Malaria remains a major public health problem in Senegal, particularly in areas in the pre-elimination phase, such as the department of Saint-Louis, where the incidence of cases has increased sharply between 2021 and 2024. This study aimed to characterize the larval breeding sites of Anopheles gambiae complex the main vectors of malaria, and to identify the species present. Surveys were carried out during the 2024 rainy season in five municipalities of the department. Each deposit was described, georeferenced and subjected to physicochemical measurements (pH, temperature, salinity, conductivity). Larval density was estimated by the dipping method. Out of 143 gîtes visited, 100 were positive for anopheles’ larvae, of which 59% were natural and 41% were artificial. Breeding sites smaller than 10 m² concentrated 82.3% of the larvae (p < 0.001). Mapping showed high activity in the middle of the rainy season, particularly in Cité Niakh (Saint-Louis), Ngallèle (Saint-Louis), Pikine (Saint-Louis) and Diougop (Gandon), with a decrease at the end of the rainy season. PCR identification showed that the majority consisted of Anopheles arabiensis (95%), followed by An. melas (4%) and An. gambiae s.s. (1%). The physicochemical parameters of the deposits had averages of pH 8.12 ± 0.55, temperature 31.6°C ± 4.28, salinity 4.38 g/L ± 3.21 and conductivity 8,135 μS/cm ± 5,990. In conclusion, these results highlight the complexity of the ecological factors influencing the presence of mosquito vectors and emphasize the need to strengthen entomological surveillance and implement targeted actions to limit malaria transmission in this area.

Here we compare open cholecystectomy (OC) and Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) with respect to duration of surgery, duration of post operative pain and duration of post operative stay in the hospital. 150 patients below 80 years were selectio to carryout the present study in District Hospital Bandipora and Tertiary Care Hospital Srinagar from May 2021 to July 2023. The patients were rendomly assigned into two groups X and Y. Group X consisted of patients that underwent Laparoscopic surgery and Group Y consists of patients that undergo open surgery. The result shows that duration of surgery, duration of pain and stay in the hospital where lower in Laparoscopic group. Main advantages of LC were reducted pain, rapaid recovery and reduced hospital stay.

Sugarcane plays a vital role in the industrial growth of Sudan as an important economic crop. This work was aiming to measure the availability of Na, K, Ca, Mg, P and N as macro-nutrients in Halfa and Alguneid sugarcane schemes. Soil samples were collected from different parts of each sugarcane growing field. Minerals concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Notable differences in nutrients content were indicated between Halfa and Alguneid soils. Halfa scheme soils showed minerals content means as Mg (16.76 meq/L), Na (9.89meq/L), and Ca (0.91 meq/L). Algunied soils showed significantly low means of Na (0.367 meq/L), Mg (0.32 meq/L) and Ca (0.058 meq/L). The mean of Algunied soil N (0.067%) was almost similar to that of Halfa N (0.051%), which may reflect the insufficient nitrogen supply for optimum sugarcane growth. Phosphorus showed low mean values in the two fields as (0.00015%) in Halfa and (0.0013%) in Alguneid soils indicating a severe deficiency that can negatively influence root development and yield potential. Halfa soils may need gypsum applications whereas Algunied field may require fertilization management including P and N.

Introduction: Polyherbal extracts contain various bioactive compounds that work synergistically to provide stronger therapeutic effects than single extracts. However, their use in the pharmaceutical field still faces challenges, especially related to low solubility, instability, and limited bioavailability. Microparticulate system technology presents an innovative solution that can increase the effectiveness of herbal drug delivery through physical protection of active compounds, controlled release, and increased absorption in the body. Objective: This review discusses research progress that integrates polyherbal extracts in microparticulate formulations, including polymer selection, manufacturing techniques, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted through searches in the last ten years [2015–2025] obtained through databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using keywords related to "polyherbal" and "microencapsulation" with a focus on articles on formulation studies and pharmacological evaluations in the last ten years. Results: The study showed that microparticulates were able to improve the entrapment efficiency, phytochemical stability, and therapeutic activity of polyherbal extracts, especially in oral and transdermal routes of administration. However several limitations such as the variability of natural product composition, potential interactions between compounds, and regulatory challenges still require further attention. The development of more advanced formulation technology as well as standardized toxicological and clinical studies are urgently needed to encourage the implementation of microparticulate herbal products on an industrial scale. Conclusion: Overall, polyherbal microparticulate systems have promising prospects as a safe, effective, and competitive strategy for modernizing herbal medicines.

In Sudan sugarcane is a key agricultural crop which significantly contributes in economy. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of soil characteristics on sugarcane production at Halfa and Algunied areas. Soil samples were perfectly collected from different parts of each site and analyzed. Soil texture, bulk Density, sand%, clay%, moisture, pH, EC, Alkalinity 〖CO〗_3^(2-),H〖CO〗_3^-,〖Cl〗^-,〖SO〗_4^(2-) and macro nutrient were determined. SAR, RSC were calculated. Some parameters showed clear variations in the two areas. Halfa soil showed mean values of pH (6.99), alkalinity (1000mg/l), chloride (520meq/l), sulfate (10.8mg/kg), bicarbonate (5.2meq/l), and SAR (3.00) indicating high potential sodicity risks. At Algunaid the mean values were pH (7.69), Alkalinity (1066mg/l), chloride (4.5meq/l), bicarbonate (6.5meq/l) and SAR (0.85).

Background: Albuminuria and poor glycemic control drive kidney and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes. Dapagliflozin lowers glucose and reduces albuminuria through renal mechanisms. Evidence from trials is strong, yet data from routine care in Dubai are limited. Objective: To evaluate changes in urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and HbA1c over 24 months after dapagliflozin initiation in Dubai primary care. Methods: We performed a retrospective longitudinal study using the Salama electronic record across Dubai Health Authority clinics. Adults with type 2 diabetes who started dapagliflozin contributed measurements at baseline, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. The primary outcome was change in UACR. Secondary outcome was change in HbA1c. Paired comparisons used baseline vs each follow-up. Longitudinal trends used repeated measures analyses. Prespecified subgroups assessed UACR by age group and HbA1c by sex, age and metformin use. Results: Two hundred adults were included. Mean age was 61 years, range 21 to 87 years. UACR fell from 123 mg/g at baseline to 52 mg/g at 24 months, a 57.7% reduction, p<0.001. The decline appeared by 3 months and progressed at each visit. The 24-month UACR was 52 mg/g with 95% CI 50 to 54. HbA1c decreased from 8.2% to 6.8% at 24 months, p<0.001, with 24-month HbA1c 95% CI 6.7 to 6.9. By age subgroup, UACR reduction at 12 months ranged from 25% in patients 40–50 years to 50% in those 70–80 years and at 24 months ranged from 35% to 70%. HbA1c improved across subgroups. Larger absolute HbA1c drops were seen in younger patients and in those treated with metformin at baseline. HbA1c patterns by sex were similar. Conclusion: In Dubai primary care, dapagliflozin was associated with large and sustained reductions in albuminuria and a meaningful fall in HbA1c over 24 months. Early change at 3 months and continued improvement through 2 years support routine monitoring at these intervals. These results suggest that expected renal and glycemic benefits can be achieved in day-to-day care across diverse patients.

Selective abortion following a prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome presents complex ethical and religious challenges, particularly within the context of Qatar. Advances in prenatal screening enable early detection of chromosomal conditions, prompting debates grounded in the principles of autonomy and non-maleficence. While autonomy emphasizes the pregnant individual’s right to make informed reproductive choices, it does not provide sufficient moral justification for terminating a fetus granted moral personhood. Arguments based on anticipated familial burden or altered expectations fail to demonstrate that lives affected by Down syndrome lack value. From the perspective of non-maleficence, abortion constitutes significant harm by depriving the fetus of a “future like ours,” and claims of psychological harm rely on speculative judgments shaped by societal discrimination rather than intrinsic suffering. Islamic bioethics and Qatari law further restrict abortion, permitting it only under specific conditions, such as severe fetal anomalies before ensoulment or maternal health risks. These frameworks affirm the sanctity of life and reject disability-based termination. Ultimately, ethical responses should prioritize inclusion, reduce stigma, and strengthen support systems for families, aligning medical practice with principles of justice and the equal dignity of all human lives.