In this work, effort has made to identify images related to the sounds made by animals and birds using a Vocal Circle Technique. This technique has already been used successfully, to derive sounds of Indus Valley Scripts and Oracle Bone script. Thus establishing the existence of healthy relationship between- (1) image, (2) image identifier / differentiator and (3) sound generated by movement of tongue delineating image differentiator. In different vernaculars, an image is related to different varieties of sounds, based on the image differentiator selected in the vernacular.

This paper investigates media framing and its impact on the postcolonial identity construction of Half of a Yellow Sun, a novel set in the Nigerian civil war of 1967 1970, by the author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, which prefigures conflicting narratives based on local propaganda, foreign journalism, and political discourse. Using the Media Framing Theory and Postcolonial Theory, this paper questions the ways in which information propagation, selective reporting, and ideological bias constitute divergent perceptions of Biafra, nationhood and identity. This study will claim that by revealing the politics of representation in the media discourse related to war time, Adichie reclaims narrative authority. The textual analysis of this paper shows that literature is a counter-frame to misconstrued media histories, thus re-creating postcolonial Nigerian identity internally.

The Israel–Palestine conflict remains one of the most complex and contested issues in contemporary international politics. A central question in this debate concerns whether Israel’s actions in Palestinian territories and neighbouring regions are primarily motivated by legitimate security concerns or reflect broader patterns of territorial expansion. This article examines the historical development of the conflict, focusing on the emergence of competing nationalist movements and the impact of colonial and postcolonial dynamics. It analyses how security has been constructed as a guiding principle in Israeli policy, while also exploring critiques that interpret these actions as forms of occupation and territorial consolidation. The study further considers the role of settlement expansion, military strategies, and administrative control in shaping the political and geographic landscape of the region. In addition to political analysis, the article incorporates the human dimension of the conflict, emphasizing how lived experiences influence perceptions of security, identity, and belonging among both Israelis and Palestinians. By bringing together these perspectives, the article highlights the complexity of the issue and the limitations of binary interpretations. The findings suggest that the distinction between security and expansion is not always clear-cut, as policies often reflect overlapping motivations and consequences. The article concludes that a nuanced and multidimensional approach is essential for understanding the conflict and for informing more balanced academic and policy discussions.

Background: Digital transformation (DT) is a critical driver of improvements in healthcare quality and patient safety globally. In Saudi Arabia, national initiatives such as Vision 2030 have accelerated digital health implementation; however, empirical evidence on DT’s direct impact on hospital quality and safety outcomes remains limited. Objective: To examine the effect of DT on healthcare quality and patient safety at King Fahd Hospital in Medina, Saudi Arabia, across seven core DT components. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted among 278 healthcare professionals using a structured questionnaire covering seven DT domains: electronic medical record systems, digital prescribing systems, online appointment booking systems, automation of clinical tasks, automation of pharmacy dispensing systems, claims, billing and finance systems, and telemedicine platforms. Data was analyzed using SPSS with descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and correlation analyses. Results: Participants reported consistently positive perceptions across all DT domains, with mean scores ranging from 4.00 to 4.33 on a five-point Likert scale. Online appointment booking systems showed the highest perceived contribution to quality and safety (M = 4.08), followed by electronic medical record systems (M = 4.04) and digital prescribing systems (M = 4.02). All DT components were significantly associated with perceived improvements in healthcare quality and patient safety (p < .001). Conclusion: DT was found to significantly and positively influence perceived healthcare quality and patient safety at King Fahd Hospital, underscoring the need for continued investment in digital health and optimization of key DT tools supported by ongoing training and strong governance.

Isolated dissection of the celiac trunk is a rare vascular condition that is often discovered incidentally on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). We report the case of a 72-year-old male who presented to the emergency department with acute biliary pancreatitis. Contrast-enhanced abdominal CT revealed biliary obstruction and an incidental aneurysmal dilatation of the celiac trunk associated with two distinct dissection planes extending toward the splenic artery without vascular occlusion or organ ischemia. As the vascular lesion was asymptomatic, conservative management with clinical and imaging follow-up was recommended. This case highlights the importance of systematic evaluation of vascular structures during emergency CT examinations, even when imaging is performed for non-vascular indications.

Background: Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is the rupture of fetal membranes before labour. When it occurs before 37 weeks, it is termed preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM), which is associated with increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The early identification of at-risk cases is crucial. The platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR) from routine blood counts has emerged as a low-cost inflammatory biomarker for obstetric conditions. This study evaluated the association between maternal PLR and PPROM and explored its predictive value. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, from June 2022 to May 2023. Sixty pregnant women between 28 and 36+6 weeks of gestation were included: 30 with PPROM (Group A) and 30 healthy controls (Group B). Complete blood counts were performed and the PLR was calculated as the ratio of the platelet to lymphocyte count. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Results: The mean age did not differ significantly between the groups (27.57±5.14 vs. 28.33±5.02 years; p=0.56). The platelet count was significantly higher in the PPROM group (269.63±63.4 vs. 207.43±46.5 ×10³/mm³; p<0.001), whereas the lymphocyte counts were comparable (p>0.05). The mean PLR was significantly higher in PPROM cases than in those with intact membranes (123.15±27.73 vs. 104.48±26.09; p=0.009). Conclusion: Elevated maternal PLR is significantly associated with PPROM and may serve as a simple, cost-effective inflammatory marker for risk identification in pregnancies. Larger multicenter studies are needed to confirm its clinical utility.

Background: Oral cancer remains a significant global health burden, often diagnosed at advanced stages, leading to high morbidity and mortality. The quality of life and survival rates are significantly increased by early identification. Purpose: This systematic review is to assess the available data on artificial intelligence's potential to aid in the early detection and diagnosis of oral cancer. It focuses on evaluating the clinical applicability, sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of AI-based tools in contrast to traditional diagnostic techniques. Study selection: A systematic literature search was performed using PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and COCHRANE Library with language restriction to English. The search was carried out incorporating the published literature till 2026 using the MeSH (medical subject heading) terms. A literature search was done out of 245 publications, related to search strategy, 57 full articles, which were related to the study, were acquired for further inspection. Out of the 49 articles, 6 articles met the inclusion criteria. Information related to study characteristics, types of AI models used, imaging techniques, and reported diagnostic performance was collected and reviewed. Results: The reviewed studies demonstrate that AI models, particularly convolutional neural networks, exhibit high diagnostic accuracy in evaluating clinical photographs, histopathology, radiographs, and autofluorescence images. Many reports showed sensitivity and specificity above 85%, signifying ability of AI to differentiate malignant and potentially malignant lesions from benign conditions. Conclusion and Relevance: Artificial Intelligence serves as a promising adjunct in the early detection and diagnosis of oral cancer, offering high diagnostic accuracy and improved support for clinical decision-making without replacing professional expertise. This review highlights the potential of artificial intelligence to enhance early and accurate detection of oral cancer, which can significantly improve patient survival and treatment outcomes. It also underscores the role of AI as a supportive clinical tool that can increase diagnostic consistency and aid clinicians in timely decision-making.