The transition toward carbon-neutral chemical manufacturing requires catalytic systems that can convert abundant waste molecules into value-added chemicals under mild, renewable-energy-driven conditions. Single-atom electrocatalysts (SAECs), featuring isolated metal centers anchored on tailored supports, offer maximum atom utilization, tunable coordination environments, and well-defined active sites for complex multielectron reactions. This review critically examines the emerging role of artificial intelligence in accelerating the discovery, optimization, and mechanistic understanding of SAECs for carbon dioxide electroreduction and green ammonia synthesis through nitrate conversion. First, fundamental design principles are discussed, including metal–support interactions, coordination engineering, electronic-structure modulation, and stability limitations. Next, machine learning, density functional theory integration, high-throughput screening, explainable descriptors, and self-driving laboratory concepts are evaluated as tools for rational catalyst development. Particular emphasis is placed on CO₂ valorization pathways toward CO, formate, hydrocarbons, and alcohols, together with nitrate-to-ammonia conversion as a sustainable nitrogen-recycling strategy. Advanced in situ/operando characterization, performance benchmarking, selectivity control, and degradation mechanisms are also assessed. Finally, this review highlights current barriers related to data quality, catalyst durability, reactor design, product separation, techno-economic feasibility, and industrial scale-up. The article provides a forward-looking framework for integrating AI, atomically precise catalysis, and renewable electrosynthesis in future sustainable chemical manufacturing.

This article examines Ling Ma’s short story “G” from Bliss Montage by focusing on invisibility as a literary device through which female bodily freedom, friendship, and self-erasure are simultaneously imagined. In the story, G is a drug that makes its users invisible. At first, invisibility appears as a fantasy of bodily release: the narrator feels light, unburdened, and temporarily free from the visual discipline attached to femininity. Yet the story gradually complicates this fantasy. The ritual of taking G requires the removal of makeup, clothing, and personal objects, revealing how the female body is normally organized through visibility, surfaces, and social evaluation. As the narrator and Bonnie move through restaurants, streets, stores, and Central Park, invisibility allows them to disturb consumer spaces and ordinary social order, but it also produces anxiety about disconnection and disappearance. Their need to hold hands shows that the invisible body still requires relational anchoring. The final movement from “gravity” to “ghost” transforms G from a tool of escape into a sign of self-erasure. Through close reading informed by feminist theories of the body and visibility, this article argues that “G” presents invisibility as an ambivalent condition: it grants a temporary freedom from being seen, but also exposes the risk of becoming socially, physically, and affectively ungraspable.

This study compares the impact of migration on rural employment in Nigeria and India from 2005 to 2023, exploring its impact on the global economy. Using a dynamic panel Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model with the Arellano-Bond estimator, the analysis covers 34 observations across two countries, sourced from the World Bank, Nigeria’s National Bureau of Statistics, and India’s Periodic Labour Force Survey. Rural employment rate is the dependent variable, with migration rate as the key independent variable, alongside controls for rural population, foreign direct investment (FDI), and agricultural output. Findings indicate that, a 1% increase in migration reduces rural employment by 1.5% (p < 0.05), driven by labor supply declines in Nigeria (1.2% to 1.6%) and India (0.4% to 0.55%). Rural population and agricultural output positively influence employment, while FDI shows a negative effect due to urban bias. Globally, Nigeria’s remittances (6% of GDP) and India’s urban productivity enhance international labor markets and supply chains, contributing to a $2 trillion economy. Policy recommendations include rural job creation through agricultural technology, economic zones in India, remittance-funded entrepreneurship in Nigeria, and FDI targeting rural development.

Background: Preterm neonates with perinatal asphyxia are at high risk of seizures, yet optimal first-line anticonvulsant therapy remains uncertain. Phenobarbitone has traditionally been used but carries significant adverse effects, while levetiracetam offers a potentially safer alternative. This study compared the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam versus phenobarbitone in preterm neonates with post-asphyxial seizures. Methods: This open-label randomized controlled trial enrolled 72 preterm neonates (31 to <37 weeks gestation) with convulsions due to perinatal asphyxia (HIE stage II/III). Neonates were randomized to receive either intravenous levetiracetam (20 mg/kg loading, 10 mg/kg/dose 12 hourly maintenance) or phenobarbitone (20-40 mg/kg loading, 5 mg/kg/day maintenance). Primary outcomes included seizure control, time to seizure cessation and adverse effects. Results: Seizure control with monotherapy was significantly higher in the levetiracetam group (72.22%) compared to phenobarbitone (44.44%) (p=0.004). The need for additional anticonvulsants was substantially lower in the levetiracetam group (27.78% vs. 55.6%, p=0.004). Seizure control within 12 hours was achieved in 83.33% of levetiracetam-treated neonates versus 50.0% in the phenobarbitone group (p=0.039). Adverse effects occurred significantly less frequently with levetiracetam (5.56% vs. 27.78%, p=0.024), with somnolence being the most common adverse effect in both groups. Conclusion: Levetiracetam demonstrated superior efficacy with more rapid seizure control and a significantly better safety profile compared to phenobarbitone in preterm neonates with post-asphyxial seizures. These findings support levetiracetam as a favorable first-line agent in this vulnerable population.

Background: Rogamarga is one of the fundamental principles in Ayurveda that describes the pathway or site of disease manifestation. Madhyama Rogamarga comprises of Marma, Asthi, and Sandhi. It encompasses a wide spectrum of clinical conditions mainly involving vital structures, bones, joints, movement, and functional activity. Although classical texts describes diseases associated with Madhyama Rogamarga, clinical evidences regarding the predominance of individual symptoms/manifestations remains limited. Objective: To identify and assess the most predominant clinical manifestations in participants affected with Madhyama Rogamarga diseases. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among patients attending the OP, IP & Medical camps of Sri Sri College of Ayurvedic Science and Research Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha. Eligible participants were assessed using structured questionnaire developed following an extensive review of Ayurvedic literature and validated by experts of Ayurveda Siddhanta and Samhita. A total of 511 participants were screened, out of which 320 were identified with Madhyama Rogamarga involvement. Clinical manifestations were analysed using descriptive statistics, and frequencies and the percentages were calculated. Results: Among the 320 participants with Madhyama Rogamarga involvement, Sthambha was observed as predominant manifestation (61.3%), followed by Cheshtanasha (42.8%), Shotha (26.3%), Janusandhi Shula (25.6%), and Katishula (23.1%). Sthambha was seen a nearly comparable distribution between mild (31.6%) and moderate (29.7%) grades. Conclusion: Sthambha was the most predominant clinical manifestation among participants affected with Madhyama Rogamarga, followed by Cheshtanasha, Shotha, Janusandhi Shula, and Katishula. Systematic assessment of these clinical manifestations helps for a clearer clinical understanding and characterization of Madhyama Rogamarga.

Background and Clinical Significance: Low NIHSS strokes with large vessel occlusion (LVO) may initially appear benign despite a substantial risk of early neurological deterioration (END). Nearly one-quarter of patients with mild ischemic stroke have underlying LVO. The role of reperfusion therapies in this setting remains controversial, making therapeutic decision making particularly challenging. Case Presentation: A 41-year-old woman presented with acute left hemiparesis upon awakening. Initial neurological examination revealed a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 6. CT angiography demonstrated M1 occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA). However, complete spontaneous resolution of the neurological deficits occurred within minutes, resulting in an NIHSS score of 0. MRI performed 6.5 hours after symptom discovery revealed a small right insular infarction with persistent distal M1 occlusion. Cardiac investigations revealed atrial fibrillation associated with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis. Considering the complete clinical recovery and uncertain benefit-risk balance of reperfusion therapy, conservative management with early anticoagulation was chosen. The patient was discharged with a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 1, which remained stable at 3-month follow-up. Conclusion: Minor strokes associated with LVO remain a major therapeutic dilemma because the indication for reperfusion therapy remains debated. Current evidence suggests that management should be individualized and guided by clinical presentation, advanced imaging findings, and predictive markers of early neurological deterioration.

The Purpose of the study was to find out the effects of exercise order in a resistance training exercise session on selected speed related variables among women athletes. For this purpose, forty-five (N=45) women athletes who were participated in the inter collegiate athletic meet in Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India during the year 2025-2026 were randomly selected as subjects. The age of the subjects was ranged from 18 and 21 years. The subjects were divided into three groups of fifteen in each (n=15). Group-I underwent Large and Progressed toward Small Muscle group Exercises (LG-SM) and Group-II underwent Small and Advanced to Large Muscle group Exercises (SM-LG) and group –III was act as the Control group (CG). Experimental groups underwent their training programme for 12 weeks in addition to the training program designed by the college curriculum. The control group was no underwent any specific training. Speed, Stride Length and Acceleration Speed were selected as dependent variables. Speed and Stride Length were assessed by 50 Meters Sprint Test; and Acceleration Speed was measured by 30 Meters Acceleration Sprint Test. The data collected data from the three groups prior to and immediately after the training programme on the selected criterion variables were statistically analyzed with dependent ‘t’ test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Whenever the ‘F’ ratio for adjusted posttest means was found to be significant, Scheffe’s test was followed as a post hoc test to determine which of the paired mean differences were significant. In all the cases 0.05 level of confidence was fixed as a level of confidence to test the hypotheses. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference was found among the experimental groups. Small and advanced to large muscle group exercises (SM-LG) group is found to be better than other groups in developing Speed, Stride Length and Acceleration Speed.

This review synthesizes evidence on the effectiveness of the World Athletics Kids’ Athletics Programme in improving motor competence, physical fitness and psychosocial outcomes among school-aged children (typically aged 6–12 years). The results indicate consistent positive effects of the programme on running speed, agility and object control skills compared to standard physical education or no intervention, with small-to-medium effect sizes. Evidence for improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and upper-body strength was less robust, with mixed findings. Psychosocially, the programme demonstrated moderate improvements in enjoyment of physical activity and perceived athletic competence, but no significant effects on long-term behavioural outcomes such as sustained participation. Heterogeneity in intervention duration (4–24 weeks), delivery agents (teachers vs. coaches), and outcome measures limited the comparability of some findings. Overall, the World Athletics Kids’ Athletics Programme appears effective for enhancing selected motor and physical fitness components and fostering positive attitudes towards running-based activities in the short term, though longer-term and psychosocial impacts remain less certain. High-quality, cluster-randomized trials with follow-up assessments are needed to strengthen the evidence base.

Background: Anaemia is a common and clinically significant complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and accelerated disease progression. Diabetes mellitus (DM), a leading cause of CKD has been independently associated with a higher prevalence and greater severity of anaemia. Objective: To compare the prevalence and severity of anaemia between diabetic and non-diabetic CKD patients and to identify independent predictors of moderate-to-severe anaemia in this population. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Nephrology, Tangail Medical College and Hospital, Tangail, Bangladesh, from June 2024 to May 2025. A total of 348 patients with CKD were enrolled, including 174 diabetic CKD patients and 174 age- and sex-comparable non-diabetic CKD patients. Anaemia was defined according to World Health Organization (WHO) sex-specific hemoglobin (Hb) cut-offs (<13 g/dL in males and <12 g/dL in females) and further classified as mild, moderate or severe. Data were analyzed and compared by statistical tests. Results: Diabetic CKD patients were significantly older (59.2±10.2 versus 55.8±11.7 years; p= 0.005) and had a more advanced CKD stage distribution (56.9% versus 42.5% in Stage 4-5; p<0.001). Mean hemoglobin was significantly lower in the diabetic group (10.04±1.89 versus 11.16±2.04 g/dL; p<0.001), and anaemia was significantly more prevalent (87.4% versus 71.3%; p<0.001), with a significant shift toward moderate-to-severe grades (48.9% versus 27.6%; p<0.001). Diabetic status remained an independent predictor of moderate-to-severe anaemia after adjustment for CKD stage, age and disease duration [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.24, 95% CI 1.36–3.68; p= 00.001], with CKD Stage 4-5 the strongest predictor (AOR 6.32, 95% CI 3.81–10.48; p<0.001). Conclusion: Diabetic CKD patients demonstrated significantly higher prevalence and severity of anaemia than non-diabetic CKD patients, which is independent of CKD stages. Routine, regular hemoglobin screening should be incorporated into the clinical management of diabetic CKD patients.

Social media has become deeply integrated into students’ daily lives, extending beyond social use into informal academic practices, including self-assessment. This study examines how EFL students at a university use social media to assess their own academic abilities, the extent to which they engage in academic social comparison through these platforms, and the difficulties they encounter in doing so. A mixed-methods approach was employed, using an online questionnaire comprising closed and open-ended questions administered to 133 students. Quantitative findings revealed that the majority of students used social media for academic self-assessment on a frequent basis, with YouTube and WhatsApp emerging as the most commonly used platforms. While social comparison was a common practice among students, it was not strongly associated with increased motivation or academic confidence. Qualitative findings further revealed that students primarily used social media for comprehension checks, language practice, and peer feedback, while also reporting challenges related to distraction, unreliable information, and negative social comparison. These findings suggest that social media functions as an informal, self-directed space for academic self-assessment, one that offers meaningful opportunities for reflection and feedback but also carries risks that may undermine effective learning if left unaddressed. The study is limited by its focus on EFL students at a single university and its reliance on self-reported data, and future research should extend to larger, more diverse samples across multiple institutions and disciplines. The findings nonetheless highlight the need for greater digital literacy support and suggest that educators consider ways to intentionally integrate informal social media practices into formal academic guidance.

Sinus node disease (SND) is a leading indication for permanent pacemaker implantation and is classically attributed to age-related degenerative changes. Nevertheless, functional conditions may result in similar clinical and electrocardiographic presentations, particularly in atypical cases. Extra-cardiac thoracic masses causing cardiac compression are rare and often underrecognized. We report the case of a patient presenting with a tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome initially suggestive of SND, in whom a comprehensive etiological evaluation revealed an esophageal tumor causing significant left atrial compression. This unusual presentation highlights the importance of considering extracardiac structural abnormalities in the differential diagnosis of apparent sinus node dysfunction.

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and vision transformers (ViTs), is transforming dental radiographic diagnosis across multiple clinical domains. Methods: A narrative review searched PubMed, PubMed Central, BMC Oral Health, and Google Scholar for systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and original studies published between 2019 and 2025, covering ten domains: caries detection, periapical lesion identification, alveolar bone loss, peri-implant assessment, tooth detection and segmentation, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis, vertical root fracture (VRF) detection, cephalometric landmark analysis, dental anomaly detection, and AI-versus-clinician comparison. Results: Pooled sensitivity was 0.94 and specificity 0.91 for caries detection on bitewing radiographs. Periapical AI sensitivity was 92.9% with specificity of only 58.6%, yielding a positive predictive value of 15.3%. Peri-implant bone loss assessment achieved AUC of 0.94. Vision transformers outperformed CNNs in 58% of dental imaging studies. VRF detection accuracy ranged from 75% to 97.8%. Cephalometric landmark detection rate reached 98.29%. AI diagnosed radiographs in 1.5 seconds versus 53.8 seconds for clinicians. ANSI/ADA Standard 1110-1:2025 provides the first formal dental AI validation framework. Conclusions: AI achieves substantial and reproducible diagnostic accuracy across dental radiographic tasks. High false-positive rates, demographic dataset bias, limited multi-centre external validation, and regulatory gaps must be resolved before broad clinical implementation.

This study investigated the role of strategic innovation in enhancing the financial resilience of agro firms in Lagos State, Nigeria. The research adopts a structured questionnaire distributed to 345 firms, with 311 valid responses obtained (90% return rate), the research examined three dimensions of innovation—product, process, and business model—and their collective impact on resilience. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analyses were employed to test four hypotheses. Findings revealed that all three innovation dimensions were positively and significantly correlated with financial resilience. Product innovation (r = 0.53, p < 0.01) contributed through diversification and responsiveness to consumer preferences, though export diversification showed weaker effects. Process innovation (r = 0.57, p < 0.01) emerged as the strongest driver, with efficiency improvements and logistics optimization reducing losses and strengthening resilience. Business model innovation (r = 0.49, p < 0.01) also played a meaningful role, particularly through digital platforms and cooperative financing, though subscription farming showed limited adoption. Importantly, the combined innovation index (r = 0.62, p < 0.01) demonstrated that integrated innovation strategies yield the highest resilience outcomes, outperforming isolated efforts. Also, the regression result of R2 = 0.789 indicate that strategic innovations collectively explains nearly 80% of financial resilience of agro firms in Lagos State Nigeria. The study concludes that strategic innovation is a critical pathway to financial resilience in volatile agro markets. Based on the conclusion, it was recommended among others that Agro firms strengthen process innovation through efficiency technologies and logistics systems; enhance product innovation by diversifying into value-added goods and adapting to consumer preferences.

Steel fibre-reinforced concrete (SFRC) is generally modelled for compressive strength; nevertheless, almost all published models assume fibres are added to a fixed mix and stop at predicting mean strength, neglecting both the cement-replacement scenario and reliability-based design. This study develops a mechanistic, interpretable model for SFRC in which steel fibres replace cement by mass, a composition that raises the effective water-to-cement ratio while incorporating crack-bridging benefit. Compressive strength is expressed as the sum of a paste-weakening term decaying with the surviving cement fraction and a Rayleigh-type bridging term that peaks before balling degrades dispersion. Across seven fibre dosages (0–12% of cement mass) at two curing ages (224 specimens), the model reproduced the non-monotonic strength response with R² = 0.887 at 28 days and independently recovered the bridging optimum near 6–7% fibre without that value being imposed, indicating that it demonstrates the governing physics rather than merely fitting the data. Hardened density showed no reliable dosage trend and stayed within the normal-weight band. Extending the study to characteristic strength and reliability indices, the model showed that only the control mix cleared the design target, every fibre mix falling below it. The framework links predictive accuracy to structural usability, with external validation identified as the priority next step.

Physical fitness in childhood is important for supporting healthy growth, development, and general well-being. Evaluating physical fitness gives important insights into children’s growth, health, and ability to perform daily activities. Age-Specific physical fitness score allows each child to know their fitness status resulting in a fair and meaningful evaluation of physical fitness and these scores also assist in recognizing children who have low fitness and enable the progress of targeted interventions. However, there is a lack of age-specific percentile data for boys in India. The aim of the study was to develop Physical Fitness Percentile Norms for Primary Schools Boys of West Bengal. In this cross-sectional study, a total 435 boys of 6 – 10 years were selected primarily from three categories like less active, moderately active and vigorously active as participants from 20 primary schools from different districts in West Bengal. Physical fitness components included cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility, speed, agility, strength, power which were evaluated through tests including the 20m shuttle run, sit-and-reach test, 50m dash, 10m×4 shuttle run, handgrip strength, and standing broad jump respectively. Age specific percentile scores were calculated for each test. Descriptive statistics were computed to summarize the data. The findings indicated an age-related impact on school boys between the ages of 6 and 10 years. The percentile scores for each component increased steadily as age increased. The study may conclude that the physical fitness components and the percentile norms may be applied for evaluation of physical fitness of primary school boys. Additionally, these norms may be useful for physical education teachers, coaches, and health professionals in monitoring growth, development, and fitness levels and at the same time planning of the appropriate exercise intervention. Further, the researchers in the field of physical education, sports science, exercise science, health management may use these physical fitness tests and their pertaining norms for research purposes.