This study examines Libyan computer science students’ perspectives on their English for Specific Purposes (ESP) textbook and explores the challenges associated with their use of this textbook in the tertiary education context. A questionnaire adapted from established ESP evaluation frameworks was administered to a sample of 53 undergraduate computer science students. The findings reveal a significant discrepancy between the textbook’s organizational structure and its pedagogical effectiveness. While students acknowledge the clarity of the textbook’s layout and sequencing, they report substantial shortcomings in its instructional content. Specifically, the material is perceived as outdated, overly theoretical, and a lack of authentic, discipline-relevant tasks. Moreover, the results indicate a significant imbalance in skills coverage, with a predominant focus on reading while neglecting listening, speaking, and writing skills that are essential for academic and workplace communication in computer science. The study concludes that the textbook, in its current form, does not adequately align with core ESP principles and therefore requires substantial revision and supplementation with contemporary, practice-oriented materials to better equip students with the communicative competencies demanded by their field.

Background- Pyogenic granuloma is a common reactive oral lesion characterized by rapid vascular proliferation and tissue remodeling. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and its regulators, TIMP-2 and RECK, are key modulators of extracellular matrix turnover and angiogenesis, but their roles in pyogenic granuloma remain unclear. Aim- This study aimed to assess the expression and possible role of MMP-2, TIMP-2 and RECK in the biologic behaviour of Pyogenic granuloma. Methods- This was a laboratory based immunohistochemical study of pyogenic granuloma cases seen at the Department of Oral Pathology/Oral Medicine, UCH Ibadan, Nigeria between January 2000 and December 2011. 50 cases of pyogenic granuloma were sectioned and stained with commercial antibodies for MMP-2, TIMP-2 and RECK. Immunohistochemical staining of cells in individual cases was assessed at X100 magnification. Immunohistochemical assessment of MMP2, TIMP2 and RECK were expressed in proportions/percentages. Mean scores for MMP-2, TIMP-2 and RECK as well as MMP-2: TIMP-2 and MMP-2: RECK in all the cases of pyogenic granuloma were compared using the Independent Sample T test. Results- All of the cases expressed MMP2 and 88% of cases expressed TIMP-2 while RECK is positive in 80%. The mean MMP2: RECK ratio in pyogenic granuloma is 2:1. TIMP -2 is significantly higher in males than females (p = 0.005) while mean MMP2:TIMP2 is significantly higher in females than males (p = 0.000). Pearson correlation and regression analyses were performed to explore the relationships between MMP-2 and its inhibitors, TIMP-2 and RECK, in pyogenic granuloma. A weak negative correlation was observed between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expression (r = −0.093), which was not statistically significant (p = 0.521). Similarly, simple linear regression analysis showed that MMP-2 expression was not a significant predictor of RECK expression (β = 0.02, p = 0.882), with the model explaining virtually none of the variance (R² = 0.00). Conclusion- MMP-2 is expressed in all pyogenic granuloma cases and exceeds the levels of its inhibitors, TIMP-2 and RECK, consistent with its role in driving angiogenesis. Its expression appears largely independent of TIMP-2 and RECK, suggesting additional regulatory factors influence MMP-2 activity in these lesions.

Background: Hypertensive crisis is a continuum of elevated blood pressure that may cause acute target-organ damage and represents life-threatening complications if not treated and controlled urgently. Although the emergency department (ED) setting has historically been advocated as the appropriate environment for acute blood pressure control, the importance of enhanced primary care in responding to some high-risk vascular presentations is increasingly emphasized in modern healthcare systems. Comparative “Real-world” data on outcomes in the management of HC by ED and primary care (PC) perspectives regarding treatment of patients presenting with HC in the Middle Eastern health system is scarce. Objective: To compare clinical management, time to blood pressure control, complication rates and outcome of hypertensive crisis between emergency department (ED) and primary care setting in Qatar. Methods: A parallel observational study was done in 75 adult patients diagnosed with hypertensive crisis from January to November 2025. Patients were treated in ED (n = 45) or primary health care (n = 30). Demographics, comorbidities, treatment approaches, time to response and outcomes were described and compared by statistical methods using test of significance (p < 0.05). Results: In ED patients who were managed with IV antihypertensive treatment, blood pressure reduction was significantly faster, intravenous antihypertensive use was significantly greater, and early complication rates were significantly lower. The majority of cases of hypertensive urgency were effectively controlled with oral pharmacracy and outpatient follow-up at primary care centers. Blood pressure was controlled in total in 66.7%, partially in 25.3% and was uncontrolled with continued medication in 8.0%. Conclusion: Emergency departments are essential for hypertensive emergencies, but appropriately resourced primary care facilities can safely and effectively treat hypertensive urgency, preserving healthcare resources and mitigating inappropriate hospital use.

Movement is one of the major characteristics of every living thing. Transportation involves the movement of people, goods and services from one place to another and with increased population congestion is inevitable. Eastern mass junction Nkwo Triangle Nnewi North (Cross intersection) is not exempted from traffic congestion as it was taken as a case study for this work which focused on the analyses of traffic characteristics and design of traffic signaling control for management of busy intersections. Eastern mass junction Nkwo triangle Nnewi is connected by four roads leading Eastwards to the junction is Eke Amobi road, Westwards is First bank road, Northwards by Nnobi road and Southwards by Round-About junction road. The geometry of the junction is symmetrical towards North and South (8.1 meters) and asymmetric towards East (13.425 meters) and West (12 meters). Based on traffic volumes converted to the PCU values, a traffic signaling scheme was designed mostly based on the Webster’s method of signaling design using the geometries of the roads leading to this junction. Results from signal design showed an optimum cycle lengths of 73 seconds with total effective green times of 55 seconds and amber time of 5 seconds. The designed traffic signal is recommended for Eastern mass junction and other similar junctions to improve their traffic characteristics and reduce the demerits of congestion and delays.

This study examined the relationship between delivery risk management and logistics performance of e-commerce platforms in Abia State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study investigated how infrastructure risk management and security risk management influence delivery speed and order fulfilment accuracy. A cross-sectional survey research design was adopted, and data were collected from employees of registered courier service companies involved in e-commerce delivery operations in Abia State. A total of 250 questionnaires were administered, out of which 238 were validly returned, representing a response rate of 95.2%. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression techniques. The findings revealed that infrastructure risk management and security risk management are widely implemented by courier companies and are positively associated with logistics performance outcomes. The regression results indicated that infrastructure risk management and security risk management significantly and positively influence delivery speed (R² = 0.49) and order fulfilment accuracy (R² = 0.46). The study further showed that both dimensions of delivery risk management jointly explain a substantial proportion of the variance in logistics performance. Consequently, all the formulated hypotheses were supported. The study concludes that effective delivery risk management plays a critical role in improving logistics performance within e-commerce operations. The study recommends that courier companies strengthen route planning, infrastructure adaptation strategies, and security mechanisms such as real-time parcel tracking and theft prevention measures to enhance delivery reliability and customer satisfaction.

Food security in hyper-arid regions is constrained not only by water scarcity and soil degradation but by the thermodynamic instability of agricultural climates. In countries such as Qatar and across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), extreme diurnal heat loads impose continuous cooling demand on controlled-environment agriculture, rendering food production energy-intensive and economically vulnerable. This study presents a novel multi-layered wall (MLW) designed to establish a controlled microclimate within interior agricultural environments under arid conditions. It is an arrangement of thermally useful materials: a high-thermal-mass clay composite for conductive attenuation; sequential semi-permeable membranes to interrupt and regulate convective exchange; a conditioned cavity that uses stack-driven airflow together with embedded cooling system; a concrete layer providing structural endurance and secondary buffering; and a recycled-plastic insulation layer to reduce residual flux. The assembly sequences moderate resistances and storage capacity to produce thermal lag, flux dispersion, and amplitude damping. Laboratory experiments under controlled radiative loading and sustained heat exposure verify the hypothesis: the MLW suppresses peak internal temperature excursions, flattens thermal gradients across interfaces, and preserves near-baseline interior conditions over prolonged forcing. Energy accounting for indoor farming loads suggests meaningful reductions in cooling demand when MLW-mediated temperature control replaces part of traditional mechanical conditioning. Index Terms- Multi-layered Wall (MLW): Structural configuration designed for progressive reduction of heat transfer. Thermal Insulation: Layers and materials engineered to reduce conductive and convective heat flux. Convective Ventilation: Stack-driven airflow mechanisms that remove excess heat from the conditioning cavity. Thermal Mass: Use of clay-based composites and water loops to absorb and regulate transient heat loads. Desert Agriculture: Application of engineered microclimates to enable sustainable crop production under arid conditions. Sustainable Development: Meeting present developmental needs without compromising the ability of future generations to do the same.

Contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in Northwestern Nigeria remains notably low compared to other regions of the country and neighboring African nations. This study examines the socio-cultural and religious influences that shape family planning practices in the region, drawing on data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) and relevant literature. Findings reveal that while limited education, spousal consent, restricted healthcare access, and economic hardship contribute to low uptake, socio-cultural norms exert the strongest influence. Cultural expectations of high fertility and male dominance in reproductive decision-making overshadow religious teachings, as the predominant religion in the region does not explicitly forbid contraceptive use. Our research concludes that engaging religious and community leaders in awareness campaigns is essential to dispel misconceptions, promote informed choices, and improve reproductive health outcomes in Northwestern Nigeria.

Women’s economic empowerment is central to achieving inclusive growth and reducing gender disparities in India. In recent decades, women have made notable progress in education, employment, and entrepreneurship; however, their economic participation remains constrained by wage inequality, limited access to resources, and persistent socio-cultural barriers. This study examines the key dimensions of women’s economic empowerment, including financial inclusion, skill development, entrepreneurial opportunities, and access to decision-making platforms. It also evaluates the role of government programs such as Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Skill India Mission, and Digital India, which have created avenues for enhancing women’s economic roles, particularly in rural areas. Despite these advancements, challenges such as low labor force participation rates, occupational segregation, and limited household bargaining power continue to hinder full empowerment. The paper argues that sustainable economic empowerment requires not only policy support but also a transformation of institutional structures and cultural norms. Enhancing women’s economic agency is essential for equity, poverty reduction, and long-term national development. All the data source has taken from secondary sources and various government report and women empowerment related books and research articles. In this paper divide has two sections first -Global scenario of economic empowerment of women and Second Indian scenario of economic empowerment of women and with three objectives.

Middle-aged women often face some burden of career, family, and menopausal transitions, which can disrupt emotional health. While yoga is a known de-stressor, the specific role of yogic breathing (pranayama) regulate core personality dimensions remains less explored. The objective of the present review was to examine how regular yogic breathing practices help develop positive personality traits and maintain emotional stability in middle-aged women. A systematic search was conducted across the databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. Following a rigorous searching process using the terms such as ‘yogic breathing’, ‘pranayama’, ‘personality traits’ and ‘middle-aged women’, six experimental studies were selected and analysed. Based on the empirical evidences, studies reveal that breathing techniques significantly improve emotional stability by reducing Neuroticism and impulsive behaviours connected with Psychoticism. Practitioners showed a shift toward ‘Sattva’ (balance), which associated with higher emotional regulation and neighbourly, stable Extraversion. Compared to women who do not practice it, those who practice breathing exercises showed less anxiety and better self-control, which helps them stay mentally stable during midlife. It helps reduce nervousness and emotional instability and supports a more balanced and confident nature. So, the current short review may conclude that yogic breathing is a helpful practice for improving the personality traits of middle-aged women. However, in the future, more long-term studies should be done to understand how different breathing techniques affect personality traits development over time.

This article examines the case of Replika, an AI companionship app, to explore how users contribute unpaid free labor through affective engagement on Reddit. Drawing on Terranova’s concept of free labor and Hardt’s notion of affective labor within a platform studies framework, we analyze interactions on the Replika subreddit (Reddit) as our empirical site. We find that Replika’s users perform diverse forms of labor, from providing feedback and bug reports to offering emotional support and creating content, that enhance the platform without monetary compensation. This analysis highlights the distinctiveness of Replika as a case wherein intimate emotional bonds with an AI agent drive passionate user contributions, raising broader questions about the commodification of affect and the paradoxes of AI-driven platforms. Ultimately, we argue that Replika exemplifies how contemporary platforms harness free and affective labor, with significant implications for digital labor debates in an era of AI-mediated social interaction.

The nasal cavity is the principal pathway for respiration and olfaction, combining protective and sensory functions. The anterior portion filters and shields against external particles, while the posterior region refines inspired air and mediates smell perception. In Unani medicine nasal health is associated with the balance of humors and temperament. This paper interlaces together Unani concepts with modern anatomic pathology to present a very useful and pedagogical resource. We present in detail the structure and function of the nasal cavity which also includes the complex issues of its relationship to and vulnerabilities in various pathologic conditions. Unani disease classification and pathophysiologic theories are put under the microscope to present that in fact they do in many cases parallel modern bio-medical understanding of inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic diseases. We look at acute catarrhal rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, epistaxis, and malignant tumors through the Unani medicine lens which also shows the very relevant role of humor-based etiologies for what are very common illnesses. This integrated approach we put forth adds to academic discussion, also has practical value for the clinician and educator and in turn helps to bridge the gap between traditional and modern systems of care.

This work is about the brain chemicals, and their possible natural catabolic products. Effort has been made to identify if the microwave frequencies of these by products are same as the microwave frequency ranges of sodium and Potassium in ionic solutions present in as well as outside a neurone. It could be a factor responsible for dementia. It is found that excess by products of Tau fragment and Human prion peptide 2 had the same microwave frequency of sodium and Potassium in ionic solutions present in as well as outside a neurone. Therefore, it can affect the neuronal functioning. Efforts have also been made to identify, if any of these Brain chemical bind to each other and block the normal neuronal functioning. In this effort, it is noted that, excess of Human prion peptide 1 can bind to Tau-441 protein. This can affect neuronal function.

In this present study, the Realistic Mathematics Education Level of Awareness Among Middle School Students is most important of modern era. Most of the students are less interested in mathematics. Many students consider mathematics difficult, abstract, and disconnected from real life. because they face abstract thinking in real mathematical calculations. Realistic Mathematics Education is based on the idea that students create their knowledge of mathematics. This study mainly focuses on the Realistic Mathematics Education level of awareness among middle school students. The methodology of the study was a descriptive survey design adapted. The sample size is 226 middle school students randomly selected for the collection of data. The findings of the study were that middle school students 2.21% are Not Aware, 10.62% are Slightly Aware, 33.19% are Moderately Aware, and 34.95% are Aware,19.03% are Highly Aware of Realistic Mathematics Education.

Legionnaires’ disease is a severe form of atypical pneumonia caused primarily by Legionella pneumophila. The disease was first identified following a 1976 outbreak at an American Legion convention in Philadelphia. It is transmitted through inhalation of contaminated aerosols from water sources such as cooling towers, air-conditioning systems, hot water systems, and decorative fountains. The incubation period typically ranges from 2 to 10 days. Clinical manifestations include fever, cough, dyspnea, headache, gastrointestinal symptoms, and confusion, with severe cases leading to respiratory failure, septic shock, or multiorgan dysfunction. Diagnosis is primarily based on urinary antigen testing, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Prompt treatment with macrolides or fluoroquinolones significantly reduces morbidity and mortality. Preventive strategies focus on proper maintenance and disinfection of water systems to control bacterial growth. Early diagnosis, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and effective public health measures are essential for reducing disease burden and preventing outbreaks.

This paper explores the intricate relationship between governance and economic development in Africa, with a specific focus on Nigeria. Nigeria, as Africa's most populous nation and one of its largest economies, offers a compelling case study of how governance impacts economic trajectories. Marx and Engels' concept of historical materialism was employed to deepen the understanding of governance and economic development dynamics in post-colonial Africa, with a specific focus on Nigeria's current governance system. This choice is also because it seeks to establish a scientific foundation for fostering a better future for humanity. Secondary sources of data were collected and analyzed mostly in descriptive forms. This study, describing Nigeria's economic and development trajectory as a microcosm of the broader African experience suggests that the quality of governance can either strengthen a weak economy or stifle a potentially thriving one. It underscores the significant impact of governance, highlighting the paradox of Nigeria's vast natural resources coexisting with persistent poverty and underdevelopment. It attributes this to governance issues such as lack of visionary leaders, corrupt practices, embezzlement /misappropriation of public funds, inefficiency, ineptitude, weak institutional capacities, and undue foreign influence. The paper recommends that well-managed and adequately funded Civil Societies Organizations (CSOS) and NGOs have the potential to alleviate the impact of poor governance in Africa and contribute to the establishment of a better society.