Grade III furcation involvement presents a significant periodontal challenge due to complete interradicular bone loss and limited regenerative potential. This case report described the management of a Grade III furcation defect using guided bone regeneration (GBR) and evaluated over a 9-month follow-up period. Following meticulous debridement, the defect was treated with a bone graft and barrier membrane to facilitate selective cell repopulation. Progressive improvement in probing depth, clinical attachment level, and radiographic bone fill was observed. The findings suggested that GBR may offer a predictable regenerative approach for selected Grade III furcation defects when proper case selection and surgical protocols were employed.

Hair loss in women represents a complex clinical challenge with profound psychosocial implications. We present the case of a young woman from Qatar who experienced severe diffuse hair fall for three years despite consulting eight dermatologists across private and public healthcare sectors. She underwent multiple interventions including hair transplantation, topical minoxidil therapy, and experimental exosome injections without adequate diagnostic workup or blood testing. Despite these treatments, her condition showed no improvement, and she experienced significant psychosocial distress compounded by harsh communication from some physicians. Subsequently, she pursued DNA-guided intervention with nutrigenomics through a specialized trichologist, representing a paradigm shift toward precision medicine in hair loss management. This case highlights critical gaps in conventional diagnostic approaches, the importance of comprehensive metabolic and genetic assessment, and the potential of personalized genomic-guided interventions in chronic hair loss. The case underscores the necessity of patient-centered care, multidisciplinary collaboration, and compassionate communication in managing conditions with significant psychological burden.

Proteobacterial Antimicrobial Compound Efflux (PACE) family proteins are one of seven types of multidrug efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria. PACE proteins can actively efflux synthetic biocides, including the antiseptic chlorhexidine, whilst their physiological substrates are polyamines. PACE proteins contain four putative transmembrane-spanning alpha-helices, and experimental evidence suggests that they mainly exist and function in a dimeric state, but the high-resolution structural organisation and molecular mechanism of PACE proteins are yet to be elucidated experimentally. As an essential first step to achieve this, we employed a strategy for gene cloning, expression screening and large-scale purification of representative PACE proteins. The genes of 24 proteins were successfully cloned into IPTG-inducible plasmid pTTQ18 directly upstream from a His6-tag coding sequence and transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) cells. Small-scale expression tests identified seven proteins amplified at a sufficient level for larger-scale cultures and purification. Based on results from 30-litre fermentor cultures and inner membrane preparations, four proteins (A1S_2063, Fbal_3166, STY_3166, Tmarg_opt) representing distinct phylogenetic groups of the PACE family, were progressed to detergent solubilisation and purification. These proteins had purities of 86, 84, 80 and 78%, and purification yields of 1.1, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.0 mg/litre cell culture, respectively. The detergent-solubilised purified proteins had far-UV circular dichroism spectra consistent with alpha-helical secondary structure, producing melting temperatures of 46.7, 34.2, 32.6 and 37.6 C, respectively. A1S_2063 was most stable and might be best for structure elucidation. Secondary structure in all purified proteins appeared reasonably stable for performing biochemical and biophysical experiments up to 25 C.

Background: Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, including miscarriage, preterm birth and impaired neurodevelopment. Physiological changes in gestation necessitate trimester-specific assessment, yet data from Bangladesh remain limited. Early identification through antenatal screening may reduce preventable complications. This study aimed to determine the trimester-specific distribution of thyroid disorders detected through routine antenatal screening and to assess associated demographic and obstetric factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Hospital, Dhaka, from September 2014 to February 2015. Sixty-two pregnant women up to 36 weeks of gestation with singleton pregnancies were enrolled using purposive sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, clinical examination and thyroid function testing. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 17. Results: Nineteen of 62 participants (30.6%) had abnormal thyroid function. Thyroid dysfunction was observed across all trimesters, with a higher proportion detected in the third trimester. Significant associations were found between thyroid dysfunction and maternal age (p = 0.039), menstrual irregularity (p = 0.042), parity (p = 0.025), history of subfertility (p = 0.004) and prior abortion (p < 0.001). Socioeconomic status and gestational age were not significantly associated. Conclusion: A considerable burden of thyroid dysfunction was detected during routine antenatal care. The findings support the implementation of structured thyroid screening strategies during pregnancy to enhance maternal and fetal health outcomes.

Tooth brushing is the most common mechanical measure amongst the recommended contemporary oral hygiene procedures engaged in preventive dental therapy. This is to determine the prevalence of toothbrushing habits and their efficacy in the removal of tooth deposits and resultant clinical periodontal health of the participants. This study, involved 250 first-time patients the Family Medicine Department at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Ikeja, Lagos. Data collection was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire to obtain the sociodemographic data and the participants' toothbrushing habits. The efficacy of toothbrushing was assessed by evaluating the Oral hygiene index (OHI) and the periodontal status of the participants. Appropriate descriptive statistics were carried out. Pearson’s chi-square analysis was done to determine the bivariate relationship of the covariates and their efficacy, while regression analysis was done to assess the multivariate relationship. Statistical significance was determined at p≤ 0.05. The mean age of the participants was 40.1 ± 18.4 years; the 20-29-year-olds had the highest percentage with good oral hygiene, 20(30.3%). Those who brush their teeth more than twice daily had the highest percentage with good oral hygiene,4(66.7%) (p=0.002) and healthy periodontium, 4(66.7%) (p=0.03). Toothbrushing duration was significantly associated with the oral hygiene status (p=0.001). Those who brush their teeth >120 seconds had the highest percentage with good oral hygiene, 44(65.7%), and healthy periodontium, 39(58.2%) (p=0.001). Toothbrushing duration was the only habit that was independently associated with the oral hygiene status (p=0.001). Toothbrushing duration, age groups and male sex were independently associated with the periodontal status (p<0.05). Oral health education and counselling have to be holistic, as many of the factors and habits operate jointly in the provision of healthy oral hygiene and periodontal health. Brushing for up to 3 minutes will be more beneficial for the overall health of individuals.

International law was created to establish world peace, security and justice to make this international law effective, the United Nations was established, and at the heart of the United Nations stands the United Nations Security Council, reality is that while the primary objective of the Security Council is to maintain global peace and security, the veto power often creates unrest and poses serious threats in that very arena. The United Nations Security Council is like a kite- it appears capable of passing urgent and necessary resolutions, but the string that controls that kite is that veto. In other words no matter how important a proposal may be, if it conflicts with the interests of the permanent members, it will be rejected. This is in essence, the power to say no. It is these five permanent (P5) members who possess the power of Veto. This power can hold a state’s highly important decisions and even reject appeals to the likes of certain populations. This research paper shows how instead of using the veto power to establish peace and justice, it has often supported injustice and inhumanity, prioritizing the political interests of a few over the protection of global populations.

Environmental accounting disclosure has become a central issue in contemporary accounting, sustainability, and corporate governance discourse due to escalating environmental degradation, climate change risks, and stakeholder demand for transparency. Despite increasing regulatory attention and global sustainability initiatives, environmental accounting disclosure remains conceptually fragmented and unevenly implemented across jurisdictions, particularly in developing economies. This paper adopts a qualitative conceptual research design to critically examine the evolution, conceptual foundations, theoretical underpinnings, measurement challenges, empirical insights, and policy implications of environmental accounting disclosure. Drawing on extant scholarly literature, international reporting frameworks, and institutional policy documents, the paper integrates stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory, and sustainable development theory to explain disclosure behaviour and outcomes. The discussion reveals that while environmental accounting disclosure enhances corporate transparency, legitimacy, and sustainability orientation, its effectiveness is constrained by voluntary disclosure regimes, lack of standardized valuation methodologies, institutional weaknesses, and contextual differences. The paper concludes by proposing policy recommendations and a structured future research agenda aimed at strengthening environmental accounting disclosure as a strategic governance and sustainability mechanism.