The convergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has strengthened smart greenhouse management by enabling continuous environmental monitoring, automated control, and more informed use of agricultural resources. This review examines and synthesises research on IoT- and WSN-enabled greenhouse systems published between 2015 and 2026. Peer-reviewed studies retrieved mainly from IEEE Xplore and Google Scholar were analysed across sensing technologies, system architecture, communication methods, network topology, control approaches, cloud–edge computing, energy management, and performance assessment. The reviewed studies show that achieving strong performance in one area often requires compromises elsewhere, particularly among communication range, energy demand, reliability, scalability, latency, computational capacity, and cost. ZigBee is particularly suitable for low-power, short-range mesh networks, whereas LoRa better supports wider-area deployments. Clustered and hybrid network structures offer favourable scalability and reliability, while cloud–edge architectures combine scalable analytics with rapid local processing. Intelligent control improves prediction, adaptability, and resource use, whereas renewable energy and intelligent energy management can reduce reliance on conventional power sources. Practical deployment, however, remains constrained by sensor reliability, energy limitations, communication instability, interoperability, cybersecurity risks, and limited long-term validation. Future studies should place greater emphasis on energy-autonomous systems, edge intelligence, secure and interoperable architectures, digital twins, adaptive autonomous control, and realistic evaluation of emerging communication technologies for greenhouse applications. Overall, future smart greenhouses are likely to depend increasingly on integrated architectures that combine energy efficiency, adaptive control, reliable connectivity, and security to support sustainable operation.

Service quality has become an essential aspect for customer satisfaction and loyalty in the hospitality and tourism sector. This study primarily aimed to evaluate the service quality and level of satisfaction of Bryztoff Camp Resort in Dulag, Leyte. The study was carried out using the SERVQUAL framework to determine the profile of the respondents, measure the guests’ perception of service quality provided by the resort, and assess the relationship between the aspect of service quality and customer satisfaction. The researchers utilized a descriptive-correlational research design involving 80 randomly selected guests of the resort. Data were gathered using a SERVQUAL instrument and analyzed using descriptive and correlation analysis. The study revealed that customers who availed services at Bryztoff Camp Resort were generally satisfied with the services provided by the establishment (3.94). Results of the descriptive analysis indicate that guests gave the highest mean score on tangibility (4.00) and the lowest score on reliability (3.15). Findings further show that among the five dimensions of service quality, responsiveness was significantly related to customer satisfaction (r = 0.2721, p = 0.0146). Overall, the study suggests that the resort should prioritize improving guest satisfaction with its responsiveness to guests’ needs and requests. In doing so, the resort could provide superior service quality, satisfy customers, promote positive word of mouth, and gain competitive advantage over other resorts.

Istradefylline, a selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist used as an add-on therapy to levodopa therapy for Parkinson’s disease, requires reliable impurity profiling to ensure pharmaceutical quality and safety. In this study, a novel, stability-indicating, Quality by Design (QbD)-based and eco-friendly RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of Istradefylline and its related impurities in tablet dosage forms. Method robustness was systematically evaluated using a three-level, two-factor factorial design. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an XBridge C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) using 0.01M ammonium formate buffer (pH 4.0) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.8mL min⁻¹, with detection at 280 and 360nm. The method demonstrated excellent specificity, effectively separating Istradefylline from its impurities (IST-4, IST-5, IST-CIS, IST-10, and IST-40) without interference from excipients and degradation products. Linearity was established over the concentration range of 0.200–4.000µgmL⁻¹ (R² > 0.999), while accuracy, precision, and sensitivity met ICH acceptance criteria. Forced degradation studies confirmed the stability-indicating capability of the method. The method also complies with Green Analytical Chemistry principles through reduced solvent consumption and efficient chromatographic performance. Validation results demonstrated that the method is robust, reliable, and suitable for routine quality control, impurity profiling, and stability assessment of Istradefylline tablet formulations.

The objective of present study was study of preliminary pharmacological screening of Citrullus colocynthis fruits extracts for ulcerative colitis using Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in experimental animal. Different extracts i.e. petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Citrullus colocynthis Linn. fruits were screened for protective effect in Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis through assessment of disease activity index (DAI), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and antioxidants assay in colonic tissues. Results of study were showed that Citrullus colocynthis Linn. give positive test of steroids in petroleum ether and alkaloids in chloroform extract. The ethyl acetate and ethanol extract contains flavonoids, tannins, glycosides and amino acids. Aqueous extract was found presence of carbohydrates, saponins and amino acids. The disease activity index and colon weight were observed significantly decreased after treatment with ethanol extract of Citrullus colocynthis (EECC). Other extracts of Citrullus colocynthis fruits e.g. CECC, EACC and AECC at the dose of 200 mg/kg were does not showed significant Disease activity Index as well as % protection. Treatment with EECC significantly reduced MPO to 12.54 ± 0.12 and MDA to 44.20 ± 1.64 (P<0.05), bringing the values close to normal and comparable to sulfasalazine (MPO: 15.34 ± 0.54; MDA: 45.02 ± 1.73). EECC produced significant improvement in all measured parameters, demonstrating strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities comparable to the standard drug sulfasalazine. This pharmacological screening of different extracts of Citrullus colocynthis fruits suggests that ethanol extract mitigates colonic damage through antioxidant replenishment, reduction of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and mitigating oxidative stress. Among the tested doses, 200 mg/kg of different extracts, the ethanol extract of Citrullus colocynthis Linn. fruits produced the most pronounced effects and demonstrated efficacy comparable to the standard drug sulfasalazine.

Introduction: Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is a rare long-term systemic disorder that involves the formation of granulomas and inflammation of blood vessels. Aim: of this study was to present a case of (WG) that was diagnosed with kidney biopsy while the lung infiltrates were not reachable. Materials and methods: 57-year-old male patient admitted for invasive diagnostics due to lung infiltrates. Results: The patient had positive C-ANCA on bloodwork, CT scan showing multiple bilateral lung infiltrates and an inconclusive result from a nasal mucosa biopsy. The lung infiltrates being difficult to reach for biopsy and having confirmed kidney involvement with high creatinine and albuminuria enabled us to do kidney biopsy. The biopsy showed a vasculitis with positive C-ANCA confirming (WG). A high dose of Methylprednisolone (500mg for 3day, then 250 for 3 day and finally 125mg for 3 days) A cyclophosphamide and maintenance dose steroids therapy was initiated by a consulting rheumatologist after discharge. A complete remission of the lung involvement was seen on a CT 2 months after. Discussion: The least invasive site for biopsy being the nasal mucosa is always the best site for biopsy. Having received an inconclusive result leaves the kidney and the lung as secondary options. In our case the kidney was considered due to a better possible yield of viable material Conclusion: Present kidney involvement is always a site for biopsy with a high yield for confirming (WG) despite the risk of bleeding complications who were absent in our case.

This article examines the essence of categorising energy forms and legislative instruments at the international level in an explicit manner in order to identify the causes, challenges and possible ways forward in the energy sector in general and Cameroon in particular. This article focuses on energy forms precisely on renewable energies that are environmentally friendly when compared to fossil fuels. In consequence to this, it should immediately be pointed out that, with the advent of climate change and its diverse negative consequences on man and the environment, it becomes vital to categorise the various forms of energies and spotlight amongst others their merits and pitfalls. This is because the energy sector in any country is vital at every ramification for any significant growth. A fundamental recommendation to this effect is that all states should take on board the utility of energy especially renewable energy in by integrating them in their various national laws.

Background: One of the most significant plants in the Indian medical systems of Unani, Ayurveda, and Sidha is Achyranthes aspera (Amaranthaceae). It is found in many tropical nations, especially India, where this therapeutic herb is a common weed. Many medicinal plants serve as antibiotic substitutes and are regarded as novel resources for the production of medicines in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Aim: This study aimed to assess the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of several A. aspera leaf and stem extracts. Methodology: In present investigation the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the stem and leaf extracts of Achyranthes aspera had been studied by the DPPH radical-scavenging assay and the disc-diffusion method, respectively. Result: The percentage inhibition of aqueous leaf and stem extract demonstrated a significant effect when compared to the standard, according to the investigation's findings. The findings show that leaf aqueous extracts have the highest antioxidant activity, followed by stem aqueous extracts, while ethanolic extracts have the lowest. The results of the antimicrobial investigation show that ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves and stem of Achyranthens aspera Linn have antibacterial activity against particular microorganisms. It has been discovered that ASL aqueous extract is more active than ethanolic extracts. Conclusion: While the antimicrobial study demonstrated strong inhibitory effects against particular pathogenic bacteria, the antioxidant activity evaluated by the DPPH test demonstrated significant free radical scavenging capabilities of the selected extracts. the presence of flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and alkaloids, which are known to be effective at scavenging radicals and preventing microbial growth.