The orthodontic landscape is evolving beyond occlusion and aesthetics, expanding into realms that intersect with systemic health most notably, the airway. This review explores a compelling paradigm shift: the growing body of evidence that links malocclusion with sleep-disordered breathing, particularly obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). No longer viewed in isolation, craniofacial architecture and dental arch relationships are now recognized as potential contributors to compromised airway volume and function. We synthesize current literature to unravel how sagittal and vertical dysmorphologies—such as retrognathic mandibles, narrow maxillary arches, and deep bites correlate with reduced upper airway dimensions and increased risk of airway obstruction during sleep. Furthermore, this review investigates how orthodontic interventions, including maxillary expansion, mandibular advancement, and functional appliance therapy, may influence airway patency. Rather than presenting orthodontics as a cure for OSA, we critically evaluate the extent to which treatment timing, modality, and individual growth patterns determine outcomes. We also spotlight the need for interdisciplinary synergy between orthodontists, sleep physicians, and ENT specialists, advocating for a patient-centred, airway-conscious approach in diagnosis and treatment planning. While the evidence is promising, we emphasize the gaps that persist especially in longitudinal outcomes and standardization of airway assessment protocols. In rethinking malocclusion through the lens of airway health, this review calls for a new orthodontic responsibility: not merely aligning teeth, but potentially aiding in breath, sleep, and systemic wellness. The implications are profound not only for orthodontic strategy but also for the very definition of oral health.

The increasing demand for concrete, coupled with the environmental burden associated with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) production and natural aggregate depletion, has intensified the search for sustainable alternative materials. Waste glass, generated in large quantities worldwide and often landfilled due to recycling constraints, has emerged as a promising resource for cementitious composites when processed as powdered waste glass (PWG) or crushed waste glass. This review critically examines the utilization of waste glass as a sustainable binder and aggregate replacement, with particular emphasis on microstructural evolution, durability performance, and service-life implications. The pozzolanic reactivity of finely ground waste glass, driven by its high amorphous silica content, leads to secondary calcium silicate hydrate formation, portlandite consumption, and pore refinement. These microstructural modifications result in improved later-age mechanical strength, reduced permeability, enhanced resistance to chloride ingress and chemical attack, and effective mitigation of alkali–silica reaction when appropriate fineness and replacement levels are adopted. The review synthesizes quantitative data from recent studies to establish performance trends, identify optimal replacement ranges, and clarify durability mechanisms governing long-term behavior. Remaining challenges, including variability in glass composition, standardization of test methods, and limited long-term field data, are highlighted. Overall, the findings demonstrate that waste glass, when properly processed and proportioned, can contribute significantly to durable, low-carbon cementitious composites and support circular-economy-based infrastructure development.

The digital era has markedly increased screen exposure among young children. In Indonesia, 39.71% of early children use smartphones. In East Nusa Tenggara, the prevalence reached 44.69% in urban and 34.76% in rural areas. Excessive screen time is associated with reduced parent-child interaction, poor self-regulation, and delayed personal social skills. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between screen time duration and personal-social development of children aged 2-5 years in Kupang. A quantitative cross-sectional correlational design was applied to 60 respondents selected through consecutive sampling. Screen time duration was measured using a modified and validated version of the Surveillance of Digital Media Habits in Early Childhood Questionnaire (SMALLQ; Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.875) and categorized as normal (≤60 minutes/day) or excessive (>60 minutes/day) based on recommendations from the Indonesian Pediatric Society. Personal social development was assessed using the Developmental Pre-Screening Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test and contingency coefficient (α = 0.05). Ethical approval was obtained from the Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana (No.37/UN15.21/KEPK-FKKH/2025). The result showed that 31 (51.7%) had excessive screen time, and among them, 27 children (77.1%) demonstrated personal-social development that was not age-appropriate. A significant correlation was found (p < 0.001; C = 0.517), indicating a moderately strong relationship. These findings indicate that longer screen time exposure is significantly associated with a higher likelihood of delayed personal social development. Parental supervision and limiting screen time to a maximum of one hour per day are essential to support optimal developmental outcomes.

This article is devoted to the Iraqi legal framework for extradition (passive and active). It is compared to foreign and international laws on this most important and difficult modality of international judicial cooperation in criminal matters. The research examines the peculiarities of both treaty-based and extra-treaty extradition from and to Iraq. It reveals the major weaknesses of Iraqi law on extradition and offers tentative recommendations to overcome them by improving legislation and through practical work.

Background: The rapid advancement of telehealth technologies and their growing role in healthcare delivery-especially during and after the COVID-19 pandemic-has underscored the urgent need to integrate telehealth competencies into nursing education. Despite this global shift, Saudi Arabia’s nursing curricula lack systematic telehealth training, creating a gap between healthcare needs and educational preparedness. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the integration of telehealth into nursing education in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia by assessing nurses' knowledge, attitudes, exposure, and educational preferences related to telehealth. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. A validated questionnaire adapted from Rettinger et al., (2024) was distributed via Google Forms to 100 Saudi nurses and nursing students holding a bachelor’s degree from Saudi institutions. The instrument assessed demographics, telehealth training experiences, perceived competencies, attitudes, and curricular preferences. Descriptive statistics were applied to analyze responses. Results: The majority of participants rated their digital competence as good or very good (73%). While 81% expressed strong interest in telehealth for their profession, only about half had practical exposure to telehealth tools mainly through phone or video consultations. Participants preferred integrating telehealth as an elective or mandatory topic later in their academic progression. There was notable interest in practical content, such as technical skills, legal aspects, and device usage. Conclusion: Although the attitudes toward telehealth were overwhelmingly positive, the findings reveal a significant gap between the perceived importance of telehealth and the limited training provided. There is an evident need for structured, competency-based curricula that include simulation-based and Interprofessional learning experiences to ensure readiness for digitally enabled healthcare environments.

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) remains one of the most common postoperative complications, particularly in cases involving contaminated or dirty abdominal surgeries. Despite improved aseptic techniques and antibiotic prophylaxis, SSI continues to contribute significantly to morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and increased healthcare costs, especially in developing countries. Intraoperative intraperitoneal antibiotic lavage, particularly using gentamicin, has been proposed as an effective adjunct to reduce microbial contamination and postoperative infection risk. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of intraperitoneal gentamicin lavage on postoperative surgical site infection (SSI) in children undergoing dirty laparotomy. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Faculty of Pediatric Surgery, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital and Institute, Dhaka, from March 2018 to December 2019. A total of 70 children (≤5 years) undergoing laparotomy for dirty surgery were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (n=35) received intraperitoneal lavage with gentamicin diluted in normal saline (160 mg/500 ml), whereas Group B (n=35) received lavage with normal saline only. Postoperative outcomes, including fever, wound infection, wound dehiscence, secondary closure, and hospital stay duration, were recorded and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results: The groups were comparable in age and gender distribution (p>0.05). Postoperative fever occurred in 54.3% of Group A and 77.1% of Group B (p=0.044), while wound infection rates were significantly lower in the gentamicin group (11.4%) than in the control group (31.4%) (p=0.041). Although wound dehiscence and secondary closure did not differ significantly between groups, the mean postoperative hospital stay was notably shorter in Group A (8.17 ± 2.70 days) compared to Group B (10.71 ± 3.89 days) (p=0.002). Conclusion: Intraperitoneal gentamicin lavage significantly reduced postoperative fever, wound infection rates, and hospital stay duration in children undergoing dirty laparotomy. These findings suggest that gentamicin lavage can serve as an effective adjunctive measure to minimize postoperative infectious morbidity and enhance recovery in pediatric contaminated abdominal surgeries.

The global sports industry, long celebrated for its unifying power, has in recent decades emerged as a significant and increasingly visible contributor to environmental degradation, generating substantial greenhouse gas emissions, single-use plastic waste and resource-intensive infrastructure demands. This paper traces the conceptual and operational evolution of sports sustainability through three successive tiers of ambition, charting a trajectory from carbon neutrality toward net-zero decarbonization and ultimately, the circular economy ideal of zero waste. The first tier, carbon neutrality, represents the industry's initial response to climate accountability. Grounded in the logic of measurement and offsetting, this phase saw governing bodies and event organizers quantify emissions and compensate for unavoidable impacts through carbon offset projects, exemplified by FIFA's carbon-neutral World Cup commitments and the United Nations Sports for Climate Action Framework. The second tier, net-zero decarbonization, marks a decisive shift from offsetting to abatement. Here the emphasis moves to absolute emission reductions across scopes, renewable energy procurement and efficiency retrofits, sustainable transport and mobility planning and supply-chain engagement. World Athletics' carbon-reduction guidance and the Seattle Kraken's Climate Pledge Arena illustrate how venues and federations are embedding reduction targets, monitoring, and reporting into bid, tender and contractual processes, signalling a maturation from symbolic neutrality to structural change. The third and most recent tier, zero waste, extends sustainability beyond the carbon lens to embrace the full material metabolism of sport. Rooted in circular-economy principles, this phase prioritizes waste avoidance and source reduction, reuse, recycling, and composting, and responsible disposal of residual waste, alongside plastic neutrality and the elimination of landfill diversion. These three tiers are not merely sequential milestones but a deepening hierarchy of ambition, each expanding the boundary of responsibility from atmospheric carbon to the full life cycle of materials and from organizational accounting to systemic, stakeholder-engaged transformation. In short, the evolution from carbon neutrality to zero waste signals a fundamental reconceptualization of sport's environmental role, positioning the industry not as a passive emitter requiring compensation but as an active agent of regenerative and circular practice, with significant implications for policy, governance, and the long-term resilience of the sector.

The recent development in the areas of deep learning and deep convolutional neural networks has significantly progressed and advanced the field of computer vision (CV) and network data analysis and understanding. Complex tasks such as classifying and segmenting medical images and localising and recognising objects of interest have become much less challenging. This progress has the potential of accelerating research and deployment of multitudes of medical applications that utilise CV. However, in reality, there are limited practical examples being physically deployed into front-line health facilities. In this paper, we examine the current state of the art in CV as applied to the medical domain. We discuss the main challenges in CV and intelligent data-driven medical applications and suggest future directions to accelerate research, development, and deployment of CV applications in health practices. During the last few years computer applications have undergone a dramatic transformation from simple data processing to machine learning, thanks to the availability and accessibility of huge volumes of data collected through sensors and the internet. The idea of machine learning demonstrates and propagates the fact that the computer has the ability to improve itself with the passage of time. The western countries have shown great interest on the topic of machine learning, computer vision, and pattern recognition via organizing conferences, workshops, collective discussion, experimentation, and real-life implementation. This study on machine learning and computer vision explores and analytically evaluates the machine learning applications in computer vision and predicts future prospects. The study has found that the machine learning strategies in computer vision are supervised, un-supervised, and semi- supervised. The commonly used algorithms are neural networks, k-means clustering, and support vector machines. The most recent applications of machine learning in computer vision are object detection, object classification, and extraction of relevant information from images, graphic documents, and videos. Additionally, Tensor flow, Faster- RCNN-Inception-V2 model, and Anaconda software development environment are used to identify cars and persons in images.

Organizational crisis communication on social media has become critical for reputation management, yet systematic empirical evidence remains limited. This study employs Natural Language Processing and machine learning to analyze 17,500 tweets from 50 major organizational crises across 14 industries. Using multi-model sentiment analysis (VADER, TextBlob), emotion detection (NRC Lexicon), and 14 machine learning algorithms, we investigate communication strategies, sentiment patterns, and predictive modeling of message effectiveness. Results reveal organizations predominantly employ information-focused strategies (61.7%), with a moderate sentiment gap between firm communications (TextBlob polarity: 0.164) and public responses (-0.002). Sentiment shows negligible correlation with total engagement (r = -0.000), though negative sentiment generates significantly higher engagement than positive sentiment (t = -2.148, p = 0.032). Machine learning achieves modest predictive accuracy (53.07%, Naive Bayes), demonstrating both potential and limitations of AI-assisted crisis management. This research contributes computational evidence to crisis communication theory, establishes methodological innovations for large-scale text analysis in IS research, and provides realistic assessments of data-driven crisis management capabilities.

The phytochemicals, minerals and vitamins compositions of Baphia nitida leaves were determined using standard methods of chemical analysis. The results of the determination revealed that B. nitida leaves contain high amount of phytochemicals which suggest that the plant leaves can be explored in drug discoveries and treatment of diseases in pharmaceutical industries. The results of the mineral compositions of the plant part showed that the plant is rich in minerals which helps in cellular metabolism. On the other hand, the plant part was found to contain high amount of Ascorbic acid and β-Carotene which as antioxidants, can help in the balancing of oxidative stress in the body.

This study investigates various techniques for identifying and categorizing muscle fiber composition, highlighting both invasive and non-invasive methods. Invasive techniques, such as muscle biopsy, provide detailed insights into muscle structure and function, utilizing histochemical staining for myosin ATPase, myosin heavy chain isoform analysis, and biochemical identification of metabolic enzymes. These methods are vital for understanding skeletal muscle fiber diversity and their exercise responses. Alternatively, non-invasive approaches, including Tensiomyography, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for muscle carnosine content, Ultrasound Imaging for muscle architecture, Genetic Analysis, and the 1-RM Test, offer valuable, less intrusive options to assess muscle function. By integrating invasive and non-invasive techniques, researchers can develop a comprehensive understanding of muscle biology, benefiting fields such as sports science, rehabilitation, and human health. Future research should explore how combining these methods can optimize personalized training and therapeutic interventions.

This study examines how Rabindranath Tagore’s Gitanjali develops a sustained system of imagery that resonates with the non-dual philosophical orientation of Advaita Vedānta. Through close readings of selected poems, the article analyses how sensory metaphors ranging from images of divine immanence and the surrender of the limited self to representations of silence as an inner contemplative space and the flowing continuity of life collectively gesture toward a vision of underlying unity beneath the diversity of the phenomenal world. Recent scholarship that situates Tagore alongside Advaita-oriented thinkers such as Vivekananda and Ramana Maharshi (Kumar & Annapurna, 2025), along with earlier critical accounts that perceived non-dual undertones in Gitanjali’s initial global reception (Ananthan, 2018), reinforces the plausibility of reading the text within a non-dual framework. Rather than collapsing Tagore’s devotional lyricism into strict philosophical discourse, this study foregrounds imagery as the medium through which the poet aesthetically performs Advaita’s central insights, revealing a poetic grammar that intertwines mystical experience with metaphysical intuition.

This study aims to find empirical evidence on the influence of Capital Structure, Investment Decisions, Growth Opportunity on Company Value. The type of research used is quantitative research. The population in this study is pharmaceutical sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2016-2023. Sample selection using the purposive sampling method. The number of samples in this study was 8 companies for 8 years with a total of 64 sample data. The data collection technique used in this study is the documentation technique by obtaining data in the form of the company's annual report for 2016-2023 and the literature study technique by conducting a literature review, reviewing various sources such as books, journals, and other sources related to the research. The data analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis with the help of IBM SPSS 26 software. The results of this study indicate that Capital Structure, Investment Decisions, and Growth Opportunity have a positive effect on Company Value.

The loss of unipolarity and simultaneous emergence of plural loci of power have brought on the rising multipolar order that is becoming more indicative of the agency of the Global South. Within this transformation, the RIC Troika of Russia, India and China have shifted its structure into a consultative process to a strategic triangle of the twenty first century geopolitics. This paper will discuss the operation of the RIC Troika within the framework of a wider power rebalancing between the global North that is dominated by the West and the growing Global South with diplomatic coordination, institutional innovations and strategic outreach. The study has a theoretical base of power diffusion, polycentric governance and the solidarity between South -South, thus, applying a qualitative analytical approach is a mixture between geopolitical analysis, review of discourse and interpretation of policy. Another aspect that has been pointed out in the paper is the geo-economic restructuring of trade, energy, technological ambition and financial flows. The paper has put into consideration that though the RIC Troika is not expected to substitute the Western hegemony there is both material and ideational momentum that enhances the bargaining power of the Global South in the rising polycentric world. Tying together high-level diplomacy with the developmental desires of Global South, the RIC Troika is the key experiment in rehumanising of global power relations. The paper ends by concluding that the future of the emerging multipolar order will rely on how well the members of RIC are able to enjoy the alignment of their strategic ambitions to the interests of the rest of the increasing assertive Global South.

Medical devices have become indispensable in modern healthcare settings, fundamentally transforming clinical workflows and patient care delivery. However, despite significant technological advancements, the integration of medical devices into healthcare environments presents multifaceted challenges that directly impact both healthcare worker quality of life and patient safety outcomes. This comprehensive review synthesizes recent literature examining the relationship between medical device usability, human factors engineering principles, and the well-being of healthcare professionals including radiological technicians, health informatics specialists, nurses, clinical coding technicians, and health administration staff. The review examines critical factors including device usability design, ergonomic considerations, training adequacy, workflow integration, and psychological impacts including burnout and job satisfaction. Evidence demonstrates that while medical devices offer substantial benefits in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and clinical decision support, their implementation frequently encounters significant barriers related to poor usability, inadequate training, ergonomic challenges, and psychological stress among users. Key findings indicate that healthcare systems exhibiting structured training programs, user-centered design principles, and adequate organizational support demonstrate markedly superior outcomes in staff satisfaction, productivity, and patient safety. This review identifies essential strategies for optimizing medical device integration, including comprehensive human factors engineering evaluation during development, iterative usability testing with end-users, enhanced training protocols, workflow-centered design approaches, and institutional commitment to supporting staff adaptation and well-being during technology transitions.