Background: Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and vision transformers (ViTs), is transforming dental radiographic diagnosis across multiple clinical domains. Methods: A narrative review searched PubMed, PubMed Central, BMC Oral Health, and Google Scholar for systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and original studies published between 2019 and 2025, covering ten domains: caries detection, periapical lesion identification, alveolar bone loss, peri-implant assessment, tooth detection and segmentation, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis, vertical root fracture (VRF) detection, cephalometric landmark analysis, dental anomaly detection, and AI-versus-clinician comparison. Results: Pooled sensitivity was 0.94 and specificity 0.91 for caries detection on bitewing radiographs. Periapical AI sensitivity was 92.9% with specificity of only 58.6%, yielding a positive predictive value of 15.3%. Peri-implant bone loss assessment achieved AUC of 0.94. Vision transformers outperformed CNNs in 58% of dental imaging studies. VRF detection accuracy ranged from 75% to 97.8%. Cephalometric landmark detection rate reached 98.29%. AI diagnosed radiographs in 1.5 seconds versus 53.8 seconds for clinicians. ANSI/ADA Standard 1110-1:2025 provides the first formal dental AI validation framework. Conclusions: AI achieves substantial and reproducible diagnostic accuracy across dental radiographic tasks. High false-positive rates, demographic dataset bias, limited multi-centre external validation, and regulatory gaps must be resolved before broad clinical implementation.

The application of green chemistry principles in pharmaceutical quality control (QC) and chemical laboratories offers a systematic pathway to reduce environmental impact while maintaining analytical performance. This communication synthesizes key concepts from green analytical chemistry (GAC), including waste minimization, reagent substitution, energy reduction, and the use of standardized greenness metrics such as the Analytical Eco-Scale (AES), AGREE software, and the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI). Furthermore, the transition toward white analytical chemistry (WAC) is discussed as a holistic approach that balances environmental sustainability (green), analytical quality (red), and economic practicality (blue). Collectively, these strategies enable pharmaceutical and chemical laboratories to operate more safely, efficiently, and sustainably without compromising data integrity.

This study examines the historical evolution of money in Hausa Society. It explores the transition from the traditional barter system to the use of modern currency, highlighting how money has transformed trade, agriculture, livestock rearing, crafts, and other economic activities among the Hausa people. The study also investigates the first money used in Hausa society. Using a qualitative research approach, data were obtained from books, journal articles, historical records, and other relevant documentary sources. The findings indicate that money plays a central role in promoting economic growth, improving living standards, and facilitating commercial activities within Hausa society. However, the study identifies the impact of globalization on traditional economic practices. The research concludes that strengthening financial education, encouraging entrepreneurship, and promoting ethical financial management in line with cultural values are essential for sustainable economic development in the Hausa society.

Programming courses at the college level in Vietnam continue to suffer from high failure rates, early drop-out, and incomplete student projects. This paper presents Vibe Coding, a four-stage pedagogical model integrating AI coding assistants into Fundamentals of Programming and Basic Web Design. The model was evaluated using a hybrid quasi-experimental design combining a three-year historical trend (2023–2025, n = 735) with a concurrent control group in the 2025–2026 academic year (232 traditional vs. 150 Vibe Coding students). The Vibe-Coding group significantly outperformed the traditional group on the proportion scoring ≥7.0/10 (53.3% vs. 41.8%; z = 2.21, p = .027) and on course pass rate (83.3% vs. 67.2%; z = 3.48, p < .001), and also exceeded the three-year historical baseline (39.7%; z = 3.08, p = .002), while the traditional group did not differ from that baseline. However, this overall effect was driven almost entirely by Fundamentals of Programming (z = 3.13, p = .002); in Basic Web Design, Vibe Coding did not outperform traditional instruction on the merit measure (z = -0.24, p = .811), with only a non-significant favourable trend on pass rate (z = 1.66, p = .097). Class-level variation was substantial, including one traditional section that improved by 40 percentage points without the intervention. Despite this course-level heterogeneity, over 85% of surveyed students reported greater engagement and confidence in debugging. The findings indicate that Vibe Coding can meaningfully improve programming outcomes, but its benefits are course-dependent and require further validation through randomized, multi-institutional studies.

The external ear is a defining feature of the face and sometimes has variations. This study was designed to obtain information about the dimensions, morphological, and aesthetic differences of the pinna amongst Nigerians who are students of the University of Abuja. For the photographic aspect of the study, 99 volunteers met the inclusion criteria. Results showed the following: for the lateral view, the detached lobule was 5.9% greater in females than in males, while the attached lobule was larger in males compared to females by 5.9%. An everted helix was not found in the entire population. For the posterior view, the lateral displacement of the pinna was greater in males compared to females by 17.2%. No hairy pinna was observed in the entire population. For the morphometric aspect of the study, 185 volunteers met the inclusion criteria. The mean total ear height and mean lobular height across the cohort were 5.72cm and 1.58cm, respectively, while the average lobular width measured 2.05cm. The average height of the pinna was 4.14cm. The mean total ear height was higher in males compared to females, while the mean values for lobular height and width were both slightly higher in females compared to males. The study establishes normative data for incidence in structural positioning of the ear pinna between male and female sexes, while making clear that hairy pinna and congenital abnormality of the ear are not common occurrences among Nigerians.

Circumcision, a commonly performed procedure in the neonatal period, is the surgical removal of the prepuce. The complications of male circumcision are common, but post circumcision penile shaft fibromas are rare and there is paucity of cases reported in literature worldwide. A 4-year-old boy presented with distal penile shaft swelling that encircled the penis along the circumcision scar that was noticed few months after circumcision. He had no history of trauma apart from the circumcision he had at the neonatal period and a clinical diagnosis of penile shaft fibroma was made. The swelling was excised under general anaesthesia and sent for histopathological confirmation. This case is reported to draw clinicians’ attention to this rare post circumcision complication.

This qualitative study examines how content strategies deployed on Instagram influence the engagement of Generation Z (born between 1997 and 2012) towards e-learning platforms. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 university students and 10 young Tunisian professionals, until data saturation was reached, and then manually analyzed according to the thematic analysis method of Braun and Clarke (2006), with independent double coding to ensure the reliability of the interpretation. Three main results emerge. First, advertising effectiveness on social networks follows a two-step mechanism: a passive awareness phase that builds awareness, followed by an active search phase that triggers conversion once the need for training has become conscious. Secondly, the mobile phone has become the central means of access to online learning platforms, which poses a strong requirement for technical simplicity. Finally, the authenticity of branded content and the opinions of other learners act as a signal of perceived risk reduction and weigh more heavily in the final decision than the advertising speech itself. These results make it possible to propose six concrete recommendations, accompanied by monitoring indicators, for e-learning organizations seeking to better reach this audience. The study also reminds us that Generation Z is not a homogeneous bloc: behaviors vary according to field of study and professional situation more than according to age, which calls for more differentiated messages than existing literature suggests.

Dens invaginatus is a developmental anomaly resulting from an infolding of enamel and dentin during odontogenesis, often leading to complex internal anatomy and early pulpal involvement. The presence of atypical apical morphology further complicates diagnosis and endodontic management. This case report describes the diagnosis and nonsurgical endodontic management of a rare variant of dens invaginatus in a maxillary anterior tooth, characterized by a single root exhibiting two different apical morphologies: one normally formed closed apex and an additional lateral open apex on the palate-distal aspect of the same root. The patient presented with severe anterior pain following recent trauma and was associated with a large periapical lesion. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) played a decisive role in identifying the complex canal configuration and guiding treatment planning. A staged endodontic approach was adopted, including calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament, apical barrier formation using biodentine, and a hybrid obturation technique employing gutta-percha and thermoplasticized gutta-percha. Favorable clinical and radiographic outcomes were observed. This report emphasizes the importance of advanced imaging, careful canal negotiation, and customized obturation strategies in managing rare endodontic anomalies.

Background: Sterilization is a fundamental component of infection control in dental practice, ensuring the safety of both patients and healthcare professionals. However, conventional sterilization procedures are often associated with considerable energy consumption, water usage, and the generation of biomedical and plastic waste. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward environmentally sustainable healthcare practices, leading to the adoption of eco-friendly sterilization approaches in dental offices across the United States. Objective: This review aims to highlight current trends in eco-friendly sterilization practices in U.S. dental offices and discuss their potential benefits, challenges, and future implications for sustainable dental care. Discussion: Recent developments in sustainable sterilization include the use of energy-efficient autoclaves, reusable sterilization containers, environmentally safer disinfectants, digital sterilization monitoring systems, and resource-conserving strategies. These innovations seek to reduce the environmental footprint of dental practices while maintaining high standards of infection prevention and regulatory compliance. In addition to environmental benefits, eco-friendly sterilization measures may contribute to long-term cost savings, improved workplace safety, and enhanced patient perception of dental services. Nevertheless, widespread implementation remains influenced by several factors, including financial investment, limited awareness, staff training requirements, and concerns regarding the effectiveness and standardization of certain sustainable alternatives. Conclusion: Eco-friendly sterilization practices represent an important advancement toward sustainable dentistry. Continued technological innovation, professional education, and institutional support are essential to encourage broader adoption of environmentally responsible sterilization methods while preserving the effectiveness of infection control protocols in modern dental offices.

Background: Many of the vivid colours found in fruits, vegetables, flowers, and even tea are caused by interesting natural substances called flavonoids. Because they appear to provide mild, protective effects that assist our systems in daily ways, these plant-made compounds have become a hot issue in research and health. Flavonoids shield plants from oxidative stress, illnesses, UV rays, and herbivores. E. neriifolia, or Euphorbia neriifolia. There are several ethnomedical applications for E. neriifolia. In addition to treating whooping cough, gonorrhea, leprosy, asthma, dyspepsia, jaundice, enlarged spleen, tumors, bladder stones, gastrointestinal issues, and leucoderma, the latex of E. neriifolia is used as a laxative, purgative, rubefacient, carminative, and expectorant. Brittle, hot, carminative, and useful for treating bronchial infections, tumors, aches, inflammations, and stomach swellings, leaves also improve appetite. The goal of the current study was to identify and isolate the unique flavonoid found in Euphorbia neriifolia leaves. Methodology: Extracts showing presence of flavonoids will be subjected to column chromatography for further separation of individual compounds. Further characterization of isolated compound was carried out by chromatographic and spectral analysis. Result: Based on current finding the compound C1 was identified as quercetin, a flavanol compound containing phenolic hydroxyl group and conjugated aromatic rings. Conclusion: The present study successfully isolated and characterized flavonoid compounds from Euphorbia neriifolia using chromatographic and spectral techniques.

Background: Burnout has emerged as a critical occupational health crisis among healthcare professionals worldwide, with potentially severe consequences for patient safety, quality of care, and healthcare system sustainability. In Saudi Arabia, rapid healthcare expansion under Vision 2030 has created unprecedented workforce demands, yet the true burden of burnout across the healthcare workforce remains incompletely characterized. Objective: This systematic review aimed to synthesize the available evidence on the prevalence, causes, and risk factors of burnout among healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Saudi Digital Library for studies published between 2023 and 2026. Studies were included if they employed quantitative or mixed-methods designs, assessed burnout using validated instruments, and focused on licensed healthcare professionals practicing in Saudi Arabia. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. Due to substantial heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis approach was adopted. Results: Twenty-four cross-sectional studies comprising diverse healthcare professional groups were included. Alarmingly high burnout prevalence rates were documented, ranging from 56% among postgraduate trainees to 86% among emergency physicians, with community pharmacists reporting 83.6% personal burnout and respiratory therapists demonstrating 98% depersonalization rates. Consistently identified risk factors included prolonged working hours (>36-40 hours/week), night shifts, younger age, female gender, workplace harassment (aOR 1.57), discrimination (aOR 1.60), sales pressure among pharmacists (β=0.312), anxiety (OR 5.784), and low self-efficacy (OR 6.625). Protective factors included resilience (β=0.73), emotional intelligence (r=-0.41 to -0.33), job satisfaction, and supportive work environments. Most studies were rated as moderate (n=12) or low (n=8) risk of bias, with four studies rated as high risk. Conclusion: Burnout represents a significant and potentially escalating public health crisis among Saudi Arabian healthcare providers, with prevalence rates substantially exceeding global averages. Urgent multilevel interventions addressing both individual resilience and organizational reform are essential to protect healthcare worker well-being, ensure patient safety, and achieve the healthcare transformation goals of Saudi Vision 2030.

Artificial intelligence is reshaping chemical research by linking high-dimensional analytical signals with molecular, biological, environmental, and pharmaceutical information. This review synthesizes literature from 2018–2026 on chemometrics, machine learning, deep learning, graph neural networks, transformers, foundation models, multimodal learning, and generative systems. It examines data obtained from spectroscopy, chromatography, mass spectrometry, electrochemical sensors, hyperspectral imaging, process monitoring, molecular descriptors, fingerprints, SMILES, graphs, three-dimensional structures, proteins, and omics. Environmental applications include contaminant detection and quantification, suspect and non-target screening, source attribution, fate and transport prediction, ecotoxicity assessment, wastewater-treatment evaluation, and ecological-risk prioritization. Pharmaceutical applications encompass raw-material authentication, quality control, impurity profiling, formulation and drug-delivery optimization, continuous manufacturing, real-time release testing, virtual screening, molecular design, and ADMET prediction. Across both domains, AI improves nonlinear pattern recognition, structure–signal translation, candidate ranking, and multi-objective optimization; however, sophisticated models do not consistently outperform well-designed chemometric approaches, particularly with small or biased datasets. Major barriers include class imbalance, limited chemical diversity, data leakage, instrument variability, missing metadata, weak external validation, poor uncertainty calibration, limited interpretability, and regulatory concerns. Future progress requires FAIR multimodal datasets, independent validation, applicability-domain analysis, explainable and uncertainty-aware models, digital twins, federated learning, autonomous laboratories, human oversight, and sustainable computing for trustworthy scientific deployment.

This paper examines traceability and compliance monitoring systems in global apparel supply chains through a structured stage-wise evaluation framework. The analysis focuses on supplier documentation, product traceability records, compliance checkpoints, and exception visibility across sourcing, production, inspection, warehousing, and distribution. Five analytical variables are used in the study: document completeness, traceability continuity, checkpoint coverage, exception visibility, and compliance response status. Two evaluation measures summarize system performance: the Traceability Coverage Ratio (TCR) and the Compliance Monitoring Effectiveness Index (CMEI). The results show that upstream stages, especially supplier qualification and sourcing, maintain stronger documentation and more continuous traceability links. In contrast, warehouse and distribution stages show weaker linkage, lower monitoring coverage, and reduced visibility of exceptions. The findings indicate that the main problem is not the absence of records, but the weak connection among records across supply chain stages. Fragmented data structures reduce visibility, weaken accountability, and limit compliance review. The paper presents a structured method for assessing traceability systems and identifies key gaps in cross stage integration within apparel supply chains.

Background: Short dental implants (≤6 mm) are increasingly used for posterior rehabilitation in patients with limited alveolar bone height. This review examines their survival rates, marginal bone loss (MBL), peri-implantitis, and technical/prosthetic complications compared with standard-length implants. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. Search terms included 'short dental implants', 'posterior edentulism', 'survival rates', 'marginal bone loss', 'peri-implantitis', and 'bone augmentation'. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and prospective and retrospective clinical studies published between 2018 and 2024 were included. Studies were selected based on implant intrabony length of ≤6 mm, a minimum follow-up of 12 months, and reporting of at least one primary outcome. Results: Evidence from a meta-analysis of 16 RCTs (408 short implants; 475 standard-length implants) demonstrates statistically higher survival rates for longer implants (99.4% vs. 95.1%; 95% CI: 2–5%, p < 0.001), though no significant difference was found in early or late implant failure rates. MBL was marginally but non-significantly lower for short implants (0.23 mm vs. 0.27 mm). Peri-implantitis prevalence (0–6% vs. 0–13%) and technical/prosthetic complication rates were comparable between groups. Crown-to-implant ratios of 1.55–1.86 in short implants did not translate to elevated complication rates when prostheses were splinted. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 RCTs confirmed equivalent survival at all follow-up intervals without the need for bone augmentation. Conclusions: Short dental implants represent a valid, minimally invasive alternative to bone augmentation in appropriately selected patients. Optimal outcomes depend on modern nano-structured implant surfaces, adequate prosthetic splinting, bone quality assessment, and rigorous peri-implant maintenance. Further long-term RCTs with standardized peri-implantitis criteria are needed.

The hallmark of every nation, developed or developing, is sustainable development. Sustainable development is an emerging field of study concerned with development, which considers not only the present generation but also the future generation. It envisages economic development that does not compromise the capability or integrity of the environment in the sustainance of life, plants and animals as well as the ecosystem. Nigeria, like many other developing countries, is faced with environmental problems such as deforestation, erosion, flooding and desertification. These problems emanate from human activities created in the quest to achieve a higher level of development. The objective of this study is to examine how the environment can be protected to further the goals of sustainable development and examine the impacts of human activities on the environment and the implications on sustainable development. The study is doctrinal and the data are obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources are statutes, Federal and State, International Conventions, Protocols and Agreements as well as judicial pronouncement. The secondary sources include textbooks, journals, newspapers and materials sourced from the internet. The study revealed that the environment in Nigeria is confronted with many challenges that should be addressed by law without which the goals of sustainable development are a mirage. The study concluded that Nigeria has, in fact, established and implemented a wide range of clearly defined, comprehensive and environmentally-friendly policies that are sustainable and enforceable. However, enforcement drive is very weak in Nigeria. It is recommended that any limitation placed on The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Establishment) Act be removed and more authority be given to the body on all environmental law enforcement.