Diabetes Mellitus, a chronic metabolic disease caused by defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells or the inability of insulin-sensitive tissues to respond to insulin, is on the rise globally, particularly in low-middle income countries, leading to complications. Chronic hyperglycemia in DM is associated with organ and tissue damage, malfunction, and failure, as well as the development of microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) and macrovascular (cardiovascular diseases) problems. As a result, this review x-rays the risk factors, aetiology, epidemiology, associated complications with key emphasis on the underlying mechanisms and pathophysiology, current laboratory diagnosis using conventional and novel biomarkers, as well as current trends in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), highlighting the need for a combined approach in management viz-a-viz lifestyle management along with pharmacological approaches as crucial to achieving success.

The present study provides a qualitative and quantitative account of the rhetorical use of metadiscourse markers in Chomsky’s On Nature and Language, claiming that interaction is an essential component of persuasion in social fields in general and in linguistic discourse in particular. Persuasion, therefore, relies on effective argument and writer-reader interaction as writers are uncertain when dealing with human subjects and data, on one hand, and unable to draw on empirical demonstration or trusted quantitative methods (Hyland, 2000). As a result, writers use language to engage their readers by positioning, persuading and including them as discourse participants (Hyland, 2019). Chomsky’s linguistic discourse received several studies, however, writer-reader interaction as an integral component of the construction and attainment of ethos was marginalized and overlooked. Accordingly, the study hypothesizes that metadiscourse plays an essential role in Chomsky’s persuasive discourse. Moreover, the study addresses the question of how metadiscourse is deployed to engage and persuade the reader, on one hand, and to create a credible persona, on the other hand. The study identified 4,724 instances of metadiscourse in a corpus of 38,183 words. This is a frequency of one every 8 words. It also shows that instances of interactional metadiscourse are significantly greater than interactive ones, and the most frequent categories are engagement markers (35.9), hedges (27.1), transitions (18.7) and boosters (16.1).

Public building projects in the South-South Region, Nigeria have earned a bad reputation for poor performance. Construction Industry findings point to lack of front-end planning as the main cause of poor project performance. This paper focuses on systematic literature review and semi-structured interviews to identify the factors that affect project definition and front-end factors that influence project performance. The search revealed that the project environment interacts with organizational structures, project resources, Front-end processes and others (frontend management framework, funding, technology, integration, coordination and control) to influence project performance. These findings lead to the development of the conceptual framework, for enhancing project performance in the South-South Region, Nigeria.

Social media significantly influences the moral values and behaviors of Muslim youth in Kano State, Nigeria, offering benefits such as educational resources, networking opportunities, and community building, while simultaneously exposing them to inappropriate content, cyberbullying, and trends that may conflict with Islamic values. Hence, the rapid spread of digital technology creates both possibilities and disadvantages for Muslim youth in Nigeria, especially in Kano State, where religion and cultural beliefs have a considerable impact on social standards. This duality creates dilemmas for young people as they navigate the digital landscape, striving to balance social connectivity with their moral and religious principles. This research investigates the "digital dilemma" confronting young Muslims, examining how social media effects their religious identity, ethical ideals, and socio-political activity. The study looks at both the good and bad effects of digital platforms, emphasising issues including exposure to hazardous information, cyber dangers, and the loss of traditional values. At the same time, it investigates how faith-based digital literacy and smart social media activity might help Muslim adolescents manage these problems while upholding Islamic ideals. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, this research evaluates the role of religious academics, community leaders, and digital influencers in encouraging teenagers towards responsible and productive social media usage. The findings imply that combining faith-based concepts with digital literacy initiatives may assist Muslim adolescents in reaping the advantages of social media while minimising its hazards. The study finishes with bold recommendations for promoting a balanced and purposeful online presence, such as ethical digital participation, legislative advocacy, and community-driven projects.

Sinusitis is a widespread inflammatory condition affecting the paranasal sinuses, commonly caused by infections, allergens, environmental triggers, or structural abnormalities. In modern medicine, it is classified by the duration into acute, subacute, and chronic types. In Unani medicine, although the exact term “sinusitis” is not used, the condition is addressed under Nazla Ḥārr (hot catarrh) and Nazla Bārid (cold catarrh), which is equivalent to acute and chronic sinusitis, respectively. This study aims to correlate these Unani classifications with modern clinical understanding and to assess traditional Unani therapeutic approaches for managing sinusitis. Based on a descriptive review of classical Unani literature and contemporary medical sources, it was found that scholars like Ibn Sīnā, Ghulam Jeelani, and Muḥammad Ṭabarī consider sinusitis to arise from humoral imbalance, typically influenced by environmental and dietary factors. Treatment in Unani practice includes Ilāj bi’l Tadbīr (regimenal therapy), Munḍij-Mushil (concoctive and purgative therapy), and herbal formulations, supported by techniques such as decoctions, nasal drops, steam inhalation, and lifestyle changes aimed at restoring balance and eliminating harmful humours. While modern treatments may provide temporary relief, they often have side effects and do not guarantee a cure. Unani approaches offer a personalised, holistic alternative, and further clinical validation may enhance their role in integrative care.

Introduction: Raising and providing adequate facilities to the specially-abled children along with autism spectrum disorder is a very stressful and overwhelming task for their parents and caregivers. Most of the caregivers and parents of such children reported distress and hardships in caregiving because these children showed numerous difficulties. The difficulties and issues faced by the caregivers and parents in rearing children with autism is the principal focus of the present study. The current research study also highlighted the social support enhanced mental well-being of the caregivers. Children with autism experience innumerable problems related to their activities and behaviors. So, because of these problems, their caregivers face a lot of challenges in their normal day-to-day living and caregiving. Therefore, in these situations, social support is very crucial for them and it also enhances optimism in them to overcome their stress and also handle various issues related to caregiving efficiently and confidently. Objectives: The present research study intends to understand the role of perceived social support in facilitating optimism among the caregivers of children with autism, and also explore the relationship between perceived social support and optimism that may enhance the overall health and well-being of the caregivers of an autistic child. Method: Samples of sixty caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder were taken for this study, using purposive sampling techniques. Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) for measuring optimism and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MPSS) was administered to measure perceived social support were employed. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and Regression Analysis were used to analyze the results. Results: Positive and significant relationship was found between overall perceived social support and optimism, and perceived social support also facilitated optimism among the caregivers of children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder.

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Dental extraction is a therapeutic act consisting of removing the tooth from its socket. In orthodontics, dental extraction, even healthy ones, holds an important place in the current therapeutic arsenal. However, it is a source of many controversies. As data related to orthodontic extractions are scarce in our context, we proposed to undertake this study whose objective was to determine the prevalence of dental extractions in orthodontic treatment. We carried out a cross-sectional and descriptive study over a period of 08 months in five dental clinics in the cities of Yaounde and Douala. Patients and records of patients who underwent extractions in orthodontic treatment were included. An adapted and pre-tested questionnaire was used for data collection. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 software. The sex ratio was 1.22. The mean age was 9.26 years ± 1.89 years with extremes of 5 and 15 years. The prevalence of extractions in orthodontic treatment was 10.68%. The main orthodontic abnormalities were position and eruption abnormalities (74.5% and 58.4%). Incisors (47%) were the commonly extracted dental group. The mastery of the indications, timings and sequences of dental extractions for orthodontic purposes would be an interest in the management of orthodontic abnormalities in general practice.

To determine how college teachers' job satisfaction, socioeconomic status, and family monthly income relate to one another in Mohammadpur, Dhaka. A purposive sample of one hundred instructors was used in a cross-sectional study design. The instrument of measurement was job satisfaction (Khaleque, 1980). The correlation results show that job satisfaction [r=.402, p<.05] and socioeconomic status [r=.739, p<.01] are significantly positively correlated with family monthly income. The socioeconomic position of teachers, however, was a small but significant predictor, accounting for 16.1% (R2 =.161, p =.001) of the variation in job satisfaction scores. According to these results, if socioeconomic circumstances improve, educators might be happier in their positions. The study adds to our understanding of how professional satisfaction in Bangladesh's academic community is influenced by social and economic positions.

Background: Sports activities have a profound influence on both physical and mental health. Beyond physical exertion, they contribute to psychosocial development and emotional resilience. This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of evening sports activities on the physical and mental wellbeing of hostel students. Methods: A comprehensive search of databases including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, along with offline journals, was conducted. Studies assessing the impact of sports activities on physical and mental health, particularly among hostel or residential students, were included. Results: The selected studies consistently demonstrated positive associations between sports activity and enhanced wellbeing. Participation in sports was associated with reduced stress, improved cardiovascular function, increased emotional resilience, and better social functioning. Conclusion: This review underscores the importance of integrating structured sports activities into student wellness strategies. Interventions tailored to address both physical and psychosocial needs can significantly enhance the overall wellbeing of hostel students.

Background: Emotional Intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and regulate emotions effectively. EI training programs have demonstrated significant benefits for teachers, including improved classroom management, enhanced teacher-student relationships, and better psychological well-being. Objective: This systematic review assesses the effectiveness of emotional intelligence training programs among teachers in enhancing professional performance, emotional regulation, and job satisfaction. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and selected offline journals. Studies were included if they assessed EI, its correlation with teacher effectiveness and burnout, or the outcomes of EI training interventions. A total of 40 studies published between 2010 and 2024 were reviewed. Results: The findings indicate a strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and teacher effectiveness. Teachers with high EI demonstrate improved instructional practices, increased student engagement, greater job satisfaction, and reduced stress and burnout. Structured EI training programs were effective in enhancing competencies such as self-awareness, empathy, and interpersonal communication. Conclusion: Emotional intelligence plays a vital role in teacher well-being and professional performance. Integrating EI training into teacher development programs can foster emotionally resilient and effective educators. Further large-scale, standardized studies are recommended to assess long-term impact and refine training approaches.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been a driving force behind digital inclusion and economic transformation in India from 2000 to 2023. Employing a combination of descriptive and analytical methodologies, the research investigates the relationship between FDI inflows and key indicators of digital infrastructure, including internet usage, mobile and broadband subscriptions, fixed telephone lines, and digital payment transactions. The findings reveal that FDI has significantly contributed to the expansion of telecommunication networks, enhanced broadband accessibility, and accelerated the shift towards cashless transactions, marking a transition from traditional systems to a more digitally integrated economy. The study highlights how policy interventions, such as demonetisation, have intensified the digital adoption process. Despite these advancements, notable disparities in internet and broadband access persist, pointing to the need for more inclusive digital strategies. The study underscores FDI’s instrumental role in shaping India's digital landscape, fostering technological inclusivity, and driving sustainable economic growth through innovation, infrastructure development, and evolving business environments.

Startups fail because of many reasons, however, when we consider how young companies manage finances, we can see that there is a clear pattern. We have analyzed financial documents of 150 startups and talked to 20 founders and finance managers regarding their daily accounting practices in this study. The outcome was straight forward, the startups which remained were those that maintained financial habits straight and steady. They kept records, counted numbers at a frequent rate, and were conscious of the cash flow. Those founders who pursued this strategy claimed that the habits assisted them in identifying minor issues before they escalated. Another common observation was that being familiar with their numbers helped them to conduct discussions with investors in a more straightforward manner since they were capable of articulating the decision. Such results indicate that financial discipline at the early stages has a larger contribution to the stability of a startup than commonly appreciated. Basic accounting practices provide new ventures with a stronger foundation in the face of uncertainty as they grow instead of being a minor task.

National anthems are solemn patriotic songs that are officially adopted by countries as the expression of their national identity which are rendered during special or official events. There are robust previous researches on the thematic and stylistics analysis of the just abandoned Nigerian national anthem without a comprehensive Linguistic and functional analysis of the old-new anthem. Therefore, this focus of this study is to investigate and present the functional analysis of the old-new anthem of Nigeria with a view to studying its experiential function and implications. Halliday’s Functional Grammar (FG) was adopted as framework for this study. Specifically, the theory of experiential metafunction: processes and transitivity. The data for this study is taken from the newly re-introduced Nigerian national anthem. Six process types were identified in the anthem: material, relational, mental, verbal, behavioral and existential processes. The findings of this work points to a predominant use of material processes to indicate the expected measures to be taken by citizens of Nigeria to strengthen the development and progress of their nation. Other process types are used sparingly to put in place relationships, and present the nation as important entity. This paper infers that the establishment of national unity is better portrayed through the functional analysis of the process types in the Nigeria Old-new national anthem because the linguistic tool of transitivity is that language form is not coincidental, but performs a communicative function.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy among patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (CIRD) in comparison to those with common mechanical pathologies and to explore the factors influencing vaccine hesitancy. Methods: This case-control study in Morocco compared patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (CIRD) and those with degenerative mechanical pathologies. Data were collected via questionnaires from December 2021 to December 2022, assessing demographics, medical history, and vaccine hesitancy. Differences between groups were assessed using chi-square tests and t-tests. A logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with vaccine hesitancy. Results: One-hundred-fifteen patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (CIRD) were included (median age 49 years, 75.7% women). The majority had rheumatoid arthritis (54.9%) and were on biological treatment (63.2%). About 83% were vaccinated against COVID-19, with 70% reporting no post-vaccination adverse events. Vaccine hesitancy was high (68%), primarily due to fear of adverse events (57.1%). Age was negatively associated with reluctance, but no association was found with gender, education, or CIRD type. In the control group (74 patients, median age 59.5 years, 87.8% women), 92% were vaccinated. Vaccine hesitancy was 74.3%, mainly due to fear of adverse events (59.6%). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed a significant negative association between age and vaccine hesitancy (OR = 0.905, p = 0.023), with no associations to gender or education. Conclusions: High COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was observed in both patient groups, mainly due to concerns about side effects, worsening conditions, low trust in the healthcare system, and insufficient information. Age was also a factor, with younger individuals showing higher reluctance. Increasing awareness is essential to build trust and promote vaccination for herd immunity.