This review offers a critical analysis of “Language Education in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and Opportunities in Language Pedagogy and Policy” ISBN: 978-3-031-91442-3, edited by Ali H. Al-Hoorie, Connie Mitchell, Tariq Elyas and published by Springer Nature Switzerland in July 2025. As part of the English Language Teaching: Theory, Research and Pedagogy series, the book investigates the major educational reforms underway in Saudi Arabia through the lens of Vision 2030, emphasizing English’s evolution from a marginal academic subject to an essential component of national progress and modernization. The twelve chapters present a comprehensive exploration of diverse topics, including classroom dynamics, teacher development, and systemic policy shifts, illustrating the complexity of language education transformation in the Kingdom. The review commends the book’s broad analytical scope, methodological rigor, and contribution to global scholarly discourse, while also identifying gaps in its coverage of longitudinal data, regional variation, and deeper critique of policy trends. Ultimately, this volume stands out as an important scholarly resource for research on applied linguistics, language policy, and English education in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf region.

Electronic health record systems transformed healthcare documentation by providing a system for storing and sharing extensive patient data. However, much of this information remains in the form of unstructured text, which limits its utility for computational analysis. Natural Language Processing (NLP) has emerged as a prominent approach to extract and structure information from free-text clinical narratives, offering the potential to unlock valuable insights for clinical care, research, and administration. This paper provides an overview of recent advances in NLP methods applied to EHRs, discusses open problems including data quality, privacy, and generalizability, and highlights potential future directions for the integration of NLP into clinical workflows. The conclusions point to the need for continued development of domain-specific language models, privacy-preserving techniques, and explainable AI methods to fully harness the power of NLP for healthcare transformation.

Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neuro-developmental disorder that persists into adulthood in nearly two-thirds of cases. In adults, particularly in women, it often remains underdiagnosed, masked by anxiety or depressive disorders. Since familial transmission is well documented, a diagnosis in a child can sometimes be revealed in a parent. Observation: We report the case of a 35-year-old single mother presenting emotional exhaustion and relational difficulties with her 7-year-old son recently diagnosed with ADHD. The patient's developmental trajectory and life course suggested adult ADHD, reassured by the positive screening on the Adult Self-Report Scale for ADHD (ASRS-v1.1). The patient presented parental exhaustion with a marked reluctance towards psycho-stimulant treatment. Psycho-education was initiated and she agreed to take symptomatic treatment with hypnotics and anxiolytics. Conclusion: This case illustrates the diagnostic complexity of adult ADHD, often masked by depressive comorbidities and anxiety-inducing emotional exhaustion. Diagnosis in children should prompt systematic exploration of the parents' developmental history. It also highlights the obstacles related to pharmacological treatment, particularly when the previous experience of psychotropic drugs is negative. The mother-child mirror effect reveals the intergenerational dimension of the disorder. Progressive support, respectful of therapeutic resistance, appears essential to encourage adherence to care, thereby improving the quality of the mother-child relationship.

Background: Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common benign salivary gland tumor. Despite its benign histological appearance, rare cases demonstrate metastatic potential without malignant transformation, termed metastasizing pleomorphic adenoma (MPA). Case Presentation: Here in we report a case of a 32-year-old female with no comorbidities, presenting with a left parapharyngeal mass. MRI revealed a well-circumscribed, lobulated lesion inseparable from the deep lobe of the parotid, with heterogeneous enhancement and cystic/necrotic components. Histo pathological examination of the resected mass revealed pleomorphic adenoma. Interestingly, metastatic deposits with identical histology were identified within the excised cervical lymph node. Conclusion: This case highlights the paradoxical behavior of pleomorphic adenoma, which, although histologically benign, may metastasize. Awareness of MPA is crucial for clinicians to ensure long-term surveillance following the excision of pleomorphic adenomas.

Gender incongruence in adolescents is an increasingly common clinical problem in child psychiatry, often associated with significant psychological distress. When accompanied by depressive symptoms and school refusal, it poses a considerable diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. This article presents the case of a 14-year-old adolescent girl, seen for school withdrawal and mood disorder, in whom persistent gender incongruity was identified. The proposed clinical analysis aimed to explore the psycho-pathological links between gender identity, depression and dropping out of school, and discussed the clinical and ethical implications. In this context, care raises many questions around consent, the temporality of decisions, and the potential psychiatrization of the adolescent journey. It is essential to provide a space for free speech, without any specific direction. The role of caregivers is to enable a safe exploration of identity, while avoiding premature medical projections.

This paper examines the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools such as “ChatGPT”, “MidJourney”, and Stable Diffusion into architectural and design education, with a particular emphasis on their potential application in Libya. The rapid development of generative AI has transformed higher education globally, shifting it from a teacher-centered paradigm toward more flexible, data-driven, and student-centered models. While international experiences have demonstrated significant benefits such as enhanced design exploration, improved critical thinking, and more adaptive assessment methods the Libyan context presents both unique opportunities and challenges that require careful consideration. The study adopts a critical inductive methodology, combining an in-depth literature review with an analysis of international case studies from institutions such as MIT, ETH Zurich, TU Delft, and Harvard GSD. Building on these insights, it proposes a three-phase framework for AI integration in architectural education: [1] a Preparatory Phase focusing on awareness and experimentation, [2] an Integrative Phase involving gradual curricular embedding and revised assessment practices, and [3] an Institutional Phase aimed at mainstreaming AI through policy reform, infrastructure development, and research capacity building. Findings indicate that successful integration requires more than access to technology; it depends on achieving a balance between pedagogical approaches, institutional policies, and infrastructural readiness. Within the Libyan context, gradual implementation tailored to local constraints and opportunities emerges as both feasible and necessary. The paper concludes with practical recommendations addressing capacity building for faculty and students, curriculum reform, policy development, enhancement of digital infrastructure, and the establishment of international collaborations. By following this roadmap, Libyan universities can adopt AI in a sustainable manner that strengthens educational quality while preserving academic authenticity.

Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacterium of global veterinary importance, associated with a wide spectrum of diseases in livestock, poultry, rabbits, and companion animals. It can exist as a harmless commensal in the upper respiratory tract, but under favorable conditions acts as a potent pathogen, causing hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffalo, progressive atrophic rhinitis in pigs, fowl cholera in poultry, and snuffles in rabbits. Pathogenesis is mediated by virulence factors including the polysaccharide capsule, lipopolysaccharides, adhesins, iron acquisition systems, biofilm formation, and the P. multocida toxin (PMT), which collectively promote colonization, immune evasion, and systemic infection. Advances in taxonomy and classification, from serotyping to multilocus sequence typing and whole-genome sequencing, have improved epidemiological understanding, though distinguishing virulent from commensal strains remains challenging. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging concern, particularly against tetracyclines and macrolides, threatening treatment efficacy in food-producing animals and increasing zoonotic risks. Vaccination remains central to control, with bacterins, toxoids, and autogenous vaccines widely used, though their cross-serotype protection is limited. Future perspectives highlight the need for next-generation vaccines, genomic surveillance, CRISPR-based diagnostics, and alternative therapies such as phage treatment. Integration of vaccination, antimicrobial stewardship, and biosecurity measures within a One Health framework will be essential to reduce disease burden, protect animal productivity, and safeguard public health.

During the "14th five year plan" period, Beijing has made achievements in the artificial intelligence industry foundation, talent scale, education policy and international talent introduction, but in the face of the practical difficulties of employment, there are still structural bottlenecks such as the lack of refinement of talent classification, the disconnection between evaluation mechanism and industrial demand, and the lack of policy coordination. During the "15th five year plan" period, it is suggested to build systematic countermeasures from the three dimensions of "classified allocation, evaluation and incentive, and ecological optimization", including the establishment of "four levels and nine categories" dynamic talent map, the improvement of multiple evaluation and risk tolerance mechanism, and the strengthening of top-level design and regional collaboration, aiming to enhance the global competitiveness of Beijing's digital talent development, support the country's high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and high-quality development, so as to promote the high-quality development of employment.

This study investigates the relationship between sustainable business strategies, climate change adaptation, and competitive advantage in emerging markets, with a focus on North Central Nigeria. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys, interviews, and case studies to assess how businesses respond to climate-related challenges. Findings reveal that many firms have begun integrating sustainability practices such as energy efficiency, waste reduction, and eco-friendly innovations to mitigate climate risks. However, adoption levels remain uneven due to financial constraints, limited awareness, and inadequate policy support. The results further demonstrate that businesses actively engaging in climate adaptation strategies experience improved market positioning, resilience, and stakeholder trust, thereby enhancing their competitive advantage. Government policies, technological innovation, and collaborative networks are identified as critical enablers, while weak regulatory enforcement and infrastructural gaps serve as persistent barriers. The study concludes that fostering climate-resilient business models is essential for long-term sustainability in the region and recommends targeted policy interventions, capacity building, and private–public partnerships to strengthen resilience and competitiveness in North Central Nigeria.

The study empirically examines the role of institutional quality in shaping India’s economic growth over the period 1996–2023. Using annual time-series data, the analysis investigates the long-run and short-run relationships between GDP per capita and key governance indicators control of corruption, political stability, and voice and accountability alongside selected macroeconomic variables, namely health expenditure, trade openness, and foreign direct investment inflows. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach is employed to test for cointegration among the variables, followed by estimation of long-run coefficients and an error correction model to capture short-run dynamics. The results confirm the existence of a stable long-run relationship between institutional quality and economic growth in India. Control of corruption and voice and accountability emerge as robust and statistically significant drivers of long-run per capita income growth, underscoring the importance of transparent and accountable governance structures. Political stability exhibits a positive but relatively weaker influence. Among the macroeconomic variables, health expenditure and trade openness contribute positively to long-run growth, while foreign direct investment is found to be statistically insignificant in the long run and negative in the short run. The error correction term indicates a rapid adjustment towards long-run equilibrium following short-term shocks. Robustness checks using Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Canonical Cointegrating Regression (CCR) corroborate the main findings. Overall, the study highlights that sustained economic growth in India is closely linked to improvements in institutional quality, particularly in reducing corruption and strengthening democratic accountability, alongside investments in human capital and openness to trade.

The study charts the evolution of research on supply chain efficiency, vendor selection, cost optimization, and risk mitigation from 2005 to 2025. It undertakes a combined bibliometric analysis and structured literature review (SLR) on a dataset of 289 Scopus-indexed articles. Using performance indicators, science mapping, and the TCCM framework (theory, context, characteristics, methodology), the study inquiries into publication trends, eminently visited journals, most cited works, and emerging research themes. The study shows a paradigm shift from a cost approach that is narrower to a multidimensional approach that integrates sustainability, resilience, and digital transformation. Among other key enablers which document the approach include blockchain, big data analytics, AI, and Industry 4.0 technologies. China and the United States are leading countries with respect to research outputs and citation impacts, but India is emerging as a developing contributor in procurement and vendor selection, especially since the power and energy sector remains underexplored. Furthermore, the study highlights the predominant use of a cross-sectional quantitative approach and calls for longitudinal and mixed-method approaches. The paper contributes to the literature by charting the intellectual evolution of SCM efficiency research, unearthing sectoral and methodological gaps, and providing actionable recommendations for industrial players and policymakers.

Enterprise business intelligence platform migration represents a critical organizational transformation requiring careful orchestration of technical, financial, and human factors. The comprehensive framework presented addresses the multifaceted challenges organizations face when transitioning from legacy reporting systems to modern analytics platforms. Strategic assessment begins with systematic usage evaluation and asset prioritization, enabling informed decisions about migration scope and resource allocation. Platform evaluation encompasses total cost of ownership considerations, feature compatibility assessment, and long-term scalability requirements. Technical validation ensures seamless transition through systematic documentation of data dependencies, function compatibility testing, and proof-of-concept development for complex reporting assets. The implementation framework emphasizes parallel system operation during migration phases, comprehensive user acceptance testing protocols, and iterative feedback incorporation. Change management strategies focus on stakeholder communication, training program development, and phased decommissioning processes that minimize operational disruption. Organizations implementing this systematic framework achieve successful platform transitions while maintaining data integrity, user adoption, and business continuity. The methodology provides practical guidance for managing complex enterprise migrations, addressing both immediate technical requirements and long-term organizational objectives through structured implementation phases.

Background: Vitamin D (VD) deficiency is significantly prevalent in Saudi Arabia, despite the country's plentiful sunlight, and has been increasingly linked to metabolic disorders, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review aims to integrate recent evidence on the clinical ramifications of VD deficiency in Saudi populations, with a focus on diabetes and related metabolic complications. Methods: A comprehensive search of the literature was carried out on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published from 2010 to 2025. The inclusion criteria encompassed studies that reported VD status in Saudi populations and their associations with diabetes, glycemic control, or cardiometabolic outcomes. Forty-three studies—including observational studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses—were included. Data on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], the prevalence of deficiency, metabolic parameters, and clinical outcomes were extracted and synthesized narratively. Results: VD deficiency prevalence has been reported to range from 50% to 85%, affecting children, adolescents, and adults, with women being disproportionately affected. This deficiency was consistently linked to elevated fasting glucose levels, HbA1c, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, obesity, and an increased risk of cardiovascular issues. The pediatric and adolescent demographics showed signs of impaired bone mineralization and a heightened risk for rickets. Mechanistically, VD deficiency leads to β-cell dysfunction, reduced insulin secretion, peripheral insulin resistance, and systemic inflammation. Some urban areas have seen modest improvements in deficiency rates due to supplementation and awareness initiatives, yet the deficiency remains widespread. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is significantly prevalent in Saudi Arabia and is closely associated with T2DM, cardiometabolic disorders, and skeletal complications. It is advisable to implement routine screening for high-risk groups, targeted supplementation, lifestyle modifications, and public health strategies to alleviate deficiency and its clinical ramifications. Tackling VD deficiency is a clinically actionable strategy to lessen the burden of metabolic and skeletal disorders within Saudi populations.

The performance of a bank serves as a guarantee in maintaining its market position amid the intense competition among banks, further intensified by the increasingly widespread issue of green banking. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of Green Human Resource Management and Leadership on Employee Performance mediated by Organizational Culture: A study at PT Bank X in Jakarta. The research design used is causal, which explains the relationships between variables. The research was conducted at PT Bank X in the Jakarta area, involving 155 employees as the sample. The sample was selected using simple random sampling. The data used are primary data obtained from respondents’ questionnaire responses. The research methods employed are descriptive statistics and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis using Partial Least Square (PLS) version 3.0. The results of the study show that Green Human Resource Management has a positive and significant influence on Organizational Culture; Green Human Resource Management has a positive and significant influence on Employee Performance; Leadership has a positive and significant influence on Organizational Culture; Leadership has a positive and significant influence on Employee Performance; Organizational Culture has a positive and significant influence on Employee Performance; Green Human Resource Management has a positive and significant influence on Employee Performance mediated by Organizational Culture; and Leadership has a positive and significant influence on Employee Performance mediated by Organizational Culture. Descriptive analysis results indicate that respondents’ assessment levels of Green Human Resource Management, Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Employee Performance at PT Bank X in Jakarta are at a positive level.

Engineered hybrid nanoparticles (EHNPs) are emerging as versatile platforms bridging the gap between fundamental nanoscience and practical applications. Unlike single-component nanostructures, EHNPs combine organic, inorganic, and bio-inspired elements to achieve synergistic functionalities. Beyond conventional fabrication, synthetic strategies enable the controlled assembly of hybrid architectures, tailoring size, morphology, and surface chemistry to optimize multifunctional performance. This study explores their mechanism-driven design and applications in four critical domains: green catalysis, environmental remediation, Biosensing, and targeted drug delivery. In catalysis, the integration of metal–oxide and carbon-based synthetic frameworks accelerate electron transfer and enhances reaction selectivity, thereby reducing energy consumption and eliminating toxic by-products. For environmental remediation, EHNPs demonstrate strong adsorption, photocatalytic degradation of persistent pollutants, and reusability under mild conditions. In Biosensing, synthetic hybrid surfaces functionalized with biomolecules enable ultra-sensitive detection of analytes through enhanced optical and electrochemical signals. In drug delivery, tailored synthetic surface modifications and core–shell architectures provide improved biocompatibility, controlled release, and site-specific targeting. A comparative analysis highlights how size, shape, and interfacial interactions dictate their stability and efficiency across these diverse applications. The novelty of this work lies in correlating nanoparticle architecture with performance mechanisms, offering a framework to rationally engineer next-generation engineered synthetic hybrid nanomaterials. Overall, EHNPs present a sustainable and adaptive route for addressing global challenges in energy, environment, and healthcare. This mechanism-driven approach paves the way for translating laboratory concepts into scalable technologies with real-world impact.