This study was conducted at a tertiary care eye hospital to evaluate and compare the two techniques of sutureless cataract surgeries which are manual small incision cataract surgery and phacoemulsification with rigid posterior chamber intraocular lens with respect to surgically induced astigmatism, operative and postoperative complications and best corrected visual acuity at the end of 8 weeks. The study was carried out on 100 patients who were divided into 2 groups with group A undergoing MSICS with rigid PCIOL and group B undergoing phacoemulsification with rigid PCIOL. Postoperative evaluation was done till 3 months. The mean surgically induced astigmatism in group A was higher than that in group B. Operative complications were seen in 6% of group A as compared to 8% in group B. The overall postoperative complication rate in the study was 8%. Hence, both the surgeries have almost similar outcome in terms of final visual acuity, astigmatism and complications.

Introduction: Visual manifestations in pituitary adenoma range from no presenting symptom to visual acuity deterioration to blindness. The presentation of pituitary adenoma is varied. It classically presents with visual field defects, bitemporal hemianopia being the most common Ocular motility disorders in pituitary adenomas are rare presentations. Pituitary adenoma presenting with oculomotor palsies as an initial symptom is very rare, total ophthalmoplegia being the rarest initial presentation. Aim: To report a rare case of pituitary adenoma with cavernous sinus invasion presenting initially with total ophthalmoplegia.

The contribution of phytotherapy to solving hemorrhoidal problems is incontestable because of the richness of plants as secondary metabolites. However, it is important to know the pathophysiology of this disease in order to give effective drug recipes for its treatment. In order to understand the different aspects of hemorrhoidal diseases and to identify plants used for its treatment, an ethnobotanical survey was carried out among trade-practitioners of the Southeastern region of Cameroon. During data collection, information was collected on hemorroidal diseases and plants used for its treatment. The relative importance (RI) of the plants was indicated and the phytochemical screening of the plants of interest was performed. Patients who approached trade-practitioners to seek treatment for hemorrhoids were mostly men (66%) between the ages of 35-60 years. Rectal bleeding and glair (30%) was the most obvious symptom. The ethnobotanical survey identified 48 plants including 35 woody and 13 herbaceous plants used by trade-practitioners to treat hemorrhoids. Piper umbellatum, Antrocaryon klaineanum, Trilepisium madagascariense, Myrianthus arboreus, Irvingia gabonensis, Morinda lucida, Spathodea campanulata, Alchornea cordifolia, Mangifera indica and Baillonella toxisperma were the most used species. These plants were rich in many bioactive compounds amongst which phenolic compounds, coumarines and triterpenes were the most represented.

The majority of plants used in traditional medicine can have toxic effects. Two hundred grams of vegetable powder of each species were macerated, then filtered under vacuum on a Büchner. Tests for the detection of large groups of phytochemicals were carried out. Microbiological quality control has aimed mainly at Salmonella, yeasts and molds, total coliforms and fecal coliforms. The study of acute toxicity was conducted according to guideline 423 of the OECD protocol and subacute toxicity was studied from guideline 407 of the OECD. The blood samples were taken from the fasted rats and under anesthesia with diethyl ether. The hematological parameters were measured by the Medonic (Beckman coulteur-USA-). The masses obtained after drying the macerate in an oven at 50 °C were 28 g and 9.3 g respectively for Picralima nitida and Musanga cecropioides with respective yields of 14% and 4.65%. The tests for microbial germs likely to reveal the contamination of the extracts were negative. There were no anomalies in the parameters studied during acute toxicity, except for the aggressiveness of rats during the first day. No deaths have been recorded. The LD50 is therefore greater than 5000 mg/Kg. After twenty-eight days of observation during the study of subacute toxicity, variations in numerous parameters studied were observed in different batches. The average body weights of rats in all batches increased during the observation period. Analysis of the biochemical parameters of the rats' blood showed that many parameters were higher in the control group than in the treated groups.

Introduction: Gastric Cancer is one of the major causes of cancer specific deaths worldwide and incidence of Proximal Gastric Cancer is increasing with time. Laparoscopic gastrectomy has increased in popularity in recent years due to lesser complications and higher functional preservation. Objective: To find out the Comparision of Peri-Operative Findings between Proximal Laparoscopic Gastrectomyand Total Laparoscopic Gastrectomy for Proximal Gastric Cancer. Methods: Between January 2018 and August 2019, a total of 77 patients underwent LPG with B1 reconstruction or LTG with Roux-en-Y (R-Y) reconstruction for gastric cancer in the proximl stomach in Marks medical College & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. LPG was performed in 15 cases with tumor located in the upper third of the stomach. The resection line in the stomach was kept at least 5 cm apart from the gastric angle. On the other hand, LTG was performed in 57 cases of proximal gastric cancer. Results: In this study we have compared the peri-operative findings of 72 patients with proximal gastric cancers who underwent tumor excision surgery and were diveded into two groups according to different surgical approach; Laparoscopic Proximal Gastrectomy and Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy. After statistical analysis, no significant differences were found in peri-operative outcomes between two groups. Prospective studies with larger sample size are required to validate the findings of this study. Conclusion: We found that there are no any significant differences in peri-operative findings between Laparoscopic Proximal Gastrectomy and Laparoscopic total gastrectomy surgical approach for proximal gastric cancer.

Primary nasopharyngeal tuberculosis is rare, we present an observation revealed by a pseudo-tumor aspect posing the problem of differential diagnosis with malignant lesions of the cavum.

Aim: A comparative study to evaluate visual outcome in post-operative patients of Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery and Phacoemulsification. Design: A prospective, comparative hospital based interventional study was conducted on 246 eyes having visually significant senile cataract undergoing cataract extraction surgery by either of two methods vis Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery or Phacoemulsification at Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Pt.B.D.Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak. A detailed post-operative examination was carried out on first post-operative day, then follow-up of patients of both the study groups regarding BCVA was carried out in Eye O.P.D. on 7th, I month. Results: Although the initial visual recovery on the 1st postoperative day was better in the patients who underwent phacoemulsification, with the uncorrected visual acuity better than or equal to 6/18 in 74% of the patients, whereas the percentage was 58.5 % in the SICS group. Similarly BCVA 6/18 or better on 7th post-operative was 100 % in the Phacoemulsification study group as compared to 87% SICS (p=0.010) group. Initial difference in visual outcome was nearly equalized within 1 month in both the study groups. There was no significant difference between the M-SICS & Phacoemulsification in terms of BCVA at Post-Operative 1 month, Post-Operative Spherical Refraction at 1 Week (p = 0.693) and 1 month (p = 0.640). But there was significant difference between two groups in terms of Cylindrical Refraction at Post-Operative 1 Week) (p=<0.001) and at 1 Month (p = <0.001) with the median Post-Operative Cylindrical Refraction higher in M-SICS group at 1 week & 1 Month. The median Post-Operative Cylindrical Refraction difference is all due to the fact that M-SICS had larger surgical incision causing higher surgically induced astigmatism. Conclusions: Phacoemulsification gives better uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) at post-operative day 1 and better BCVA at 1week and Post-Operative Cylindrical Refraction at 1 Week and at 1 month. Whereas, BCVA at 1 month is similar in both the study groups MSICS and Phacoemulsification.

Background: Metformin when used in combination with other drugs such as Tenegliptin, voglibose and glimepiride is effective and well tolerated in diabetes management. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy and safety of combination of metformin with Tenegliptin, voglibose and glimepiride in patients with type 2 DM. Methods: In this prospective, randomized clinical trial study 150 patients were included. The patients were divided into three groups, each group comprising of 50 patients. In all the patients fasting plasma glucose, 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level were assessed before starting the treatment and after completion of the treatment. Group I consisted of patients who were prescribed metformin 500 mg with Tenegliptin 20 mg, in Group II, consisted of patients who were prescribed metformin 500 mg with voglibose 0.2 mg, and Group III, consisted of patients who were prescribed metformin 500 mg with glimepiride 1 mg. The outcome of the therapy was based on the level of improvement in the blood parameters. Results: There was a significant reduction of HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose levels at the start and after 12 weeks of treatment in all the groups. Intergroup comparison between both the groups revealed no significant difference in terms of glycaemic control. Conclusion: From above results it was concluded that all three groups have equal efficacy in controlling the fasting plasma glucose, 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose and HbA1c level.

The corona virus disease 2019 is a type of pneumonia which is found to be fatal. The novel corona virus named as SARS CoV 2 which emerged from Whuan, China in December 2020 is now spread in more than 200 countries and has lead to more than 40,000 fatalities worldwide. The COVID 19 hence stood up as the most dangerous disease with highest fatalities in the world. The taxanomy of this novel virus is not very similar to other corona virus (MERS CoV and SARS CoV) which have also affected humans. Thus it has created a situation where we don’t have any such antiviral drug which can be effective against this virus during its incubation in human body. The spread of this novel virus is so rapid that it took only couple of months to spread to almost whole world. The symptoms are as common as cold, cough; sore throat and lastly pneumonia which are very normal and similar to influenza infection so were not treated seriously during initiation of spread. As there is no prevention and cure for this novel virus and no first line treatment for COVID 19 the only way to combat this disease is to stop the spread which can only be done by social distancing which is also being advised by WHO.

Acetophenone (1-phenylethan-1-one) reacted with benzaldehyde in the presence of acetic acid, potassium hydroxide, and ethanol on an ice bath for 24 hours via the Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction giving rise to chalcone (2E-1, 3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-one). On condensation of acetophenone with chlorinated benzaldehyde gives the halogenated derivatives of chalcone. The products were reduced with hydrogen peroxide and nickel reagent to form the epoxide derivatives of the halogenated chalcones (4-chlorochalcone and 4-chlorochalcone epoxide). Structure elucidation of the synthesized compounds was done using elemental analysis, 1H NMR, 13CNMR, FTIR, TLC, and UV/VIS. Synthesized compounds were obtained in high purity and percentage yield. The microbial activity of the synthesized compounds was studied against some test organisms, Candida albican, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbial results showed the synthesized compounds were void of antibacterial activity but showed marked activities against Candida albican. Hence are promising molecules in the combat of fungal infections globally.