In this paper, author analyses the role of cryptocurrencies in the economy and showed the trends of prices of Bitcoin and Ethereum in terms of US$ during 2017m1-2021m12 and also showed the trends of the market capitalization of Bitcoin during 2017m1-2021m12. All the trendlines are non-linear with cyclical behavior. Traditional regression model revealed that the market capitalization of Bitcoin is positively related with prices of Bitcoin and inflation rate and negatively related with price of Ethereum significantly from 2019m1 to 2021m12. Cointegration and VEC model suggested that the market capitalization of Bitcoin has long run causality with the prices of Bitcoin and Ethereum and inflation rate but the cointegrating equation has been proved diverging away from equilibrium. Bitcoin price and market capitalization have bi-directional short run causality and the price of Ethereum has short run causality to market capitalization of Bitcoin during the specified period. The volatility of market capitalization of Bitcoin showed a non-stationary process.

Copper nanoparticles are typically in black or brown powder form. Copper nanoparticles uses in heat exchange systems, bioscience, anti-microbial materials, Aluminum is extremely harmful to fish in the acid conditions. The primary targeted organ of fish is gill, and death is influenced by a variety of respiratory, osmo-regulatory, and ion regulatory dysfunction. To understand the effect of heavy metals on the aquatic biota, it is necessary to characterize the methods readily accessible to aquatic species for heavy metal mobility, immobilization, and excretion. The severe Ag toxicity to fish is very lower in the sea-water than in the freshwater. Tetrodotoxin is a highly poisonous toxin located primarily in gonads and liver of some fishes, including pufferfishes, toadfish and globefish as well as some shellfish, octopus, and amphibian species. Fish exposed to Cr for the first time displayed a variety of behavioural alterations, including loss of appetite, irregular swimming, changing in colour and mucous discharge. It is much more complicated than genome of humans because zebrafish possess two more sets of chromosomes than humans. Glutathione peroxidase and Catalase are anti - oxidant enzymes that have long been used to assess anti-oxidant injury and stress reaction.

Background: Improve insulin secretion and cellular availability to reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic subjects by bioactive compound especially antioxidants are the new focus to ameliorate the complication with diabetes mellitus. Aims and objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of administration of melatonin and magnesium on the cytoarchitecture of the pancreatic tissue and to access immunohistochemically insulin release in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino rats. Materials and methods: To achieve this aim six normoglycaemic rats and fourty eight Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats was used in the study after two weeks acclimatization period. The animals were assigned into nine groups as follows, Normal control group (NC), Diabetic control (DC) group, Melatonin at 10 mg/kgb (MLD), magnesium dose group of 240 mg/kgbw (MgLD), melatonin and magnesium combined group of 10mg/kgbw+240mg/kgbw (MMgLD), melatonin group of 20mg/kgbw (MHD), melatonin and magnesium high dose combined group of 20mg/kgbw+480mg/kgbw (MMgHD) and insulin at 500mg/kgbw group (IN). Melatonin and insulin were administered through intraperitoneal injections (IP) while magnesium was by oral administration. The control groups were given placebo and all groups’ treatment was for twenty-one days. At the end of the study, the animals were aestheticized and euthanized to harvest pancreatic organ. The organs were fixed in neutral buffered formaldehyde (NBF). They were histologically prepared and stained using haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemically stained using insulin antibody to access insulin release. Results: Melatonin treatment at 10mg/kgbw and at 20 mg/kgbw showed histological improvement in histological tissues and insulin release while when combined with magnesium at dose of 10mg/kgbw and at 240 mg/kgbw showed better results. The administration of magnesium at 240 mg/kgbw, 480 mg/kgbw and when combined with melatonin at high doses does not show significant improvement in islet β-cell proliferation and insulin release. Conclusion: The administration of melatonin and magnesium at low doses regenerates pancreatic islet histoarchitecture and augments insulin release from treated diabetic albino rats.

Background: Physical activity and lifestyle are influenced by a number of things. The lockdown imposed by the coronavirus disease (COVID19) has limited student activity and altered their daily routine. Accordingly, obesity is a huge public health issue that has negative consequences for both physical and mental health. Aim: to find out association between stress and obesity among female student during COVID 19 pandemic at health colleges in Qassim university, kingdom Saudi Arabia. Subject and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from 15 October to December 2020. A total of 425 female students at health colleges (Medical, Nursing, Pharmacy, Medical laboratory) at Qassim university, KSA responded to the self-administered online survey. Two instruments, namely factors upshifting body weight and stress and the anthropometric, measurements, were used. Statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, were used for the descriptive analysis. Results: Most of student's suffered stresses with the major sources are academic, financial or economic, relationship, and future /career growth source. Also, there are a statistically significant relation was found student's sociodemographic data and their body mass index mainly in items related to age and marital status . Furthermore, there are statistically significant relations were found student's body mass index and all items related to their dietary habits during stress (p <0.000). Conclusion & recommendations: Students need for receive regular; periodic in-service dietary program contains methods of coping with stresses which indirectly added stressor on student's psychological status and indirectly affect their dietary habits and behavior. There is an evident necessitate for designed curriculum in the colleges regarding benefits of physical activity and eating patterns in health colleges. Further studies are needed to study the coping strategies that influence university students' eating behavior with the study stressors.

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Escalating antibiotic resistance has increasingly complicated empirical management of pediatric CAP. Objectives: To determine the prevalence, bacterial etiology, and antibiotic resistance patterns of CAP in hospitalized children aged below five years over a nine-month study period. Methods: A hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted from March 2021 to December 2021 at Malla Reddy Medical College for Women, Hyderabad, and Narayana Medical College, Nellore. Seventy-nine children under five years diagnosed with CAP using WHO criteria were enrolled. Blood cultures, nasopharyngeal swabs, and sputum specimens were collected and subjected to culture and sensitivity testing following standard bacteriological protocols. Results: Of 79 enrolled children, bacterial isolates were obtained from 76 cases (96.2%). Streptococcus pneumoniae (30.4%) was the most common pathogen, followed by Haemophilus influenzae (21.5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (16.5%). High resistance rates were observed for penicillin/ampicillin (61.1%), cotrimoxazole (62.6%), and erythromycin (49.7%). Ceftriaxone and levofloxacin demonstrated superior sensitivity at 85.8% and 93.9% respectively. Mortality was 6.3% (n=5) with a mean hospital stay of 5.7 ± 2.6 days. Conclusion: S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae remain the leading bacterial pathogens of pediatric CAP in this region, exhibiting alarmingly high resistance to first-line antibiotics including penicillin and cotrimoxazole. Local antibiogram data must guide empirical antibiotic therapy protocols, with third-generation cephalosporins being the preferred initial treatment choice.

POEMS syndrome is a rare paraneoplasic syndrome associated to a plasma cell proliferative disorder, which is characterized by the presence of peripheral neuropathy (P), organomegaly (O), endocrinopathy (E), monoclonal gammopathy (M) and skin change (S). Because of the rarity of this disease, the small number of cases described in the literature and the polymorphism of the clinical manifestations, the diagnosis of POEMS syndrome remains difficult. The prognosis of the disease is related to the early onset of specific treatment. We hereby present a clinical case of POEMS syndrome in a 41-year-old woman revealed by a polyneuropathy, in order to highlight the diagnostic problems and to raise awareness of this syndrome.

Vertical electrical sounding was conducted using Schlumberger array at Ahmadu Bello University site II with the aim to determine seasonal changes in subsurface resistivity. A maximum current electrode spacing of 200 m was used for this survey and measurements were taken twice a month for one year. The acquired data was processed using IPI2win software and subsequently used to determine geoelectric sections. Five geoelectric layers were obtained from the interpretations. The first two geoelectric sections form the overburden with thicknesses ranging from 0 – 11 m and resistivity ranging from 122 to 200 Ωm. The third and the fourth geoelectric layers were interpreted as the weathered basement with thicknesses ranging from 11 – 24 m and resistivity ranging from 178 to 363 Ωm while the last layer was interpreted as the fresh basement with resistivity ranging from 422 to 1574 Ωm. Comparing the depth of interpretation of data in both seasons, the wet season data shows more depth probing which is fairly stable; this could be because the earth subsurface was more saturated and hence more conductive. The dry season data interpretation shows more stability compared to that of the wet data depth interpretation. A strong correlation was obtained from the statistical analysis between depth interpretations of the dry and wet season. A linear regression equation was obtained as y=1.0684x-0.2188 and about 99.97% dependence which show that we can use the wet season depth information to determine that of dry. The wet season is more appropriate for more depth probing with the exception of searching for water table since it rises up during the wet season and that may not be the true water table, while the dry season is appropriate for stability in data acquisition when required in a survey.

Background: Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders, characterized by hyperglycemia which results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes are rising rapidly worldwide. Diabetes has been linked to a shorter life expectancy mainly because of its complications, including heart disease, strokes, retinopathy, and chronic kidney disease and bone disease. Objective: To examine the relationship between high sensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: This study was a hospital based cross sectional study conducted at Dept. of Biochemistry, Ashiyan Medical College Hospital from January to June 2020. The study consists of 180 patients out of which 90 were normal healthy controls (Group I) and 90 patients having type 2 DM were included in case (Group II). FBS, PPBS, HbA1c, hsCRP and ALP of all subjects were measured. Results: Mean serum hsCRP and ALP level were statistically significant higher in case group compared to control group. Moreover, significant positive correlation was observed between hsCRP and ALP level as well as both with FBS, PPBS and HbA1c. Conclusions: Oxidative stress and inflammation appears to be a key component and also associated with poor glycaemic control and further pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. All our finding suggest a link between oxidative stress, inflammation and glycaemic control in patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The middle income trap is a spectre looming up in front of countries who have performed well to rise up to middle income level from the lower income level, and are hoping for a quick admission to upper income echelons. Unfortunately, the trap seems unavoidable for many middle income nations, as seen poignantly in the case of Argentina and even Brazil. This paper tries to pinpoint the performance parameters that distinguish countries such as Malaysia and Chile who have been successful in avoiding getting mired in the trap – and may be now even viewing it nonchalantly as just a mirage appearing during the development process. The parameters identified as probable positive forces include the pillars of the Global Competitive Index, in addition to the usual suspects appearing in economic growth theory and estimations. Estimation of coefficients was carried by cross-country regressions using a sample of seventy upper and lower income nations. ICT adaptation, innovative capabilities, health standards, and openness as represented by FDI and export ratios to GDP were identified as parameters identified as important in closing the per capita income gap towards high income nations.

Human T cell Lymphotrophic Virus (HTLV-I/II) is an oncogenic retrovirus known to cause adult T cell leukemia which is transmitted vertically from mother to child and sexually by infected lymphocytes. Studies suggest that the onset of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) in patients infected with HTLV-I/II occurs significantly earlier when the subjects are coinfected with S. stercoralis. This study was aimed at detecting antibodies to HTLV-I/II and Strongyloides stercoralis larvae among pregnant women on antenatal visits to selected hospitals in Jos, Nigeria. A total of 188 blood samples and 136 stool samples were collected for study. Five milliliters (5ml) of venous blood was collected and transferred into a screw capped plastic tube without anticoagulant and sera extracted from each participant’s sample and later analyzed for antibodies to HTLV-I/II using double-antigen sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Stool samples were also analyzed using direct stool microscopy and Baemanns technique. Questionnaires were administered for participants’ demographics and assessment of risk factors. Data obtained were then analyzed using SPSS version 17. Human T cell Lymphotrophic Virus –I/II prevalence of 2.13% (4/188) was detected following the ELISA procedures with 1.06% (2/188) indeterminate results. Risk factors assessed had no statistical association with HTLV-I/II infection except for history of cancer in a family. Five parasite species were detected on stool examination with 2.2% prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis. Keeping of pet dogs and having itching around legs were statistically associated with Strongyloidiasis (P< 0.05). Routine monitoring of HTLV-I/II and dewormming of pregnant women on antenatal should be a matter of priority.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose. The raised blood glucose level if not properly managed can results in damage and failure of several vital organs such as the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of co-administration of melatonin and magnesium on blood glucose level of streptozotocin-induced Type 1 diabetic Wistar rats. To achieve this aim sixty-four Wistar rats were used in the study. Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce chemical type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) after two weeks acclimatization period in fifty-eight Wistar rats. Fifty-three rats were diabetic and fourty-eight diabetic rats were randomly distributed in eight groups and six normal normoglycaemic rats were used as control. The animals were assigned into nine groups as follows, Normal control group (NC), Diabetic control (DC) group, Melatonin Low dose group of 10 mg/kgb (MLD), magnesium low dose group of 240 mg/kgbw (MgLD), melatonin and magnesium combined low dose group of 10mg/kgbw+240mg/kgbw (MMgLD), melatonin high dose group of 20mg/kgbw (MHD), magnesium high dose group of 480mg/kgbw (MgHD), melatonin and magnesium high dose combined group of 20mg/kgbw+480mg/kgbw (MMgHD) and insulin at 500mg/kgbw group (IN). Melatonin and insulin were administered through intraperitoneal injections (IP) while magnesium was by oral administration. The control groups were given placebo and all group treatment was for twenty-one days. Blood glucose was measured weekly in all groups by day 8, day 15 and day 22. At the end of the evaluation Day 22, the blood glucose levels showed a highly significant decrease (p˂0.05) in melatonin treatment group at low dose (MLD), melatonin and magnesium combined group at low doses (MMgLD), melatonin treatment group at high doses (MHD) and insulin treated group (IN) when compared with normoglycaemic group (NC) while groups treated with Magnesium at low doses (MgLD), magnesium treated group at high doses and melatonin and magnesium treatment group at high doses (MMgHD) showed no significant decrease (p˂0.05) in blood glucose levels as compared with diabetic control (DC). Melatonin and magnesium co-administration has hypoglycaemic effects on blood glucose levels in STZ-induced type 1 diabetic Wistar rats.

Heavy metal ions present in the groundwater are toxic pollutants which contaminated of water is a world-wide environmental problem. This paper studies that an attempt made to adsorption kinetics of Indigo carmine dye from dye effluents onto activated carbon modified with metal chlorides is keen interest. The results show that activated carbon modified with metal chlorides such as FeCl2, SrCl2, and BaCl2 can be used as effective adsorbents for the removal Indigo carmine dye from dye effluents was observed. The kinetics of indigo carmine dye was adsorbed onto activated carbon modified metal chlorides were analyzed using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Results were found to follow pseudo-second order equation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of kinematic variables between two. Back handspring and Forward Handspring performance of 05 male gymnasts of L.N.I.P.E, Gwalior was recorded. They aged between 19 to 25 years. Purposive sampling technique was used for choosing highly skilled gymnast. These gymnasts had 7 to 12 years training experience and were technically sound on the stated skills. Videography technique was employed in order to register the performance of the subjects in Back Handspring and Forward Handspring. The Canon – 70D camera was used with the frequency of 24 frames per second and the subjects were video graphed in horizontal plane (sagittal plane) from the left side. Each subject was given three trails and the best trail was used for analysis. The selected phases were taken out from the video by using snipping tool software. From the photographic sequence, the stick figures of the selected movements and there angles were located by kinovea software. The data was analyzed by using Independent T-Test. There were two skills that were Back handspring and Forward handspring which was further divided into two phases, Initial Phase and Ground Touch Phase and Shoulder joint, Elbow Joint and wrist joint were selected as the angular kinematics variables. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The results revealed that all selected angular kinematic variables at all the phase had shown insignificant deference with the Back Handspring and Forward Handspring. On the basis of results it is concluded that that the performance of any games and sports depending upon the multidimensional factors such as physical factors, physiological factors, psychological factors and so many other factors.

Introduction: Cerebral palsy is a disorder due to non-progressive brain damage on an immature brain, occurring before, during or after birth. Oral repercussions are often present but overlooked. Hence, the description oral health and oral motor skills of children affected by this condition. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for eight months, in two specialized centers in the city of Yaoundé. Information was collected from medical records, consents obtained and oral examination of patients performed. The significance threshold was considered for p < 0.05. Results: Of the 60 patients included, 56.7% suffered from spastic hemiplegia, 50% had a level III gross motor classification system (GMFCS) and 28.3% had a level II. Their oral condition and oral-motor dexterity revealed salivary and labial incontinence, poor oral hygiene in 28.3% of cases, severe gingival inflammation in 34 patients (56.7%),the loss of part of the food ingested in 50 patients (84%) and swallowing and phonation disorders, respectively in 88.3% of cases and swallowing. A significant association between the severity of BMI and the occurrence of caries (P=0.001) and gingivitis (P=0.01). Conclusion: Oral health and oral motility of IMC patients is a function of the severity of brain damage. This oral state, requiring a specialized odontostomatology follow-up adapted to the handicap presented by the patient.

Background: Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas (SPPT) or Frantz's tumor is a rare exocrine pancreatic tumor, it generally occurs among females within the second or third decade of life. The clinical symptomatology is non-specific, frequently presenting as a slowly growing abdominal mass without any biological abnormalities. The imaging usually shows a well-limited mass with little vascularity. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with fine needle aspiration (FNA) helps the diagnosis. The treatment of these tumors is surgical, and the prognosis is excellent after complete resection. We report two new cases of Frantz tumor, detailing the clinicopathological features of this rare neoplasm. Case presentation: Case 1: A 19-year-old woman presented with middle upper abdominal pain. Computed tomography (CT) scan showed a solitary encapsulated mass in the pancreatic body. Endoscopic ultrasound showed a regular, well-defined, heterogenous lesion, measuring 50 × 46 cm, in the pancreatic body. endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration was then performed with cytopathological analysis compatible with SPPT. Body computed tomography confirmed the absence of metastases and she underwent a central pancreatectomy. 12 months after the diagnosis, she remains asymptomatic, continuing regular follow-up. Case 2: A 22-year-old woman presented with epigastric pain and weight loss. CT scan revealed a single 5 cm well defined mass in the pancreatic head. EUS showed a well-defined heterogenous hypoechoic encapsulated mass in the pancreatic head, measuring 64 × 44 mm; EUS-FNA was performed and cytopathological analysis was suggestive of SPPT. She underwent conventional cephalic duodenopancreatectomy. She presented septic postoperative complications, with a favorable outcome after medical and surgical therapy. she remains asymptomatic, after 6 months follow-up. Conclusion: Solid pseudo papillary pancreatic tumor is a rare exocrine low-grade neoplasm. EUS is a sensitive tool in the diagnosis of SPPT, identifying and characterizing the pathologic lesions, and allowing EUS-FNA with cytomorphological recognition, making it an invaluable tool for establishing diagnosis, helping clinical management and surgical planning.