledge, attitude, and oral health status of among women using OCP’s in Kalaburagi district, Karnataka, India. Methods: A self administered questionnaire was designed and given to women with different socioeconomic background to assess the knowledge, attitude and oral health status of the women using OCPs. Results: Results in the present study showed demographic characteristics of patient’s age ranging from 18 year to 41 years. Participants revealed various side effects of OCP which accounts 41% of general side effects and 47 % of oral complications. Common oral complications noticed by Participants had experienced bleeding gums, swollen gums and sometimes both with accounted to 23, 9, 17% respectively. Conclusion: Questionnaire studies designed with clinical examination of oral cavity are required to assess the oral health status, to create awareness and knowledge regarding oral hygiene.

Background: This study was designed to get insight on how the knowledge, attitude and perception of anatomy students across various divisions in the department of Anatomy, University of Port Harcourt. Important information was mapped out during this study and this knowledge is capable of transforming the undergraduate anatomy curriculum across Nigeria to position the students in their career and the overall development of anatomical sciences. If we want to gain a better understanding of teaching and learning in anatomy, it may be pertinent to move beyond the question of how and consider also the what, why and when of anatomy education. Aim & Objectives: This study was aimed at investigating the Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of the Divisions of Anatomy among University of Port Harcourt Anatomy Students, Nigeria. Materials & Methods: A purposive sample of 420 anatomy students from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year participated in the study. Each class came together during their semester examination and a mentorship form was issued to them to indicate the aspect of anatomy they are interested in. Data were analyzed and recorded. Results and Discussions: The result of the study indicated that clinical anatomy had a higher percentage of 21.65%, reproductive biology (18.47%), cell and tissue biology (9.87%), neurobiology (10.51%), physical and forensic anthropology (13.38%), and radiologic anatomy (9.87%) while multiple selections with 21.65%. The first year students showed more interest in Clinical Anatomy with a modal frequency percentage of 38.16% while the least percentage frequency was found in third year class with 9.38%. Conclusion: It is glaring that we are entering a time of paradigm shift aided by new understandings and new technologies as in all such times, views are held strongly and expressed emotionally. The University of Port Harcourt has taken the bold step restructure her curriculum for Anatomy education to flow with the current tide in meeting specific needs by diversifying Anatomy into divisions such as clinical anatomy, cell and tissue biology, reproductive biology, radiologic anatomy, neuroscience, physical and forensic anthropology.

Anticholinesterases are drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Clinical uses of anticholinesterases include: (a) treatment of myasthenia gravis, (b) reversal of the action of non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs used during surgical operations, (c) treatment of glaucoma and management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Studies have reported several medicinal properties of V. amygdalina and M. fragrans. However the anticholinesterse inhibitory actions (beneficial in neurodegenerative disorders) of these herbs have not been studied, hence the need for the present study. The leaves of V. amygdalina and seeds of M. fragrans were extracted in water and ethanol using cold extraction. The cholinesterase inhibitory assay of the extracts was done in five test tubes: the first three contained the extracts, the fourth test tube contained neostigmine, while the fifth contained blank (control). All the test tubes (control and tests) were incubated tor 20 mins at room temperature after addition of acetylcholinesterse and acetylthiocholine. Thereafter, Ellman’s spectrophotometric method was used to determine the absorbance at 412 nm wavelength. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics and glycosides. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of V. amygdalina had mean change in absorbance of 0.032±0.00 and 0.023±0.01 (64 and 74% AChE inhibition respectively), while aqueous seed extract of M. fragrans had 0.015±0.01 (83% AChE inhibition). There were statistically significant differences (p = 0.01) in the mean change in absorbance per minute in the various test groups. Extracts of leaves of V. amygdalina and seeds of M. fragrans showed significant in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities at concentrations used.

Background: There were four antigens in ABO blood group system A,B,AB,O in human blood that significant for blood transfusion and hemolytic disease of new born. recent study also discover common ABO antigens relate with basal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer and other cancers disease , in this study we try to answer this question if polymorphism ABO blood group antigens can be cause of chronic kidney disease. Objectives: Detect the relationship between ABO blood group antigens and renal function test among chronic kidney disease patients in Khartoum state. Methods: Case control study blood samples of patient collected from dialysis centers and hospitals, the age from 6-72 years in Khartoum state were randomly selected for the study from May 2015 to June 2018, control group selected from central blood bank donated health people, blood samples were tested serological for ABO phenotype and renal function test. Result: Different ABO blood group in compared with renal function test show respectively A,B,AB and O in result of urea 131,149,116 and 121 mg/dl, creatinine 10.1,10.0,8.6 and 9.1 mg/dl, sodium 315,136,133and134mmol/l, potassium 4.5,4.6,3.9 and 4.5 mmol/l, finally uric acid 7.2,6.1,5.9 and 6.8mg/dl. Conclusions: No significant relation of ABO antigens as cause of chronic renal disease.

Hypertension can be defined as a condition in which the force of blood against the artery walls is too high. This study was planned to analyses cost variations of anti-hypertensive drugs available in Indian market. There is a wide range of variations as the price of drug marketing in India. This study was conducted by taking the maximum and minimum cost of anti- hypertensive agents manufactured by different brands of same drug, strength and dosage forms. The data is obtained from the current index of medical specialties [CIMS] April-July 2018. The cost ratio and percentage cost variations were calculated for each anti-hypertensive drug. The average percentage price variation of different brands of the same oral anti-hypertensive drugs in Indian market is very wide.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second commonest malignancy among women worldwide and causing high mortality with about 500,000 new cases and 250,000 deaths each year. The mortality rate can be reduced by creating awareness among women on regular or earlier screening for precancerous lesion and by administration of human papilloma virus vaccine to adolescent girls. Hence a study conducted to assess the knowledge on cervical cancer among women, to determine the effectiveness on awareness programme and to associate between selected demographic variables and knowledge of cervical cancer. Methods: Pre-experimental research design was selected. Totally 100 women were selected by random sampling technique in health centres. After assessing the pre-test knowledge, the awareness was created to them and that was followed by post-test. The collected data was analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The demographic data shows that out of 100 women, 42(42%) women were at the age group of 30 to 40 years, 84(84%) women were unemployed, 8(8%) women in low income group, 34(34%) women attained early menarche, 32(32%) women had early marriage, 44(44%) women having 3 and more children and 48(48%) women were received health information from family members. The overall pre-test adequate knowledge was 13% and post-test was 74%. There was no significant association between selected demographic variables and knowledge of cervical cancer. Conclusion: Most of the women had inadequate knowledge about cervical cancer and its prevention. After awareness programme, the knowledge score was improved. Hence the health educations highly needed to create awareness among women.

Medical students are inducted into clinical practices at a very early stage of their curriculum, and become very susceptible to get infected and for accidental transfer of infections to the patients, co- workers and the environment. Their awareness regarding Infection Control Practices (ICP) has to be regularly assessed by continued teaching and training programs. The aim was to assess the awareness of undergraduate medical students about infection control practices and measures and re-emphasize the need of continued education on basic infection control practices in the existing undergraduate curriculum. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 131 students of second year and third year (part I) MBBS of a Tertiary care teaching Hospital and Medical College. A pretested, predesigned questionnaire was given to the participants during their regular class hours after explaining the purpose of the study. It was designed based on the study objectives, that contained questions regarding general information of biomedical waste (BMW), hand hygiene, standard precautions, infection control practices and modes of acquisition of their knowledge. Amongst 131 students, 53.5% were females and 46.5% were males. The junior batch had a poor knowledge of the BMW responsibility (65.4%), use of masks (40.7%) and protocol for spillage management (32%). The senior batch had a better knowledge on moments of hand hygiene (90%) minimal time for hand hygiene (74%). The knowledge of senior batch on preventable vaccines (68%) and risk of transmission of viruses (76%) compared to junior batch (74% & 85.1% respectively) was poor. Most students acquired knowledge through lectures, tutorials and practical (74%) and suggested it to be continuously included in their curriculum through practical and workshops (65.6%). There was lacunae in knowledge regarding waste segregation, spillage management and use of masks. Continued education is needed through various methodologies. Importance of incorporation of ICP curriculum in undergraduate education should be re-emphasized.

A research was conducted to determine the occurrence and distribution of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 in cattle faeces and manure, aimed at isolating and identifying shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) using phenotypic methods from cattle faeces and manure. Faecal samples (n=990) from apparently healthy cattle and manure samples (n=165) were collected between March to August, 2016 for this study, all samples were transported on ice to bacterial Zoonoses lab., department of Veterinary Public Health and preventive medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, A.B.U. Zaria for analysis. Approximately 1 ml/1 g of faeces (homogenized when possible) were suspended into 9 ml of modified tryptone soya broth. Samples were vortexed and incubated overnight at 41°C. After selective enrichment, fifty micro liters of the product was streaked onto Eosin methylene blue (EMB), incubated at 37oC overnight. Preliminary results indicated 374/1155 (32.3%) of the samples showed greenish metallic sheen and were considered presumptive positive for E. coli and for further analysis. The 374 positive samples were tested biochemically using indole, methyl red, Voges Proskauer and citrate (IMViC), triple sugar iron and motility tests respectively, positive isolates 80/374 (4.7%) were subjected to Microbact 40E (U.K) where 48/80 (60%) were positive and were subjected to serological testing using E. coli O157:H7 agglutination test kits. The overall prevalence was determined to be 4.16% for all the samples collected in the three LGA, while a prevalence of 0.34%, 0.7% and 3.4% were found for Bauchi, Darazo and Katagum LGA respectively. Of the overall prevalence 2.51% were confirmed E. coli O157:H7 while 1.64% non O157. The prevalence based on sample locations were 0.09%, 3.37% and 0.69% for abattoir, cattle farms and livestock market respectively.