This study on ABO and Rhesus blood group system in tuberculosis patients aimed at the assessment on prevalence of tuberculosis on human ABO and Rhesus blood group system. ABO blood and Rhesus blood group system antigens are hereditary characters that are the most clinically significant in blood transfusion. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease cause by mycobacterium tuberculosis and treated with antibiotics. The samples were collected, diagnosed and analyzed for reliable results using laboratory standard procedures, the results are represented statistically showing no significant effect(s) of tuberculosis (TB) in ABO and Rhesus blood system. This research was carried out among Igbo tribe at location of Ohaozara in Ebonyi State using two hundred (200) Tuberculosis patients coming for treatment at Tuberculosis/ Leprosy Presbyterian Joint Hospital Uburu (Happy Home) and other patient from the same location while three hundred (300) controls (people free from TB). The ABO blood group and Rhesus systems' result present blood group 0 predominated others and with 48%, followed by A (22%), B (18%) and AB (12%) while the Rhesus blood group system is 90% positive and 10% negative in Juberculosis patients. In comparism, ABO blood groups are; 0 (44%), A (28%), and AB (4%), while the Rhesus blood group system is 94% positive and 6% negative in controls. From the statistics above, among the patients in control from the same geographical location interprets that blood group O has the highest frequency of about 46 percent (46%) followed by group A with 25%, B (21%) and AB (8%) while Rhesus blood group system is 92% Rhesus positive and 8% Rhesus (D) negative in average among population study of the same location (Ohaozara). With the test (blood grouping) conducted among the population, the results show that no particular blood group is susceptible to Tuberculosis and so, Tuberculosis does not have any phynotipic effect(s) on ABO blood group and Rhesus blood group system.

Ankyloglossia, or tongue-tie, refers to an abnormally short lingual frenulum, causing difficulty in speech articulation due to limitation in tongue movement. In this article, we report a case of a 16-year-old female with posterior anklyoglossia, and anterior mucosal covering, who complained of difficulty in speech. Following which she underwent frenectomy procedure under local anesthesia without any complications. Finally, she was given speech therapy sessions

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of sardine (Sardinella gibbosa) fish extract on papain induced osteoarthritis in rats. Methodology: In this study 30 wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into five groups. Group-1 (-ve Control), Group 2 (+ve control), Group 3 (Calcium 75 mg/kg as standard), Group 4 (Sardine extract 30 gms/kg), Group 5 (15 gms/kg sardine extract). Osteoarthritis was induced in the right knees of all the groups of rats except negative control by injecting 0.2 ml (4%) of papain solution with 0.1 ml (0.03M) of cystein as activator. All groups were left for development of osteoarthritis. Rats were sacrificed on day 1, 2, 7, 14, 21 & 28 days of post papain injection. Results: Estimation of calcium and phosphorus in fish extract was carried out by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The percentage inhibition of knee thickness of sardine fish extract and Calcium groups were found to be 68% and 77% respectively. Various haematological parameters like RBC count and Hb, WBC count and ESR were recorded. Parameters like blood glucose, urea, globulin, creatinine, total protein, and albumin were calculated. Histopathological studies of knee joints of rats were also carried out. Conclusion: Sardinella gibbosa fish extract at a dose level of 30 gm/kg p.o., exhibited reduction in osteoarthritis due to the rich source of Ca & selenium and maintained the normal haematological and biochemical parameters in papain induced osteoarthritic rats

200 consecutive patients scheduled for intraocular cataract surgery under peribulbar block (PBB) were randomly divided into two groups of 100 patients each. All patients before cataract surgery randomly received peribulbar block either plain (pH 5.4) or pH-adjusted (pH 6.8 range 6.7–6.9) 0.75% bupivacaine labelled A and B respectively. This was done to make anesthetic unaware of the mixture to be administered for peribulbar block (Double Blind Technique). Hyaluronidase was added to both solutions prior to peribulbar block. Observation of ocular movements in all four quadrants at interval of 1 minute was assessed upto maximum 20 minutes and the time of onset of akinesia of the globe was noted. After 20 minutes interval of time no effect of PBB then the need for supplementary injections were also recorded by an independent observer (Supervisor). The relative efficacy of the different anesthetic solutions A or B was compared in patients who underwent intraocular cataract surgery. In both groups of patients, eyes receiving peribulbar block with the pH-adjusted solution showed a shorter onset of time to partial akinesia of the globe (P < 0.05). However, there was no difference between the solutions in the time to complete akinesia of the globe, but the number of supplementary injections required for an effective block with the pH-adjusted solution was increased. Onset time to akinesia of the lateral and superior rectus muscles was shortened in patients receiving the pH-adjusted solution but there were minimal effects on the medial and inferior recti muscle.

Voiding dysfunction due to Bladder outlet obstruction in females is one of poorly understood conditions and is much rarer as compared to males. More difficult is the objective diagnosis of this condition. Here in, we present our case of a chronic voiding dysfunction in a female caused by symphysis bone tumor, which was managed surgically.

Introduction: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been decisively established as the cause of AIDS.AIDS scientist presents these results as strong evidence that HIV is the cause of AIDS. Such arguments are very persuasive to public and most scientists, even though there is debate among different scientists. Objectives: To review HIV the cause of AIDS or not. Methods: systematic literature review in methodology was used. The review was conducted using reliable healthcare internet database namely; Google scholar, hinari and PubMed central. Ten scientific articles were scrutinized to obtain results for the review. Result: The result of this review showed that a total of six articles were reviewed which talks about the belief and evidence are that HIV is causes of AIDS. Conclusion: Even if there is a debate among scientists about whether HIV causes AIDS was related to refusing HIV treatments and poorer health outcomes. And following or accepting the positive one that is HIV causes AIDS do not have side effect without improving of quality of life.

This cross-sectional descriptive study using convenience sampling technique was conducted in rural Thane district in Maharashtra State on male adolescents (n=200) to determine their health-related behaviour and health profile. A pre-tested formatted proforma was used to record socio-demographic and health-related data. Their mean age was 17.81  1.20 years (95% CI: 17.65–17.98 years). 153 (76.5%) belonged to lower middle class and the rest to lower class as per B.G. Prasad Classification. 64.5% were students while 35.5% had dropped out of studies. The participants had relatively good personal hygiene. Consumers of alcohol and tobacco comprised 10.0% and 15.5%, respectively. Their current health-related problems comprised dental conditions (15%), skin diseases (12.5%), eye conditions (6.5%), ear problems (2.5%), vitamin A deficiency (2%) and vitamin B deficiency (1.5%). Self-reported history of past illness included tuberculosis, typhoid, upper respiratory tract infection, dengue, malaria and jaundice. The illnesses among family members included tuberculosis, diabetes and hypertension. Periodic health assessment of adolescents can help initiate early interventions. Community-level educational intervention can help in coping with nutritional deficiencies.

A simple and rapid reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay for determination of tolperisone concentration in human plasma was developed and validated. Using prednisolone as an internal standard (IS), 1.0 ml plasma samples were extracted with a mixture of methyl tert. butyl ether and dichloromethane (70:30, v:v). Analysis was performed using Atlantis dC18 column with a mobile phase composed of 0.05 M (mono basic) potassium phosphate (pH=3.0) and acetonitrile (70:30, v:v). The eluent was monitored spectrophotometrically at 262 nm. No interference with tolperisone or IS peaks by extracted blank plasma components or commonly used drugs was observed. The relationship of tolperisone concentration and peak area ratio of tolperisone / IS was linear (R2 ≥ 0.9961) in the range of 10 – 800 ng/ml, the intra and inter-day coefficient of variations were ≤ 4.1% and ≤5.7%, respectively with a corresponding bias of ±11.4% and ±8.4%, respectively. Mean extraction recovery of tolperisone and the IS were 95% and 83%, respectively. The method was applied to assess the stability of tolperisone under various conditions encountered in the clinical laboratory. Tolperisone stability in processed samples stored at room temperature for 24 hours or at -20 °C for 48 hours, in unprocessed samples stored for 24 hours at room temperature or for 8 weeks at -20 °C, and after 3 freeze and thaw cycles was ≥ 91%.

The aim to conduct this case study, because Pituitary Macroadenoma leading to aspergillus is a rare condition. In which the main pathogen of fungal sellar is aspergillus species. The pituitary infectious fungi consisted on different groups and dimorphic fungi. The leading pathogen of fungal sellar abscess is the type of aspergillus. The possible route of infection through sphenoid sinus with a thin sellar roof. Pituitary tumour differentiate through its size. Pituitary tumors undesirably known to grow in the, sphenoid bone, cavernous sinus, mid-nasal ductus, and left cerebral hemisphere. In our case presentation patient presented with pituitary macroadenoma, which diagnosed through magnetic resonance imaging. Presented with nasal mass, and acromegaly features, headache. Right eye vision loss. Through endoscopy biopsy report shows the nasal fungal infection. Surgical treatment, trans-sphenoidal procedure will be planned as recommended in literature reviews.

Introduction: Radiopharmaceuticals are special class of pharmaceuticals and utmost care should be taken for their handling, storage, dispensing and use. The characteristic which sets them apart from pharmaceuticals includes their short half-life, inherent hazardous nature of radioisotope, issue of maintaining sterility with radiation safety simultaneously, storage, transport and waste disposal issues and the fact that minute change in dose may cause faulty diagnosis or even over exposure. Therefore the guidelines applicable to pharmaceuticals are not relevant for radiopharmaceutical and calls for separate regulatory setup for radiopharmaceuticals. Objectives: To review regulatory managements of radiopharmaceuticals. Methods: Systematic literature review in methodology was used. The review was conducted using reliable healthcare internet database namely; Google scholar, hinari and PubMed central. Ten scientific articles were scrutinized to obtain results for the review. Result: The results of this review showed that a total of ten articles were reviewed which talks about the regulatory management of radiopharmaceuticals of different guidelines and different regulatory bodies of different countries and causes and consequences of poor regulatory control. Conclusion: For good quality of radiopharmaceuticals there should be quality management system should be implemented, documented, and duly maintained; effectiveness should be continuously improved in accordance with the requirements of professional, regulatory, and accrediting bodies.

Introduction: Propensity scoring is a powerful tool to strengthen causal inferences drawn from observational studies of different areas. A propensity score is used to choose treatment and control groups with simila baseline characteristics. A Propensity score is defined as the probability of the subject being assigned to the treatment group, given set of baseline characteristics. Objectives: To review the impact analysis of interventions using Propensity Score analysis. Methods: literature review in methodology was used. The review was conducted using reliable healthcare internet database namely; Google scholar, hinari and PubMed central. Eleven scientific articles were scrutinized to obtain results for the review. Result: The results of this review showed that a total of twenty four articles and books were reviewed and almost all of the reviewed articles and books were used Propensity Score analysis methods clarifying the notes and for their analysis of different titles of researches in different parts of the world. Conclusion: This review of assessed and reviewed, Propensity matching is a powerful tool for observational data analyses because it facilitates the comparison of outcomes between similar groups of patients and has impacts on the interventions.

Dengue virus is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in the world. Co-circulation of the four types of dengue viruses and expansion of dengue epidemic give rise to infection enhancement and a big expansion of clinical aspects of the disease. Infection with dengue virus (DENV) causes diseases ranging widely in severity, from self-limited dengue fever to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. But atypical manifestations of dengue fever are rising day by day but they may be under reported. Here in we report a case of 6 years old girl presented with sudden onset of abdominal pain and was diagnosed as classical dengue with ascites and pleural effusion. Pleural effusion and ascites are evidence of plasma leakage which appear in patients of Dengue hemorrhagic fever but not present in Classical Dengue or Dengue fever. Classical Dengue is a common disease in Bangladesh but there have been no reports of Dengue fever or Classical Dengue in association with pleural effusion and ascites.

Dry eye is defined as the disorder of the tear film either due to tear deficiency or excessive evaporation which causes damage to the inter-palpebral ocular surface which comprises of the entire epithelial surface of the cornea, limbus and conjunctiva. Dry eye disease (DED) affects 4.3-16% of adults approximately. There are various etiological factors associated with dry eye disease and diabetes mellitus is one of them. A case control study of 100 diabetic and 100 non diabetic patients was conducted at a tertiary care eye hospital to see the correlation with duration of diabetes. The mean duration of diabetes was 8.48±4.29 years. The mean fasting and post prandial blood sugar level in study group were 155.77±14.94 mg% and 263.77±51.49 mg% respectively. The difference of blood sugar level from control was statistically significant (p<0.001). The TBUT, marginal tear strip staining, fluorescein staining, rose Bengal staining were found statistically significant in study group. 35 cases had moderate dry eye in diabetic group. The comparison of both the group was statistically significant. The severity of dry eye was statistically significant in > 10 years duration of diabetes. A total of 11% patients with >10 years duration were having severe dry eye as compared to only 2% of <10 years of diabetes. The difference between the incidence of dry eye in right and left eye was insignificant.