Background/Purpose: Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia, with disturbance of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, resulting from a defect in insulin secretion and/or action. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated in 2017 that 425 million people were living with diabetes worldwide. It is estimated that by 2045, 629 million adults will have diabetes. In Cameroon, a prevalence of 5.59% was recorded in 2018, regardless of gender [1]. In the Department of Dja and Lobo, an ethnopharmacological study was set up to identify and characterize the medicinal flower used in the management of metabolic syndrome. Material and methods: Surveys were conducted among 135 people. Data on medicinal recipes used in the management of diabetes, hypertension and obesity were collected according to a standardized framework. The plant samples mentioned were collected and identified at the National Herbarium of Cameroon and characterized. Phytochemical screening was performed on each species. Results: A total of 135 natives from six different villages were interviewed about plants used in the management of metabolic syndrome in the Department of Dja and Lobo. The study identified 85 species in 49 families. The fabaceae, asteraceae and flacourthiaceae families each had at least five species cited by the stakeholders who participated in our investigation. The medicinal plants inventoried totaled 7 biological types. In total 41 species were involved in the treatment of diabetes. The most used preparation methods were decoction and trituration. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, Phenols, Polyphenols, Tannins, Saponins in almost all the extracts collected. Anthocyanins were extremely abundant in almost all extracts. Conclusion: The results obtained constitute a very valuable source of information for the region studied. The valorization of these plants and the determination of the health profile of the local populations of the Dja and Lobo department requires the establishment of modern processing units specialised in the manufacture of medicines.

Nanotechnology is widely used for the manufacturing of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. Applications of solar technology are based in two forms; lithium-ion and lead-acid. These cells and batteries have the capacity to store a large amount of energy longer than other ordinary batteries. The mechanism for manufacturing solar cells usually arises from the combinations of layers of single-molecule thick sheets of graphene and molybdenum diselenide. In this fact, one of common example is the fine coating of graphene with zinc oxide nanowires. Solar based cells are incorporated into the modified forms for increasing their synthetic applications. These modified forms are copper indium selenide sulfide quantum dots. Perovskite solar cells are dominating in the scientific community due to their advantages and cheap sources of solar energy. These perovskite solar cells are also composed of different metals and other combinations in order to make them functional for different purposes. The most widely implemented metals are germanium, antimony, titanium and barium. Tin (Sn)-based perovskites allow the movement of ions and electrons and significantly in the surrounding environment. There is also need in the future for valuable and mechanical designing for nanotechnolgy and their usage in industrial and commercial applications.

Background: Dermatophytosis is a worldwide health-related problem, affecting 20-25% population globally. Once it was very easy to treat with either topical or systemic antifungal agents but now become a challenge for dermatologists because of increasing resistance against conventional antifungals fluconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine with standard dosages and duration for the last few years in Bangladesh. Search for an effective new oral antifungal agent now become essential. Aim of the Study: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the new antifungal agent voriconazole in the treatment of refractory and recurrent cases of dermatophytosis. Methods: The study was conducted in the outdoor patient department of Jahurul Islam Medical College Hospital, a rural-based tertiary care teaching hospital on 100 patients with extensive, recurrent, treatment failure cases of dermatophytosis. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by KOH microscopic examination. Patients were given oral voriconazole at a dose of 200mg twice daily one hour after food for 4 weeks. The patients were followed up at week 2 to assess clinical response and any adverse effects from the prescribed drug. The final efficacy assessment was made at the end of week 4 with the combined evaluation of mycological results and the sum of clinical scores according to a 4-point physician assessment scale of 0-3 (0-absent, 1- mild, 2-moderate, 3- severe). Results: A total of 100 patients completed the clinical trial. Among them 52% were male and 48% were female. The 15-25 year’s age group was 34% and the 26-35 year’s age group was 24%. Majority of patients 56% had a duration between 6 months to <1 year. Of all patients, 100% had tinea corporis and tinea cruris was present in 85%. Involvement with outdoor work was present in 60% of cases. A Complete cure was seen in 82%, mycological cure was seen in 12%, and failure to treatment was seen in 6% cases. Adverse effects were seen in 40% of patients with visual disturbances in 27%, followed by headache and skin rash in 5% and 3% respectively Conclusion: Based on the result, it can be concluded that voriconazole is a highly effective and safe oral antifungal agent that can be used in the treatment of recurrent therapy-resistant cases of dermatophytosis.

Diarrhea is one of the major causes of infant and young children morbidity and mortality globally. It is characterized by passing of more than 3 watery stools within 24hr which is accompanied by loss of body fluids and electrolytes leading dehydration and death if not treated. Therefore, this study was aimed in assessing knowledge and use of Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) in the management of childhood diarrhea among mothers. A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted among 103 mothers living in Kambaza metropolis using a questionnaire for quantitative data collection. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20 and p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results showed that a significant proportion of respondents were below the age of 36 years (25-35years) with the mean age of 30±0.327 years and most of them (92.2%) were married. 81.6% of the respondents heard knowledge about ORT and majority of them (82.5%) indicated they know to prepare ORS/SSS. The use of ORT in the management of childhood diarrhea was also found to be high (82.5%) among the mothers. A significant portion of the mothers (95.1%) indicated already made ORS sachet was more effective in treating diarrhea than home-made SSS. There is no significant relationship between maternal level education and use of ORT in the management child diarrhea (p=0.476). However, a significant relationship exit between maternal knowledge on ORT preparation and its usage for management of childhood diarrhea (p=0.037). This study recorded high knowledge and use of ORT for management of childhood diarrhea among mothers of under-five children. Therefore, it recommended that maternal knowledge on use of ORT and its preparation should be encourage.

Commercial advertisements play a significant role to introduce or define a product, its quality and its uniqueness to a purchaser. The roles of advertisers are thus very crucial in the modern day cut throat competition. The present study has examined how advertisements have depicted women in popular commercials from different points of view. It is found from the study that women have been projected as mothers, sisters and friends as per the situational demand. In case of older women, nurture and care are depicted and it is shown how they play a pivotal role in their families and thereby maintain social balance. In case of middle-aged women, their love and care for their children remain the central point of focus; whereas in the case of young women, their charm and relationships are the point of focus. However, some advertisements focus on erotic side and depict women in such a manner which hurts the culture and balance of the society.

The aim of this study was to discuss the significance of microplate osteosynthesis in pediatric mandibular fractures. Patient and methods: Ten patients with age ranged between 1-10 years were collected from those attending the outpatient clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Al- kawait Hospital, Sana’a University. All patients that have mandibular trauma associated with either single or multiple fracture lines in the mandible were included in this study. Diagnosis of the mandibular fracture was achieved through history, clinical and radiographic examinations. All patients were treated by open reduction and internal fixation by 1.2mm microplate. Results: No signs of infection in or around the incision during fracture treatment were observed, and the soft tissue healing progressed normally. Clinical follow up was done every other day for two weeks and after three months postoperatively. Conclusion: Management of mandibular fracture in children by open reduction and microplate is an acceptable method for treatment with least morbidity and increase stability of displaced segment.

Breast tumour could be benign or malignant in nature, thus early detection is of the essence for good management outcome. Associated morbidity and mortality in relation to breast cancer, in particular, are of great concern. Among the different challenges in the management of breast cancer, cytopenia is commonly reported, while, associated blood transfusion dependence has received little attention. This study, therefore, looked into the features of breast cancer patients particularly with regards to disease staging and average blood transfusion needs. This cross-sectional descriptive study enrolled 46 female patients accessing medical care for breast tumour in Southern Nigeria. Bio-data and information on clinical assessment were obtained from patients’ case files. Blood sample was collected from each enrolled subject for assessment of carcinoembryonic antigen level by immunochromatographic assay method. Breast tumour was observed to be prevalent among women of reproductive age with a peak at the age range of 36-45 years. Majority of the cases (82.6 %) turned out to be malignant, while 17.4% were benign conditions. Advanced stage 4 cases accounted for 47.4% of the studied group. Increasing prevalence of mortality during therapy was recorded alongside advancement in age as well as stage of the cancer. The carcinoembryonic antigen level varied significantly across the various breast cancer stages. Stage 4 breast cancer showed significantly elevated mean value compared to both stages 1 and 2. There is prevailing late detection of breast cancer in the Nigerian population contributing to high mortality rate and more demands on blood transfusion.

Recent studies have shown that the incidence of melanoma skin cancer and deaths has been increased globally, where the rate of melanoma skin cancer deaths reaches 75% among the white-skinned population. However, Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure is the only known risk factor for developing melanoma skin cancer. In this study, the main concepts about the electromagnetic spectrum are introduced. The visible light bands and wavelengths are presented. The energy classifications of ultraviolet radiation are discussed. Sources of ultraviolet radiation are discussed. The optics of the skin and the interaction mechanisms of light with human skin are discussed. The relationship between ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer is discussed. And the applications and beneficial effects of ultraviolet radiation in many desplines are summarized. However, the main objectives of this study are to gain and provide knowledge about solar radiation exposure risks, benefits, and to identify factors influencing practices that increase the risk for developing melanoma.

The paper discusses the impacts of transportation infrastructure on economic openness within the 27 major cities of Yangtze River Delta of China. Through reviewing relevant literatures, it forms an influencing mechanism and research path based on the theories of New Economic Geography and comparative advantages. In the empirical test, the whole research chooses the panel data from the year 2005 to 2020 to observe the spatial autocorrelation through Global Moran Index (Moran’s I) and Local Moran Scatterplots. Then, the paper builds an econometric function on the basis of Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to measure the regression results and then decompose the effects. According to the test results, it can be concluded that transportation infrastructure generates positive impacts on economic openness and there truly exists the spatial spillover effect in the Yangtze River Delta. Finally, the paper gives proposals from three aspects which are combined with the policies on integration construction of national strategic deployment of China.

Introduction: Wound and mesh infections after inguinal hernia repair are very severe complications. Today it is an established fact to repair hernias with meshes in various ways to prevent or delay the recurrence of hernia, but knowledge regarding the incidence of mesh infection is rare. The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of mesh infection in Open Inguinal Hernia Repair. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Surgery, Sylhet M.A.G Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, Bangladesh during the period from January 2020 to December 2021. The study included 400 patients who underwent mesh repair for inguinal hernia repair during the 2 years period. Among the total 400 patients, 24 were diagnosed with mesh related infections. Mesh related infections influenced by type of mesh use; surgical techniques and underlying comorbidity were all recorded. Both medical and surgical management required for mesh infection were also recorded. Use of antimicrobial included coverage of staphylococcus. Laparoscopic hernia repair cases were excluded from the study. Result: The study found 24 mesh related infection in a total of 400 patients who underwent open inguinal hernia repair. The overall mesh related infection rate was 3%. The infection was established at a variable delay after mesh insertion, with 40% delayed onset after procedure and 60% diagnosed during the first post-operative month. Infection was cured in 6 patients after mesh removal. Conclusion: Mesh removal appears to be one of the appropriate treatments for this rare and serious complication. The most common pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus and E. Coli. The possibility of a mesh related infection remains active weeks or even years after initial hernia repair. If mesh infection develops it should be treated vigorously and mesh should be excised early if necessary.

Hypodontia is a congenital absence of one or more teeth. It is a common malformation with a variable etiology. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary intervention is required to reach an optimal outcome. Orthodontic treatment is often required to manage space and facilitate later restorative treatment. This article describes a multidisciplinary treatment approach for congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisor and second premolars involving orthodontics and prosthodontics specialties.

We report a case of benign appendicular mucucocele in a 51-year-old patient. The clinic was that of a painful mass of the right iliac fossa evoking the diagnosis of an appendicular plastron. . An appendectomy with uncomplicated stump burial was performed 14 months after the procedure. Histopathological examination of the operating room found a mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix. The occurrence of chronic abdominal pain localized in the right iliac fossa, associated with palpation of a mass in the right iliac fossa should suggest the possibility of an appendicular mucocele.

Background: Numbness, tingling, discomfort, and/or weakness in the toes are symptoms of distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSP), which proceeds in a stocking-glove pattern proximally. There is still no particular therapy available. Objective: CPRF (caudal pulsed radiofrequency) is used to treat people who have sensory symptoms. Study Design: This is a prospective study at Alsdr teaching hospital in Iraq-Basra. Methods: CPRF, Boston Scientific G4™ RF Generator, Twenty-four subjects with DSP who were stimulated reported sensory complaints that did not respond to therapy. Under fluoroscopy at S2-3 level, inserted a caudal 21 gauge, 20-mm active tip RF cannula into the epidural space through the sacral hiatus. After the sensory and motor RF, give PRF at 5 Hz for 600 seconds at 45 V. Within the first week of the operation, the impact of activation was examined using a numeric rating scale, which was repeated every three months for the next three months. Patient satisfaction levels were assessed three months following treatment; patients who scored "7" (very good) or "6" (good) on the treatment satisfaction scale were rated fulfilled. Results: Neuropathic pain was effectively diminished after four visits (P< 0.001, test one-factor analysis). Furthermore, three months after receiving CPRF, more than half of the patients had an effective reaction (≥60 percent pain reduction) and were comfortable with the therapeutic outcomes. Limitations: The research included a small number of patients and was only for a brief time. Conclusion: CPRF is a safer, less expensive, and more effective way to treat symptoms.

Introduction: Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Due to the chronic and blinding nature of the disease, patients require prolonged clinical care and follow up. Patients’ satisfaction or dissatisfaction with care could be an important determinant to compliance and adherence to treatment to preserve visual fields and improve their quality of life. Purpose: To review existing literature on the level of patients’ satisfaction with glaucoma care services. Methodology: A systematic review of literature conducted online at the three search engines: PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science using key terms: (‘predictors’ OR ‘determinants’ OR ‘factors affecting’ OR ‘measurements’ OR ‘dimensions’ OR ‘aspects’ OR ‘attributes’) AND (‘patient satisfaction’ OR ‘patient experience’ OR ‘patient priorities’ OR ‘user satisfaction’ OR ‘customer satisfaction’ OR ‘consumer satisfaction’) AND (‘glaucoma’ OR ‘open angle glaucoma’ OR ‘angle closure glaucoma’ OR ‘POAG’ OR ‘PACG’). Quality assessment were conducted for each article and bias assessment by the principal investigator and another reviewer. Results: The primary search obtained 710 articles. Following review of titles and abstracts, a total of 27 publications were included in the review based on eligibility criteria. Majority of the studies had good reporting standard and external validity while there were poor scores for internal validity. Significant factors determining satisfaction and dissatisfaction were summarized. Conclusion: The patients’ satisfaction with glaucoma care varies and can be affected by several factors. Some of the factors can be modified to improve better patients’ experience and compliance to treatment.

Introduction: Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia is a precancerous condition in which abnormal cells grow on the surface of the cervix. CIN is a symptomless illness that often goes undetected by the naked eye. In most cases, the afflicted cervix appears to be in excellent health. As a result, the illness is detected by chance during cervicological histology or as a result of programs for routine cervical cytology or colposcopy screening. Colposcopy is an extra and valuable technique for identifying cervix anomalies. This study aimed to analyze the correlations between colposcopy findings and histopathological results from colposcopy-directed biopsy in cervical pre-cancerous lesions. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong, from September 2014 to February 2015. VIA-positive 72 women fulfilling all inclusion criteria who attended at colposcopy clinic of CMCH were included in the study. Statistical analyses were done by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 for Windows. The quantitative observations were indicated by frequencies and percentages. Result: In the present study, the majority of the participants were over the age of 30 years, with 43.1% being in the age group of 30-39 years. Another 30.6% were from the age group of 40-49 years, while only 15.2% were from the age group of 20-29 years. Colposcopy findings were normal in 9.7% of the participants. CIN I was observed in the majority of the participants (54.2%), while CIN II and CIN III were observed in 29.2% and 6.94% respectively. According to the colposcopy-directed biopsy results, 5.6% of patients had normal outcomes, 7.7% had inflammations, 45.8% had CIN I, 30.6% had CIN II and 8.3% had CIN III. The correlation was calculated by reporting the number of cases histologically confirmed to the number of cases of colposcopic diagnosis for each lesion group separately. The correlation was 71.8% (28 out of 39) in the CIN I category, 76.2% (16 out of 21) in the CIN II category, and 75% (3 out of 4) in the CIN III category. The sensitivity and specificity of colposcopy were calculated considering a colposcopy-directed biopsy. Colposcopy findings revealed 65 CIN positive cases and 07 CIN negative cases, while biopsy findings revealed 60 positive and 12 negative cases. The sensitivity of colposcopy was 96.7%, specificity was 41.6%, the false positive rate was 58.4% and the false negative rate was 03.3% according to this study. Conclusion: This study demonstrated high accuracy and correlation between colposcopy and histology. The sensitivity of colposcopy was 96.7%, specificity was 41.6%, the false positive rate was 58.4% and the false negative rate was 03.3%. Specificity was lower in this study probably because biopsies were performed in all cases during diagnostic workups.