The north –east region of Nigeria is considered educationally less advantage region with seventy percent of its school children considered out of school due to poverty .The remaining thirty percent though in school are still grappling with literacy in English language , The students performance and competence in the English language is far from optimum thus a growing concern not just to the students , parents but policy makers and the government as well . It is also a known fact that the region is mainly agrarian state and thus a lot of people from different ethnicity converge to eke a living and by so doing a variety of English language domesticated within the social realities of the state is spoken and accepted as the unofficial lingua franca. This variety of Nigerian English is not the acceptable mode of instruction in a formal setting like the classroom. Thus this research examines the impact of Nigerian English on the students’ performance and competence in the use of English language. To achieve this, respondents were drawn from five tertiary institutions in the region, questionnaires were distributed and analysed. It was discovered that there is the existence of a variety of Nigerian English spoken both in informal setting s as well as used in the classroom. The research recommends a synergy between the varieties of the English language as the students tend to understand concepts when presented in Nigerian English. There is also a call for standardization the Nigerian English.

Prediabetes is an intermediate glycemic state defined by impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or mildly elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c 5.7–6.4%) and affects an estimated 374 million people worldwide. Growing evidence supports a bidirectional relationship between prediabetes and periodontitis in adults. Individuals with prediabetes face a significantly higher risk of periodontitis, with disease severity correlating with the advancing stages of clinical attachment loss. Inflamed periodontal tissues generate advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), upregulate matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), and sustain a pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu that exacerbates insulin resistance. Non-surgical periodontal therapy reduces active MMP-8 and HbA1c levels in prediabetic patients, potentially delaying the progression to overt type 2 diabetes. Dentists are ideally positioned to identify undiagnosed prediabetes through periodontal assessment and chairside glycemic screening, enabling timely interdisciplinary referrals.

Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) requires intensive self-management, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may impair the executive functions necessary for optimal glycemic control. Emerging evidence suggests that ADHD is more prevalent among individuals with T1D, but the association with clinical outcomes, complications, and educational attainment has not been systematically synthesised in recent years. Objective: To systematically review the association between ADHD and T1D across all age groups, focusing on glycemic control, diabetes-related complications, educational outcomes, mental health, and potential moderators such as ADHD treatment status, sex, and family structure. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Scopus were searched. Studies were eligible if they included individuals with T1D, assessed ADHD diagnosis or symptoms, compared with T1D without ADHD, reported original quantitative data, and were published as peer-reviewed articles. Study selection was performed using Rayyan. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). Due to heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis was performed. Results: Six studies met the inclusion criteria (two cohort, four cross sectional), encompassing over 1.48 million participants across Israel, Sweden, the United States, Norway, and Germany. Comorbid ADHD was associated with significantly higher HbA1c (mean differences +0.6% to +0.7%, p<0.01) and lower time in range (48±17% vs 59±14%, p=0.006). Adults with T1D+ADHD had higher rates of neuropathy (22.7% vs 5.8%), chronic renal failure (10.6% vs 2.5%), and limb amputation (5.3% vs 0.9%). Children with both diagnoses had 76% lower odds of finishing upper secondary school (aOR 0.24, 95% CI 0.17–0.35). Untreated ADHD was associated with worse outcomes than treated ADHD. Family structure (living with one parent and partner) increased odds of ADHD (OR 2.17, 95% CI 0.98–4.84), and sex differences favoured worse outcomes in males. Risk of bias was low in three studies and moderate in three. Conclusions: ADHD is associated with poorer glycemic control, higher complication rates, lower educational attainment, and greater depression severity in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Untreated ADHD confers the greatest risk. Systematic screening for ADHD in T1D populations, particularly those with suboptimal glycemic control or recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis, is urgently needed. Integrated, multidisciplinary care and prompt pharmacological treatment of ADHD may improve both medical and psychosocial outcomes.

This study synthesizes results from a final sample of 85 high-impact Scopus-indexed articles published between 2015 and 2026 to present a thorough secondary research review of artificial intelligence (AI) in marketing and management. The study methodically evaluates previous research to investigate how AI capabilities affect consumer engagement, decision-making, and company performance. It is based on the Resource Based View (RBV) and dynamic capabilities theory, and it complies with PRISMA 2020 requirements. The study uses a theme synthesis technique to identify four main research streams: ethical governance, data-driven decision making, AI as a strategic capability, and customer centricity enabled by AI. These ideas are combined into a cohesive conceptual framework that emphasizes the moderating impacts of ethical governance and the regulatory environment as well as the mediating function of organizational processes. The paper contributes by addressing theoretical fragmentation and proposing a future research agenda, particularly for emerging markets such as Saudi Arabia under Vision 2030.

Background: Ovarian cancer is a highly lethal gynaecological malignancy with over 240,000 new cases and 190,000 deaths annually worldwide. Breastfeeding has been proposed as a protective factor through ovulation suppression and hormonal modulation, but the specific impact of breastfeeding duration on ovarian cancer risk requires updated synthesis of recent evidence. Objective: To systematically review and synthesise evidence from the last five years on the association between breastfeeding duration and the risk of ovarian cancer. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus were searched from January 2021 to January 2026 for studies reporting quantitative measures of association (hazard ratios, odds ratios, relative risks) between breastfeeding duration and ovarian cancer incidence. Two independent reviewers performed screening using Rayyan. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. Due to potential sample overlap, a narrative synthesis was performed. Results: Of 137 records screened, two large nationwide Korean cohort studies met inclusion criteria, encompassing 2,285,774 women (Kim JH et al., 2026) and 3,754,906 postmenopausal women (Kim LY et al., 2026). Both studies defined prolonged breastfeeding as ≥12 months. Kim JH et al., reported a significant risk reduction among premenopausal women (hazard ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.77–0.96), while no significant association was observed in postmenopausal women within that study. Kim LY et al., stated a reduced risk for postmenopausal women with ≥12 months of breastfeeding, though the exact hazard ratio was not provided in the abstract. Risk of bias was moderate for both studies, primarily due to potential residual confounding and recall bias. Conclusions: Breastfeeding for 12 months or longer is associated with a clinically meaningful reduction in ovarian cancer risk, particularly among premenopausal women. These findings support breastfeeding promotion as a low-cost, effective primary prevention strategy. Future research should include diverse populations and detailed duration categories to refine dose-response estimates.

In this work, effort has made to identify images related to the sounds made by animals and birds using a Vocal Circle Technique. This technique has already been used successfully, to derive sounds of Indus Valley Scripts and Oracle Bone script. Thus establishing the existence of healthy relationship between- (1) image, (2) image identifier / differentiator and (3) sound generated by movement of tongue delineating image differentiator. In different vernaculars, an image is related to different varieties of sounds, based on the image differentiator selected in the vernacular.

The Israel–Palestine conflict remains one of the most complex and contested issues in contemporary international politics. A central question in this debate concerns whether Israel’s actions in Palestinian territories and neighbouring regions are primarily motivated by legitimate security concerns or reflect broader patterns of territorial expansion. This article examines the historical development of the conflict, focusing on the emergence of competing nationalist movements and the impact of colonial and postcolonial dynamics. It analyses how security has been constructed as a guiding principle in Israeli policy, while also exploring critiques that interpret these actions as forms of occupation and territorial consolidation. The study further considers the role of settlement expansion, military strategies, and administrative control in shaping the political and geographic landscape of the region. In addition to political analysis, the article incorporates the human dimension of the conflict, emphasizing how lived experiences influence perceptions of security, identity, and belonging among both Israelis and Palestinians. By bringing together these perspectives, the article highlights the complexity of the issue and the limitations of binary interpretations. The findings suggest that the distinction between security and expansion is not always clear-cut, as policies often reflect overlapping motivations and consequences. The article concludes that a nuanced and multidimensional approach is essential for understanding the conflict and for informing more balanced academic and policy discussions.