The objective of this study was to assess the evolution of viral load on Tenofovir (TDF)+Lamivudine (3TC) +Dolutegravir (DTG) (TLD) in PLVAs newly initiated on ART. The study took place at the Psycho Medico-Social Support Center (APMS) in N’Djamena over a period of 12 months. Sociodemographic data and viral load (VL) data were collected using a pre-established form. The VC examination was performed using the BIOCENTRIC molecular biology platform. A total of 120 patients were included in this study. Analyses showed a highly significant decrease in CVs during TLD follow-up (p < 0.0001). The proportion of patients with a suppressed viral load (CV <1000 copies/m) was 20,8% at M0, 98.3% at M3, 93.3% at M6 and 95% at M12. These results show that the Dolutegravir-based therapeutic line is remains an essential pillar in HIV ART.

Introduction: Patients with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis face an increased risk of urinary tract infections due to impaired immunity and altered physiology. Distinguishing asymptomatic bacteriuria from clinically significant infection is vital to combat rising antimicrobial resistance. Objectives: This study aimed to characterize the prevalence and microbial profiles of bacteriuria in hemodialysis dependent patients. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care center in Gujarat, India. Data was collected from electronic medical record of patients along with urine culture finding and other clinical details to study further for the duration of April 2021 and March 2025. Clinically significant isolates were reviewed while excluding duplicate isolates from same patients. Study was approved by institutional ethics committee. Results: Out of total 17755 various culture samples received from dialysis-patients, 3022 urine cultures were received and from those total 772 urine cultures reported with bacterial growth during the studied duration. The cohort had a mean age of 55.1 years with a female predominance (58.7%). Gram-negative bacteria (≈80%) dominated, primarily Escherichia coli (57.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.9%). High resistance was observed against cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Enterococcus faecium exhibited significant resistance to vancomycin (20.8%). Prior antibiotic exposure was high at 76.9%. Resistance was more frequently associated with patients having no fixed dialysis schedule and those receiving antibiotics within 24 hours of enrolment. Conclusion: Hemodialysis patients frequently harbor multidrug-resistant pathogens. The high prevalence of ESBL producing and MDR strains necessitates robust antibiotic stewardship and reliance on local antibiograms to guide therapy and minimize unnecessary treatment of asymptomatic cases.

Introduction: Miliary tuberculosis represents one of the most severe and life-threatening forms of tuberculosis. It is characterized by widespread hematogenous dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to describe the clinical, epidemiological, therapeutic, and outcome characteristics of miliary tuberculosis. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive and analytical study over a two-year period, from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2023. Medical records of patients hospitalized for miliary tuberculosis in the Department of Pneumology and Phthisiology at Moulay Youssef University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco, were reviewed and analyzed. Results: The mean age of patients was 43 years, with a male predominance (64%). A history of tuberculosis was found in 2 patients, and recent close contact with a tuberculosis case was identified in 5 patients. Four cases of miliary tuberculosis occurred following immunosuppressive therapy, including 3 patients who had previously received preventive anti-tuberculosis treatment. The clinical presentation was dominated by fever, night sweats, general condition deterioration, dyspnea, and cough. Extra-respiratory manifestations were observed in 17% of cases. Typical radiological findings were present in 91% of patients, while sputum smear microscopy was positive in 15%. Anti-tuberculosis treatment based on a four-drug regimen (ERIPK4) was initiated urgently in most cases. Complications occurred in 11 patients, including disease-related and treatment-related complications. The in-hospital case fatality rate was 17.7%. Conclusion: Miliary tuberculosis remains a severe and potentially life-threatening condition. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate anti-tuberculosis therapy are essential to improve patient outcomes.

Background: Actinomycosis is an uncommon, chronic, granulomatous disease that can be mistaken for a malignant tumor. Abdominopelvic actinomycosis constitutes about 20% of all actinomycosis cases and may mimic malignancy, tuberculosis, or other abdominopelvic inflammatory diseases. This condition is more prevalent in women who use an intrauterine device. We report the case of a 38 year old female, known case of type 2 diabetes mellitus with a down 3 year history of right sided abdominal pain and discomfort, weight loss with a previous history of intrauterine device for 5 years she has undergone evaluation for her complaints at multiple times in a peripheral health care centers with colonoscopy and mucosal biopsies and treated for inflammatory bowel disease. CECT Enterogram showed wall thickening involving the IC junction and medial wall of caecum and she undergone laprotomy and right hemicolectomy. Histopathologic evaluation of surgical specimens showed actinomycosis in the caecal wall. The findings were immediately informed to the clinician and advised for a prompt further evaluation and management.

Background: The transmission rates of Poliomyelitis are nearing historic lows. 2026 will prove to be a defining year in public health history where the disease may either get eradicated or continue simmering as periodic outbreaks. The goal of achieving a ‘Polio-Free World’ appears near, thanks to decades of hard work, global collaboration, unprecedented funding and, certainly, the power of vaccines. Unfortunately, polio is proving to be a tenacious opponent. The challenges in polio eradication increase manifold, 2026 onwards, due to current geo-political conflicts and health funding cuts. Text: Poliomyelitis is an exclusive human disease caused by polio virus, belonging to the Picornaviridae family. The primary mode of transmission is through the faeco-oral route. Around 95% of cases are asymptomatic and about 1% cases present as aseptic meningitis. Paralytic poliomyelitis, which is seen in less than 1% of patients presents as excruciating episodes of pain in back and lower limbs and can present as Spinal polio, Bulbar polio or Bulbospinal polio which is a combination of bulbar and spinal paralysis and is most severe. The ratio of inapparent to paralytic infections could be as high as 1000 to 1 in children and 75 to 1 in adults, depending on the polio virus type and the social conditions. The microbiology of the virus has been studied in detail and the intricacies of its interaction with the human host are being decoded effectively. The innumerable milestones achieved till date have helped in keeping the morale to end polio, high. Nonetheless, many questions still persist and need to be answered. In the mid-20th century, the efforts to combat the polio epidemic, succeeded through introduction of vaccines. Over 3 billion children have been immunized against polio and 20 million people are walking today, who otherwise would have been paralyzed. Along with the goal of eradicating wild polio virus [WPV], circulating Vaccine-Derived Polio virus [cVDPV] outbreaks are proving to be formidable to control. In 2022, closely related strains of polio virus were detected in New York State County and London boroughs. This constituted the first encounter with polio virus in the United States and United Kingdom for a generation, people and public health officers alike! The potential of a possible resurgence of polio cases, like in the past, concerns health scientists. To end polio in the face of challenges, new tactics and novel innovative tools are being deployed. Will this be sufficient in the current ever-changing political scenario? Conclusion: The Polio Oversight Board [POB] of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative [GPEI] launched its eradication strategy in year 2022. The target was polio eradication up to 2026. After critical analysis, expert consultations and revisions in budget, the timeline has been extended to 2029. Political instability, humanitarian crisis and most importantly, global health funding cuts are threatening the progress made. Year 2026 will prove to be a crucial year in this fight to the finish. This article intends to summarize the microbiology and complex pathogenesis of poliomyelitis, epidemiology of the disease through various timelines, the major campaigns organized globally, their achievements, resurgence of poliomyelitis amidst geo-political conflicts and global health funding cuts. This article makes an attempt to understand the practical implications for health and social scientists as they struggle to learn from the past and search for useful heuristic in an attempt to save our children from disability and eradicate poliomyelitis.