The Study focused on the Misconceptions in the belief and pattern of feeding among pregnant women in Owerri North LGA of Imo State. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design with three research questions and formulated one null hypothesis. The symbolic interaction theory (SIT) was used for the study. A total of 200 respondents were selected from a target population of 400 pregnant women in the area. The simple random sampling technique was adopted for the sample selection. A dichotomously scored close ended questionnaire were used for data collection. This questionnaire was validated by three experts – two from the field of measurement and evaluation and the supervisor who invariably is a professional in research methods. The Pearson product moment correlation method was used to ascertain the internal consistency of the instrument and correlation index of 0.79 was obtained thereby establishing the reliability of the instrument. The data collected from the study was analyzed using the frequency count and simple percentage statistics to answer the research questions and the mean score and correlation analytic method to answer the null hypothesis, Result of the hypothesis testing showed that there is a very strong positive relationship between the variables tested. Findings obtained from the study revealed that pregnant women and children are the more vulnerable to restrictions of food misconceptions. Also foods like snails, paw-paw, grasscutter meat and okro are among the foods misconceived to cause harm on women during pregnancy. Recommendation; there should be attention to appropriate dietary behaviors and proper nutrient intake for pregnant women. Finally Nursing implications of the study was examined and the study was summarized.

Groove pancreatits is a type of chronic pancreatitis that affects the area between pancreatic head, duodenum and the common bile duct. It usually affects alcoholic males between the ages of 40-50 years. Patient presents with typical symptoms of chronic pancreatitis such as weight loss, upper abdominal pain, vomiting, and steatorrhea. Groove pancreatitis is thought to occur from the obstruction of minor papilla which leads to impaired pancreatic juice outflow. Differentiating groove pancreatitis from peripancreatic cancer is very important. Imaging by EUS, CT and MRI can reveal characteristic findings such as cystic lesions in duodenal wall and smooth stenosis of bile duct. In cases where there is a diagnostic dilemma, biopsy through duodenum is confirmatory. Characteristic findings on biopsy include cystic lesions in duodenal wall, Brunner gland hyperplasia, dilation of Santorini’s duct and protein plaques in pancreatic duct. Treatment options include conservative management with endoscopic stenting and invasive approach with pancreaticoduodenectomy. In the following case report we present to you a case of non-alcoholic young female with morbid obesity who presented to us with complaints of pain abdomen and vomiting for 1 month, with no significant derangements in lab investigations. Her abdominal ultrasonography revealed diffuse thickening of the second and third parts of the duodenum with fine inflammatory strands extending to the head and uncinate process of the pancreas with a narrowing of the duodenal lumen, which was later confirmed to be groove pancreatitis on CECT-abdomen and patient was successfully managed conservatively.

Introduction: In the modern world, there is a rising trend of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in developing countries like India, which is favouring a rise in complications like Chronic kidney disease.Thrombotic complications are a high possibility in chronic kidney disease (CKD). In recent days, abnormalities in platelet parameters are found to be an effective tool in risk stratification of CKD patients to develop venous thromboembolism and vascular disease. Our study was conducted to assess relation of platelets indices, platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW) and plateletcrit (PCT) in CKD patients. Material and methods: A retrospective evaluation was conducted on the blood biochemical data and hematological data obtained from the records of patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease for over 5 months (January 2021- May 2021) . The demographic data, urea, creatinine values and hematological findings were collected from the patient lab reports from the Department of Biochemistry and Pathology of Saveetha medical college and hospital. Platelet indices were obtained using Sysmex -XN 1000 automated analyser. 131 cases of known CKD was collected and correlated with Platelet indices values. Results: On gender and age distribution, male patients were predominant and age group between 41 to 60 were commonly affected. In CKD stage 2-39 patients, stage 3-32 patients, stage 4-28 patients, stage 5-14 patients were categorized according to their clinical findings and laboratory investigations. On correlation, there were no statistically significant differences in any PLT indices (platelet count, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width and plateletcrit).However, Platelet count lower as the stage increases and MPV, PDW and plateletcrit were slightly higher in stage 5 CKD when compared with other stages of CKD. Conclusion: Platelet indices plays major mechanism in pathological processes of vascular thrombosis. The efficacies of platelet indices associated with CKD patients remain unknown. Prospective randomized controlled trials involving larger numbers of CKD patients are needed to determine the associations with platelet indices.

Introduction: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative disorder of the retina among preterm infants which is the main cause of blindness in premature infants but recognized as leading cause of preventable blindness and visual impairment in children if treated early. It is a multifactorial disease in which retinal blood vessels of premature preschoolers fail to grow and develop normally, resulting in visual impairment and blindness. Objectives: The objective of the study is to assess the risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity in preterm very low birth weight babies. Material & Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted at Special Care Baby Unit (SCABU), Department of Neonatology and Pediatrics, Department of Ophthalmology; Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) from October 2016 to March 2017. One hundred and twenty-nine (129) preterm very low birth weight infants admitted in SCABU, BIRDEM during the study period were selected considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 and were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Results: All babies weighed less than 1500 gm, among them 11 (12.2%) were < 1000 gm and 79 (87.8 %) were ≥1000-1500gm. Forty-three, 43(47.8%) baby’s gestational age was ≤32 weeks and forty-seven 47(52.2%) baby’s gestational age was >32 weeks, 74(82.2%) were inborn, 16 (17.8%) were out born. Seventy-nine, 79 (87.8%) were delivered by LUCS and 11(12.2%) by NVD. Conclusion: This study concluded that overall frequency of ROP was 30% among screened infants. Among the ROP diagnosed cases 11.1% required anti VGEF injection, 14.8 % received laser therapy. Lower gestational age, use of mechanical ventilator and frequent blood transfusions were found to be the most significant risk factors. There are few studies on the incidence and risk factors of this important morbidity in the developing countries. Taking known preventive measures, early detection and management of ROP can prevent blindness. The prognosis for maintaining functional vision is poor in advanced cases of ROP even with the application of currently available methods of treatment.

Background: The year 2020 witnessed the rapid spread of covid-19 pandemic in Iraq and in almost all the countries in the world. This spread has created a serious health crises and a public health emergency in Iraq and throughout the world. Little is known about the pattern of covid-19 disease in Iraq. The aim of this paper is provide a description an overview of the pattern of covid-19 disease in Iraq. Materials and methods: The available unpublished and published data about covid-19 disease in Iraq during the year 2020 reviewed including the demographic data relevant to covid-19 pandemic in Iraq. Some relevant data for three provinces (The Kurdish provinces in the north of Iraq) of the eighteen provinces in Iraq were not available in English or Arabic. Results: The population of Iraq in 2020 was estimate at 40.150.174 (20.284.823 males and 19.865.351). During the year 2020, 595291 cases of covid-19 disease were registered by the Iraqi Ministry of Health, 12813 (2.15%) patients died and 537841 (90.3%) patients experienced recovery. 7680 (1.4%) of the covid-19 disease in Iraq during the year 2020 were under the age of ten years, and therefore this age group was the least to be affected with covid-19 disease in this study. 133176 (23.9%) of the covid-19 disease in Iraq during the year 2020 aged between 30 and 39 years, and therefore this age group was the most affected with covid-19. During the year 2020, 173928 individuals died in Iraq including 12813 deaths because of covid-19 disease which accounted for 7.36% of the total deaths in Iraq during the year 2020. Covid-19 resulted in a death rate of 33/ 100000 population in Iraq during the year 2020. 117 (0.9%) of the patients who died because of covid-19 disease in Iraq during the year 2020 were under the age of ten years, and therefore patients in this age group are the least likely to died from covid-19 disease. 2418 (18.9%) of the patients who died because of covid-19 disease aged 50 to 59 years. Therefore, according to this study, patients in this age group are the most likely to die from covid-19 disease. Conclusion: Covid-19 disease in Iraq was associated with a significant mortality during the year 2020. It actually changed the previously reported national mortality pattern as covid-19 has become the second most common cause of death in Iraq. Contradictory, to the general belief that mortality associated with covid-19 was generally restricted to the older age groups, 117 children under the age of ten years died because of covid-19 disease. This number of childhood suggests the need to consider vaccination of the younger age groups and to perform the relevant research.

Hysterectomy is one of the most prevalent surgeries worldwide. Nine out of every ten hysterectomies are performed for noncancerous conditions that are not life threatening but have a negative impact on quality of life. A descriptive study using questionnaires’ were used to assess prevalence of hysterectomy among women adopting as family planningseen in OPD based in Duncan Hospital, Raxaul. 100 subject were selected by Consecutive sampling technique. This study aimed to explore the complex relation between family planning and hysterectomy and the study result found that only 3.07% subject had hysterectomy using as a family planning method and other subject are refers for Hysterectomy due to other disease condition.

Aims: Thyroid gland is composed of spherical follicles and thyroid parenchyma includes two major cell types, the thyrocytes releasing thyroid hormones and C cells secreting mature calcitonin. Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism both have been, known to be associated with the various abnormalities of the coagulation system. Our study, had been purposed to investigate the relationship between Mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width and plateletcrit with T3, T4, TSH levels of the patients. Methods: A retrospective evaluation was conducted on 90 patients (age group from 30 to 45 years) diagnosed with hypothyroidism (n=30), hyperthyroidism (n=30) and euthyroid (n=30) for over 6 months from October 2020 – March 2021. The demographic data and T3, T4, TSH values was obtained from the patients lab reports in Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. These values was correlated with platelet indices of MPV, PDW and PCT obtained by Sysmex-XN 1000 automated analyser. Result: Females population was predominant in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. On comparison of hypothyroid patients with euthyroid revealed statistically increase significant difference in plateletcrit. On comparison of hyperthyroid patients with euthyroid revealed statistically significant increase in Platelet count, MPV and plateletcrit. Conclusion: The present study, suggest that platelet parameters can be considered as a reliable markers and can be used as CVD risk evaluation parameters in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients due to abnormal thrombovascular activity.

A conversation is the very heart of schooling and pedagogy. Studies globally and regionally indicate a low reading and communication attainment by children, with 90% of them in 3rd world countries not attaining the average levels required. The majority across Africa struggle to read and communicate, which leads to meagre academic performance, Kenya is no exception to this trend. This scenario has been associated partly with challenges related to communication skills acquisition. Therefore, how teachers' assist learners to obtain the ability to converse is a question in this study. This study sought to explore examine the nature of classroom environment for drawing in the acquisition of communication skills in early years’ education in Kenya. The study was guided by Montesorri model and Dewey's social constructivism theory. The study adopted a pragmatic philosophical approach which allows for a mixed method research design. The study's population comprised of 6 ECDE sub-county Early Years Education program officers, 1201 EYE schools and EYE teachers and 53,276 PP2 class learners in Nandi County. The study stratified Nandi County into six sub-counties and used Yamane formula to arrive at the sample of schools. 300 teachers, one per school was purposively sampled out and 15 teachers were selected through convenience sampling for the interviews. Non-Proportionate purposive sampling was used to pick the drawings from the pupils. A census of 6 EYE program officers was picked as respondents. The research instruments used in this study were questionnaires, interview schedules and direct observational schedule. A mixed approach research design was used whereby quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics while qualitative data were analyzed using themes. There is a substantial positive relationship between the classroom nature of environments in the acquisition of communication skills (β2=0.245, p<0.05). This was supported by views of the teachers and program officers who were interviewed, and observations made on children’s drawing and the classroom environment. The study concluded that the nature of the classroom environment are not adequately prepared with content knowledge on drawing since drawing is an effective tool in EYE and teachers can utilize it to assist learners acquire their communication skills. Therefore, the study recommends refresher courses and further training, especially on how to organize and manage the EYE classrooms as stated in the EYE curriculum design, to improve the teachers' pedagogy in drawing.

The online mathematics teaching in primary schools under the background of COVID-19 epidemic is an important measure to implement the policy requirements of the Ministry of Education of "suspending classes without stopping teaching, and closing classes without stopping school". When adopting online teaching in primary school mathematics through network resources, it is not only to follow the development of the era of science and technology education, but also a science and technology park to cultivate teachers and students' innovative learning. Starting from the online teaching practice of primary school mathematics during the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control period, this paper proposes the common problems existing in the online teaching of primary school mathematics. Finally, from the three aspects of teaching platform, teachers and students, we discuss the optimization strategy of online teaching in primary school mathematics, so as to better develop online teaching in the future, and better serve the teachers and students.

Background: The year 2020 witnessed the emergence of covid-19 disease as a new notifiable infectious disease in Iraq and throughout the world. Little is known about the pattern of notifiable infectious diseases in Iraq during the first year of covid-19 pandemic. The aim of this paper is provide a description of the pattern of notifiable infectious diseases in Iraq during the year 2020, the first year of covid-19 global pandemic. Materials and methods: The available unpublished and published data including official documents and reports of health authorities about notifiable infectious disease in Iraq in 2020 were reviwed. Results: The population of Iraq in 2020 was estimated at 40.150.174 (20.284.823 males and 19.865.351 females). A total of 718393 cases of notifiable infectious disease including covid-19 disease were registered in Iraq in 2020. During the year 2020, 595291 cases of covid-19 disease were registered by the national and local health authorities in Iraq, while there were 123102 patients with notifiable infectious diseases other than covid-19 disease registered. Therefore, the registered cases of covid-19 disease was about 4.8 times more than the number of all notifiable infectious disease registered in Iraq during the year 2020. Scabies was the second most common notifiable disease after covid-19, and accounted for 6% of all notifiable infectious disease in Iraq in 2020. Chicken pox was the third most common notifiable disease, and accounted for 1.7%. Cutaneous leishmaniasis was the fourth most common notifiable disease and accounted for 1.1%, while tuberculosis, the fifth common notifiable disease accounted for 0.7%. Conclusion: Notifiable infectious diseases in Iraq were associated with a significant mortality during the year 2020, and that was because of the emergence of covid-19 disease as a new notifiable infectious diseases. Covid-19 disease, the most common notifiable infectious disease in 2020 changed the previously reported national mortality pattern. Contradictory, to the general belief that mortality associated with covid-19 disease was generally restricted to the older age groups, 117 children under the age of ten years died because of covid-19 disease in 2020. This number of childhood deaths suggests the need to consider vaccination of the younger age groups and to perform the relevant research.

Polyploidy is widespread as evident from many species of eukaryotes like animals, plants, and lower unicellular eukaryotes, but in strong contrast, prokaryotes are believed to be monoploid/ haploid and contain a single copy of the genome in the form of the small circular chromosome. There are some exceptions to monoploidy like D. radiodurans, Borrelia sp. etc. this phenomenon of polyploidy among these microorganisms is an evolutionary advantage, which makes them able to survive extreme conditions. With accumulating reports of the presence of polyploidy in most of the bacterial and archaeal species, it is being considered that monoploid species are small minorities among bacteria and archaea. The presence of multiple copies of the genome helps survive extreme conditions through various mechanisms which involve resistance to radiation, survival under high temperature and severe desiccation, lowering the mutation rates, intermolecular gene conversion along with the use of part of copies of the genome as a source of nutrients for short term survival and cell multiplication. Not surprisingly polyploidy is also suggested to play an important role in pathogenesis through the production of antigenic variation helping immune invasion, thus ultimately pathogenesis. Polyploid species of extremely halophilic archaea, Halococcus sp. are being used as model organisms to study the possibility of survival under Martian conditions and extraterrestrial travel on meteorites. It is alluring to segregate isogenic strains with shifting chromosome duplicate numbers, which would take into consideration efficiently investigating the benefits of polyploidy employing correlation of strains that are indistinguishable apart from their ploidy level.

mucormycosis associated with COVID-19 is now become a serious health concern around the globe, including several Asian countries. In Pakistan mucormycosis fatalities are now being found among COVID-19 individuals. Individuals with diabetes, malnourishment, Cancer, organ transplantation, active tuberculosis, Liver diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, HIV, AIDS and asthma are more Susceptible to infection. Diabetes mellitus patients are at more risk of mortality infection of this fungus. To counteract mucromycosis in patients, rapid and precise diagnostic facilities, medical assistance, and a quick yet coordinated approach are all suggested.

Acute myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium most often following a viral infection. Its diagnosis is one of the most difficult to make with certainty in cardiology, due to the lack of specificity of the clinical presentation, ECG and ultrasound changes, and the restrictive use of myocardial biopsy (BM). For these reasons, we report the case of a 22-year-old athlete who presented with severe chest pain. Cardiac MRI allows direct characterization of myocardial damage; different diagnostic sequences make it possible to locate areas of inflammation, edema, and necrosis, and the distribution of lesions in the muscle makes it possible to distinguish between ischemic and inflammatory damage.

Recent food emergencies throughout the world have raised some serious ethical and legal concerns for nations and health organizations. While the legal regulations addressing food risks and foodborne illnesses are considerably varied and variously effective. The research uses a descriptive method is a method that examines the status of human groups, an object and a condition, a system of thought or an event in the present. It was conducted in North Sulawesi Province as the research location based on the reality in this area where there are markets that sell extreme animals. The results show that the highest causes of poisoning in North Sulawesi Province are animals, but in practice local government policies in food safety and the health right, especially those related to the sale and purchase of extreme animals in several traditional markets are still limited to appeals and statements that are not stated in written law and are not has sanctions so it does not have the power to be enforced. In order to accommodate the community's need for food safety and health, ideally, the policy should be in the form of a written law so that it can be enforced through the application of sanctions. Efforts to fulfill the community's right to food safety and health, it is necessary to establish a law in the form of a regional legal product that contains mechanisms, procedures, standardization and sanctions in the sale of extreme animals.

This study was to evaluate the Kenya Government housing policies and strategies for housing the urban poor in Kenya, and how the citizen has benefited from the scheme/plan. Objective of the article was to examine the institutional capacity of ministry of land and settlement, ministry of housing and Kisumu city council towards low-cost housing development. The research question was, how effective are the various Kenya Government Housing Policies and implementation strategies targeting the provisions of low-cost Housing to the urban poor in Kisumu City? The study adopted quantitative survey research design. Primary data was collected through structured interviews/interview guide, self-administered questionnaires (Delivery and collection questionnaires), observation and check list. Secondary data was collected from Kenya government national housing policies, national development plans, research publications, internet among others. Quantitative data was summarized, categorized, interpreted and analyzed using Tables and percentages. Simple random sampling was used in this study. The researchers’ target population of 218,766 and sample size of 384 was ideal for this method of sampling. Statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data collected from the field. Correlation analysis was done on both dependent and independent variables with supply of electricity as the control group. Findings revealed that provision of low-cost housing is negatively correlated to provision of adequate road, electricity and water (coefficient = -0.9366059, P = 0.000, 95% C.I = -1.459989 –0.4132226). Recommendations for policy action included review of the current national housing policy and implementation strategies and further research on urban planning, land tenure system, infrastructure and services, housing finance mechanism, small scale construction activities, community participation, municipal budgetary base and experimental pilot projects.