A 25-year-old male presented with spacing between the maxillary anterior teeth and a compromised crown on tooth 21 following trauma 5 years prior. Clinical examination revealed an Ellis Class II fracture in tooth 11 and a full-coverage crown on tooth 21 with vital pulp in both teeth. Considering the patient’s esthetic concerns, an indirect restorative approach was planned, involving endodontic treatment of tooth 21, followed by placement of a lithium disilicate (IPS e.max) crown on tooth 21 and a veneer on tooth 11. Treatment included conservative crown removal, root canal therapy, tooth preparation, digital impression, laboratory fabrication, and adhesive cementation of the restorations. The procedure resulted in planned, involving endodontic treatment of tooth 21, followed by placement of a lithium disilicate (IPS e.max) crown on tooth 21 and a veneer on tooth 11. Treatment included conservative crown removal, root canal therapy, tooth preparation, digital impression, laboratory fabrication, and adhesive cementation of the restorations. The procedure resulted in optimal esthetics, proper occlusion, and patient satisfaction. This case highlights the predictable use of lithium disilicate restorations for esthetic rehabilitation of anterior teeth following trauma.

The accelerating depletion of fossil fuel reserves, increasing anthropogenic carbon emissions, and growing industrial demand for sustainable chemical manufacturing have intensified global efforts toward the development of highly efficient catalytic systems and renewable energy technologies. Conventional catalytic materials frequently suffer from poor atom utilization efficiency, limited active-site accessibility, catalyst deactivation, and inadequate long-term stability under harsh operational environments, thereby restricting their applicability in environmentally benign synthesis and advanced energy conversion systems. In this context, functional nanomaterials have emerged as transformative catalytic platforms owing to their tunable electronic structures, exceptionally high surface-to-volume ratios, quantum confinement effects, defect-rich architectures, and synergistic interfacial properties. These unique physicochemical characteristics enable superior catalytic activity, enhanced selectivity, accelerated charge-transfer kinetics, and minimized energy consumption in diverse green synthetic processes and sustainable energy applications. Recent advances in nanostructured catalysts, including heteroatom-doped carbon frameworks, metal-organic frameworks, single-atom catalysts, plasmonic nanostructures, layered transition-metal dichalcogenides, perovskite-derived composites, and hybrid semiconductor interfaces, have significantly improved atom economy and reaction efficiency in photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and thermocatalytic transformations. Furthermore, the integration of multifunctional nanocatalysts into hydrogen evolution systems, oxygen reduction reactions, carbon dioxide reduction technologies, fuel cells, metal-air batteries, supercapacitors, and next-generation solar energy devices has opened new pathways toward carbon-neutral energy infrastructures (Faazal et al., 2023). Emerging fabrication strategies involving defect engineering, surface functionalization, hierarchical nanoarchitectures, and machine-learning-assisted catalyst design are further accelerating the discovery of highly durable and scalable catalytic materials. This review highlights the novelty of integrating multifunctional nanocatalysts with sustainable energy technologies through atom-efficient reaction engineering and environmentally compatible synthesis pathways. Particular emphasis is placed on the structure–property–performance relationships governing catalytic efficiency and energy-device integration. This article aims to critically analyze recent progress, unresolved scientific challenges, and future opportunities associated with functional nanomaterials for sustainable catalytic chemistry and advanced clean-energy systems.

The study aimed to evaluate teachers' utilisation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. The study employed a descriptive design. The population consisted of 1,700 basic school teachers in the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly of the Western Region in Ghana. A sample size of 313 teachers based on the Krejcie and Morgan Table, and the sampling was done through the use of stratified and simple random techniques. A questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument. The research questions were answered using means and standard deviations. The hypothesis was analysed with MANOVA. The study's findings showed that teachers generally possessed a high level of ICT competency, as indicated by the overall mean score (M = 2.97, SD = 0.874). The study revealed that teachers generally possessed a moderate positive attitude toward the use of ICT in teaching and learning (M = 2.53, SD = .579). Furthermore, the study revealed a statistically significant difference in teachers’ ICT competency and attitudes based on their class of teaching. The study recommends that teacher education institutions should strengthen ICT-related courses in their training programmes to ensure that pre-service teachers acquire adequate technological pedagogical skills before entering the teaching profession.

Background/Introduction: Postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease is frequent despite therapeutic advances. Early ileocolonoscopy, evaluated using the Rutgeerts score, is the reference standard for detecting endoscopic recurrence, which strongly correlates with the risk of clinical relapse [1]. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included patients with Crohn's disease followed up between 2012 and 2025 who underwent an ileocecal or ileocolonic resection. Endoscopic recurrence was defined as a Rutgeerts score ≥ i2 during an ileocolonoscopy performed between 6 and 12 months postoperatively [1,2]. Results: Endoscopic recurrence was observed exclusively in patients who did not receive postoperative prophylactic treatment. No cases of recurrence were observed in patients treated with azathioprine or infliximab. Conclusion: The absence of postoperative prophylactic treatment appears to be a major risk factor for early endoscopic recurrence [2–4].

Any witness called to testify in a case is usually required to give his or her evidence on oaths or affirmation, the reason for which is to tell the truth. Judicial trials aim at unravelling the truth in each case to enable courts determine the appropriate punishments or remedies available to each party. A witness who lies on oath commits perjury. This Seminar Paper examines the use of oaths or affirmations in the judicial process. It seeks to answer the question of delay in administering criminal justice resulting from witnesses giving false evidence while testifying in criminal cases before the courts. It compares the English-type oaths with African Traditional Oaths. The doctrinal research methodology was used to collate and critically analyse relevant provisions of the Oaths Act, the Evidence Act, the ACJA 2015, judicial authorities, learned textbooks and articles. The Seminar Paper found out that witnesses usually resort to giving false evidence on oath because they are hardly tried and punished for perjury. It, also, found that witnesses or defendants who swear to African Traditional Oaths speak the truth for fear of consequences attending the oaths. It, therefore, recommends, among others, that witnesses should be committed for trials for perjury to serve as deterrence to other witnesses who might intend to mislead the trial courts by giving false evidence.

Background: Facial angioedema is a challenging for the medical profession, particularly in patients received cosmetic dermal fillers. Case presentation: A 43 years old fmale presented with one-year history of recurrent facial swelling after receiving unlabeled dermal fillers given by unlicensed esthetician. Her symptom improved with systemic steroid prescribed at private clinic. Dermatologic examination revealed nodular lesions on both cheeks measured 1-3 cm in diameter. Foreign body reaction to injectable filler was highlighted by plastic surgeon and surgical biopsy was advised. Upon allergy review, she reported associated symptoms of mild throat discomfort and occasional difficulty of swallowing. A diagnosis of idiopathic angioedema was raised. However, patient strongly believed that her facial swellings were related to her dermal fillers and reluctant to start antihistamines. Immunologic work up for idiopathic and congenital angioedema was unremarkable. She was labeled allergic to Chlorpheniramine in the past. This however, was excluded by supervised oral graded challenge performed in the allergy clinic. The patient was shortly admitted for of an episode of angioedema, upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy was performed for other complaints of heart burn and mild difficulty of swallowing. Not surprisingly, laryngeal edema was pictured during the procedure, rapid urease test for (H. pylori) was positive. These finding have further supported the diagnosis of idiopathic angioedema. Patient has completed (H. Pylori) eradication therapy. Afterward, she was commenced on a combination H1 and H2 antihistamines, this has resulted in significant improvement of her facial angioedema and throat discomfort. Conclusion: Facial angioedema in patients received injectable dermal fillers may not necessarily be due to local adverse reaction, in certain clinical setting a diagnosis of idiopathic angioedema should be suggested. Therefore, consulting allergy specialist is essential in evaluating such patients.

Throughout history, taboos have been considered social rules rooted in people's fears of things seen as dangerous, contaminated, or sacred. Across different cultural settings, prohibitions related to sexuality, bodily practices, ritual conduct, death, food, and sacred spaces have played an important role in organising collective life and preserving symbolic boundaries. Rather than treating taboos solely as religious restrictions or irrational customs, this paper approaches them as culturally transmitted systems shaped by emotional response, symbolic classification, and social reinforcement. Drawing upon perspectives from symbolic anthropology, cognitive anthropology, and moral psychology, the discussion reveals how fears concerning impurity, contamination, and uncertainty become attached to systems of prohibition and gradually acquire moral and sacred authority. Particular attention is given to the relationship between ritual practice, emotional reinforcement, and the preservation of communal order. Examples including menstrual restrictions, ritual abstinence before hunting, food prohibitions, and avoidance practices associated with death reflect how taboo systems regulate both social behaviour and collective perceptions of purity and danger. Contemporary forms of moral policing, symbolic contamination, and public condemnation within digital culture also demonstrate the continuing relevance of taboo-like structures in modern society. By examining the interconnections among fear, contamination, and sacred prohibition, this study suggests how taboo systems persist and acquire long-term cultural authority across historical and social contexts.