The EtOAC fraction of the partitioned MeOH portion of the leaf extract of A. muricata was subjected to Si-gel column chromatography. Similar fractions where pooled together on the basis of their TLC profile. This was further re chromatographed on silica gel chromatography to afford red crystallized needles as compound 1. The EtOAC from the partitioned MeOH portion of the stem bark extract of A. muricata, was also subjected to column chromatography, similar fractions with TLC profiles where pooled together and subsequently subjected to a repeated gel filtration techniques over sephadex LH 20 to afford compound 2.Their structures were elucidated as2-(1-methoxy-carbonyl-4-6-dihydroxyphenoxy)-3-methoxy-5,6-di-(3-methoxyl-2-butenyl)-1,4-benzoquinone (1) and 1-O-(4"-O-Caffeoyl)-β-glucopyranosyl-4-dihydroxy-2-(3',3'-dimethylallyl) benzene (2) using standard spectroscopic protocols.

Menopause is an endocrinological transition that greatly affects health and disease susceptibility in middle-aged and elderly women. To gain new insights into the metabolic process of menopause, plasma metabolic profiles in 60 pre- and post-menopausal women were systematically analysed by biochemical methods in conjunction with univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. Biochemical markers signatures revealed considerable differences between pre- and post-menopausal women, and clear separations were observed. In total, five metabolites were identified as potential biochemical markers for menopause, including serum calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, serum alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. These differences highlight those significant alterations occur in serum metabolism, biochemical reactions, hormone imbalance in post-menopausal women. In conclusion, our plasma biochemical study provides novel understanding of the metabolic profiles related to menopause, and will be useful for investigating menopause-related diseases and assessing metabolomic confounding factors.

Coronary heart disease, non-communicable disease has become epidemic and increasing in world crisis. There is escalation in developing countries and known to be the death cause in developed countries. Due to the absence of proper guidance and preventive measures its risk factors are increasing day by day. 30-40% of deaths in Pakistan are due to cardiovascular disease. Study of C-reactive protein relationship with cardiovascular disease risk factors is essential for heart disease patients. C-reactive protein is an inflammatory marker it’s helpful tool for the recognition of risks in developing heart disease. C-reactive protein assessed by Enzyme Linked- Immunosorbent assay method is more effective in comparison with other risk factors of cardiovascular disease such as obesity, blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. Written consent filled by the patients was studied to understand the relative relation of C-reactive protein with other parameters. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure mmHg was measured at 5 minutes of interval for the average analysis. By statistical analysis on Graph Pad Prism we have found the prevalence of C- reactive protein in heart patients in reference to their physical activity, smoking status and stress. Statistical means of h heart patients and control were compared to each other and there see mainly increase in level of CRP, LDL cholesterol, Triglycerides, diabetes mellitus and total cholesterol. High density lipoprotein cholesterol was low in patients and higher in control because this is the good cholesterol. Total number of heart patients is 50, and 15controls. C-reactive protein in heart patients is (4.594±0.2099***) at a 95% of confidence interval whereas in control it was 1.42±0.1776. Statistical value of total cholesterol is 246.1±7.081*** in heart patients and in control (173.7±7.909). There was significant association of all parameters with coronary heart disease.

Defence applications to adduce evidence in Meng Wanzhou’s extradition case. Bases of Court decisions to allow or deny evidence. Different standards required for Requesting State and Person Sought. Extradition proceedings constituting a trial of the Record of Case, not of the Person Sought. Unfairness flowing from the new Extradition Act due to relaxation of evidence standards required in the Record of Case. Whether Extradition Act achieved its aim to prevent Canada being a haven for criminals, or if it has become one of the easiest places from which to extradite, creating concerns about wrongful extradition and denial of Charter Rights.

Background: Gestational thrombocytopenia (defined as a platelet count below 150 x 109 /L) occurs in 5% to 10% of pregnancies. Thrombocytopenia is the second leading cause of blood disorders in pregnancy after anemia. A low platelet count is often an incidental feature, but it might also provide a biomarker of a coexisting systemic or gestational disorder. Timely analysis is needed to determine the primary cause of thrombocytopenia, and appropriate therapy should then be selected to effectively improve the prognosis of the pregnancy. Hypertensive disorders accounts for 33% of all the cases of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Methods: The study was conducted at a tertiary institute over a period of one year, from April 2020 to March 2021. This is a retrospective study of indoor patients admitted with the low platelets in the department of obstetrics and gynecology at Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College and General Hospital. All Pregnant women with platelet count less than 150 x 109 /L were included in the study. Results: Most of the cases presented during 34-38 weeks of gestation. The most common etiology of thrombocytopenia at our place was found to be pregnancy induced hypertension. Conclusions: Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy may occur secondary to a variety of causes. Most of these cases occur during specific periods of gestation. Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy if timely diagnosed do not cause any mortality, however management of these patients require a multidisciplinary approach and close collaboration between obstetrician, physician, and neonatologist.

Background: Worldwide hypertension is the third leading risk factor contributing to death, preventive measures and control of high f blood pressure should be of high priority, a healthy lifestyle remains the cornerstone of the management of blood pressure (BP). Objectives: To evaluate the effect of self - care life style modification program on self-efficacy for hypertensive patients using the Health Belief Model. Sudan, 2018. Methods: A hospital- based prospective study was performed at shendi town –sudan(March- April 2016 – febrery 2018). A total of 101 adult individuals were interviewed using structured questionnaire. That was filled by researcher, trainer nurses and semi-final medical students. BP was measured. The international classification of BMI was used for weight measurment. Analysis: selection of subjects was done via convenience sampling, they were followed during a 7 month, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed to analyze data. Results: This study reflected that majority 81(80.2%) of study group were ≥ 50 year of age the mean age of them was 57 ± 9.9 (range 30–83) , the study groups knowledge about hypertension improved in post -test phase, and upgraded in follow up- phase with highly significant results , they had improved level of life style modification upgraded in pos-ttest and follow up- test (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the educational program was effective in increasing knowledge, improving self-care, and controlling lifestyle habits of hypertensive subjects, and indicated the ability of Health Belief Model in self-regulation and reducing the blood pressure. Thid study reflected that barriers to practice life style presented that more than one third 35(34.7%) of study group reported ineffective of medication to stabilize their blood pressure as a personal barrier, less than one third 30(29.7%) had self-efficacy as a psychological barrier, more, more than half 54(53.5%) reported confidence to implement strategy as a provider barrier, than two third 79(78.2%) reported lack of social support as a Sociocultural barrier, more than two third 68(67.3%) reported complicity of the regimen as a therapy related barrier, majority 88(87.1%) reported lack of transport as barrier to access to care, majority of them84(83.2%) reported lack of office support was a barrier as a feature of practice setting.

Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of awareness among dental interns regarding endodontic flare ups and its management. This cross-sectional survey was targeting the 2017-2018 patch of dental interns in all the dental colleges around the western region of Saudi Arabia which include: Ibn Sina national college, King Abdulaziz University, Al-Farabi and Al-Bateerjee colleges in Jeddah, also Um Al Qura University in Makah and Taibah University in Al Madina. Methods: A total of 294 participants in this cross-sectional survey divided into two parts 16 closed-ended questions in which first part of the questionnaire assessed the demographic profile of the Interns such as age, gender, and the Institution they belong to. The second part consisted of 12 multiple-choice questions to investigate their knowledge and awareness about endodontic flare up and its management. The study targeting the 2017-2018 patch of dental interns in all the dental colleges around the western region of Saudi Arabia. Relationship between these factors and are‐ups was examined. Statistical analysis was done using Pearson Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. Results: majority of the students having the higher incidence of flare-ups with Necrotic pulp [52%] while [41.5%] student participants, the best choice of treatment for cases of severe inter-appointment pain is re-instrumentation, occlusal reduction, antibiotics, and analgesics. Conclusions: Flare-ups develops due to many factors, which are directly interdependent and interrelated. Incorrectly measured working length of the root canal is a mechanical factor causing the damaging effect of the chemical and microbial factors to the apical periodontal tissue. Development of the flare-up after the endodontic treatment procedures is also influenced by demographics, general health, clinical symptoms, condition of the pulp and apical periodontal tissue, tooth being treated, number of visits during the treatment and intracanal medicaments. Women compared to men are more prone to are‐ups.

Metastatic tumors to the oral cavity affecting either the jaws or the soft tissue are unusual and accounts approximatively for 1% of all oral malignant neoplasms. Morever, a thyroid primary tumor is considered almost rare. The present paper describes a case of metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma to the right maxillary sinus, bone and alveolar mucosa in a 73-year-old male patient. Our aim is to highlight the importance of considering oral metastasis in the diagnosis of jaws and soft tissue lesions especially in patients with known primary malignant tumor.

A multi-location experiment was conducted at three locations of New Halfa irrigated scheme, Hajer, the Faculty and Elshebaik sites, for two consecutive seasons 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 to test the effect of 18 organo-chemical fertilizer levels on growth attributes, yield and yield components of two wheat genotypes Bohain and Debaira. The results of analyzed data showed that. In both seasons, the growth attributes, such as the plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area (cm2) showed non-significant differences for both genotypes under the different 18 fertilizer levels at Hajer and the Faculty sites. However, these traits are significantly different (P≤ 0.05) for both genotypes at Elshebaik site. Contrary to the growth attributes, the effect of the organo-chemical fertilizer was highly significant (P≤0.001) for the yield and most of its components for both genotypes in both seasons and at the three sites of study. The yield of both genotypes at the three locations is better in the first season compared to the second one. Debaira yield for both seasons and at the three locations is better than the yield of Bohain. From this study, it is clear that the yield of both genotypes increased with addition of the organic manure. From the results obtained in this study, it could be concluded that, Debaira scored better yield per h (kg) compared to Bohain genotype in both seasons and at two locations, Chicken manure up to the rate of 4 ton /h. when combined with 43kg N/h and 43kg P/h improved the yield of both genotypes in both seasons and at the three locations.

Introduction: Wound infection remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among humans, especially in developing countries. Knowledge regarding Bacterial isolates and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in pus isolate is necessary for empirical treatment of wound infections and useful for making antibiotic policy of hospital. Aim: The present study was conducted to assess bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from pus samples of Sir T Hospital, Bhavnagar. Material and method: The present study was carried out during July 2019 to November 2019 in Microbiology Department, Sir T Hospital, and Bhavnagar. The pus samples received in bacteriology section of microbiology laboratory were preceded for bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. It was done by Modified kirbybauer disk diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines 2019. Result: A total of 1110 pus samples were received from which 477 (42.97%) samples were positive for gram positive 117(24.52%) and gram negative 360 (75.47%) bacteria. About 117(24.52%) of the total isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, 220 Escherichia coli (41%), 96 Klebsiellaspp (17%), 16 Pseudomonas (13%), 13 Proteus mirabilis (2%), 11 Proteus vulgaris (2%), 4 Acinatobacter species (0.74%). Gram negative organisms were sensitive for Meropenem (98%), Piperacillin Tazobactem (77%) Gram positive organism were completely sensitive to Vancomycin (100%), Linezolid (100%). Conclusion: Thus the present study shows that Escherichia coli, Klebsiellaspp, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common bacteria showing sensitivity towards vancomycin, linezolid, meropenem, piperacillin tazobactum. This study helps in decidiing proper treatment of wound infection.

Introduction: Streptococcus pyogens is the commonest human pathogen causing widespread infections. Streptococcal antibody tests like the antistreptolysin O titre (ASO), the antideoxyribonuclease-B titre (anti-DNAase-B, or ADB) and the streptozyme test can be used for diagnosis of streptococcal infections. ASO test is done using latex agglutination method. Aim: To detect prevalence of anti-streptolysin O (ASO) antibodies in serum samples received in microbiology laboratory from patients of suspected streptococcal infections. Material and Methods: This study was conducted in serology section of Microbiology laboratory, Sir Takhtsinhji Hospital, Bhavnagar between the periods of June 2019 to October 2020. Serum samples received in serology section of microbiology requested for Anti streptolysin O test were tested by ASO- latex slide agglutination test by Pathozyme Diagnostics. Total 476 serum samples were tested. The results were recorded and analysed for the study. Results: Total prevalence for ASO positive serum samples were 46(9.8%), the highest prevalence 15% found in age group of 0-20 years. Conclusion: For detecting antecedent streptococcal infection the estimation of ASO antibodies is a simple, cost effective way. The increased level of ASO can support the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. ASO prevalence was found to be highest in the 0-20 year’s age group.

Background: Chronic renal failure (CRF) patients with superseded diabetes are immune-compromised and are prone for oral candidal infection. Aim: To study the Antifungal drug susceptibility of oral candida species isolates in chronic renal failure patients with type 2 diabetes. Material And Methods: A total of 98 individuals including 73 cases of chronic renal failure with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 25 healthy individuals as controls. The diabetic patients were divided into 3 groups according to their glycemic index; 22 controlled diabetes (HbA1c ≤5%), 27 moderately controlled (HbA1c 5-7%) and 24 Uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c ≥7%). Salivary samples were collected in as sterile container with phosphate buffered saline and then immediately transported to various mycological investigations and antifungal susceptibility tests. Results: There was significant difference in incidence of candida species in uncontrolled diabetes when compared to moderately controlled, controlled and normal patients (P<0.05).The higher number of colony count was seen among uncontrolled and moderately controlled diabetes than controlled and healthy subjects. Candida albicans is the most prominent species among the groups. C. albicans showed increased resistance to Amphotericin B and fluconazole in diabetic patients in comparison to control group. Other species showed variable sensitivity patterns. Conclusion: An accurate identification of oral candida species and their drug susceptibility, in chronic renal failure with type 2 diabetes patients mandates proper treatment to avoid recurrence and drug resistance.

A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive winter season during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 in the Demonstration Farm of Faculty of Agriculture University of Kassala at New Halfa to investigate the effects of water stress on performance of three sunflower hybrids (Hysun 33= V1 cultivated a lot in the area, Panar = V2 cultivated since the last three years and Resarch =V3 new introduce hybrid). The experiment was laid out in RCBD as split-plot trail with three replicates. The water stress treatments were irrigation every 10 days (W1), skipping one irrigation at flowering stage(W2) and skipping one irrigation at seed filling stage (W3). The results showed that water stress significantly reduced LAI, shoot dry weight and yield attributes. The significant increase in the yield due to sowing V1 under frequent irrigation was associated with significant increase in the yield components (head diameter, No seeds per head, 100-seed weight, seed weight per head and seed yield per ha). Also, W1xV1 had positive effects on seed oil content. In conclusion, a large genetic variation was observed for seed yield and seed oil content under well watered and water deficit conditions.

Introduction: Studies on plants used for the treatment of oral diseases in Cameroon are still scant. The objective of this study was to identify medicinal plants and recipes used for the traditional treatment of oral diseases in the department of Mayo-Kani (Far North, Cameroon). Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted over a period of 7 months, during the year 2021. After obtaining the various administrative authorisations, an ethnopharmacological survey was carried out among traditional practitioners known to treat oral ailments in the Mayo-Kani department. The plants collected, were photographed and the samples were identified at the Delegation of Forests and Fauna of Mayo-Kani and then confirmed by botanists and experts from the Cameroon National Herbarium (CNH). Results: This ethnopharmacological survey conducted among 43 traditional practitioners identified 40 species in 28 botanical families, of which Mimosaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Combretaceae, Anthericaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Anacardiaceae were the most represented. These species were used in the preparation of 40 recipes. Around 77.2% of these recipes and 77.7% of the plants listed were used in the treatment of caries and their complications such as cervico-facial cellulitis. Roots (38.5%) followed by barks (20.9%) were the most used plant organs. Decoction (43.2%) was the most used preparation method. In all, 50% of the recipes proposed, were used in the form of herbal tea. Mouthwash (50%) was the most used method of administration. Ricinus communis (CF= 11.4%; 03 recipes), Sclerocarya birrea (CF= 6.6%; 03 recipes), Indigofera aff subargenta, Capparis facicularis and Anogeissus leocarpus (CF= 5%; 03 recipes) were the most cited and used in traditional recipes to treat oral pathologies. Conclusion: These findings constitute a basic data base for future studies on phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological analyses essential for the valorization of traditional medicines.

Despite the abundance of scientific textbooks, references, and educational websites, students in the 1st year of the bachelor of dental surgery (BDS) program face some academic challenges. Distress, learning difficulties, and study discontinuation are all possible outcomes of these challenges. The present study was motivated by the scarcity of literature pertaining to the obstacles faced by the 1st year dental students in learning and understanding dental materials courses, and other difficulties, which students encounter during their foundation year, BDS 1st year. A questionnaire was prepared and distributed among undergraduate students at different levels of study year of the BDS program. Six different year study levels were chosen for the current study; the total number of participants was 111. Statistical analysis (chi-square test) was performed on the data collected, using SPSS version 20.0 software. Results showed complete agreement on most areas of difficulties the students encountered during their BDS 1st year study. The majority of the examined students were of the opinion that the difficulties they encountered in their BDS 1st year were not due to one certain subject, such as dental materials courses, but rather because of a collection of overlapping factors that contributed to study difficulties, thereby amplifying their impact on the study and comprehension of dental materials courses. In addition, the examined students showed more interest and eagerness towards acquiring more knowledge of dental materials, particularly towards dental materials II (clinical dental materials). Students consider dental materials courses as a basic introduction to the field of dentistry; besides, a thorough understanding of its various uses is a key factor in excellence in the dentistry field.