We had investigated the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and uric acid lowering effect of newly marketed xanthine oxidase inhibitor, febuxostat and compared its effect with allopurinol in vitro. In hyperuricemic animal model serum uric acid, lowering effect of these drugs was evaluated. Serial dilutions of febuxostat and allopurinol were made, ranging from100 µg/ml to 0.75µg/ml. Xanthine oxidase inhibition was carried out in vitro. Hyperuricemia was induced in Wistar rats by potassium oxonate injection on day 1, 3 and 7. Febuxostat and allopurinol (5mg/kg) once daily was given for 7 days. Serum uric acid was measured on day zero, 1, 3 and 7 by uricase method. Michaelis Menten equation was applied to calculate IC50, Vmax and Km. IC50 of allopurinol and febuxostat were 9.07 and 8.77 µg/ml respectively. Km and Vmax of febuxostat were 8.89 and 107.13 where as allopurinol showed Km 7.77 and Vmax 194.14.Graded dose response was observed for both allopurinol and febuxostat. Hyperuricemia was successfully induced with potassium oxonate. Treatment with allopurinol reduced serum uric acid levels up to 3.21±0.8mg/dl on day 7, but reduction was less than febuxostat 0.81 ± 0.12 mg/dl. From this study, we have concluded that febuxostat is an effective option for cases of hyperuricemia.

The aim of the present study was to increase the solubility and thereby improve the oral bioavailability of Furosemide by incorporating the drug in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and in solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and also to compare the efficiency of NLC over SLN. Both the NLC and SLN were prepared by solvent diffusion method using labrafil m 2130 as solid lipid, capryol pgmc as liquid lipid, and tween 80 as surfactant. Properties of Furosemide loaded NLCs & SLNs such as drug content, entrapment efficiency, loading capacity, particle size, PDI , zeta potential, morphology, storage stability, in vitro drug release and mechanism of drug release were investigated and compared. Drug content, entrapment efficiency, loading capacity, average particle size, PDI and zeta potential of Furosemide NLC were found to 83.56%, 75.50%, 25.63%, 99.24nm, 0.302 and -31.2mV and that of Furosemide SLN were found to 84.55%, 71.07%, 24.62%, 193.4nm, 0.835 and -36.1mV respectively. Morphology study by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed spherical particles with smooth surfaces. As compared to in-vitro drug release of Furosemide pure drug, both the NLC and SLN showed fast initial release followed by a sustained release, best fitted to Higuchi equation. Pure drug followed Zero order release kinetics. Furosemide NLC showed higher entrapment efficiency, drug loading capacity, in-vitro drug release, reduced the drug expulsion in storage when compared to SLN. This investigation demonstrated the efficiency of NLC over SLN for improved oral bioavailability of Furosemide and it was deduced that the liquid lipid (capryol pgmc)was the principal formulation factor responsible for the improvement in characteristics and pharmacokinetics of NLCs.

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is an unusually severe allergic eye disease, occurring mainly in children. Giant papillae are frequently observed on the upper tarsal conjunctiva and expose, sometimes, to severe corneal complications, involving the visual prognosis. Other allergic states, conjunctival staphylococcus aerus and worm intestinal infection, were frequently associated with VKC. We report the case of a 9-year-old girl followed for five years for severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis resistant to treatment with topical corticosteroid. In front of, the high ASLO title, the isolation of pyogenic streptococcus in the throat swab culture, and the presence of a chronic pansinusitis, the diagnosis of a post-streptococcal syndrome was retained. The patient is treated with protected amoxicillin for 12 days. The evolution was spectacular with almost total disappearance of the giant papillae without any recurrence, after 6 months of follow-up. In our knowledge, this case is the first case of vernal keratoconjunctivitis with giant papillae reported as being a post-streptococcal immune complication. Ophthalmologists, confronted to vernal keratoconjunctivitis, should consider post-streptococcal syndrome as a possible cause. The search for an increasing title of ASLO and streptococcal infectious evidence can establishes the association.

Diabetes is a chronic condition that occurs extremely due to a combination of sedentary lifestyle and following an imbalanced diet. Thus the medications are to be taken for life time. So there is a need for the prescribers to prescribe the medication which would be cost effective to the patients. This study was planned to analyse cost variations of antidiabetic drugs available in Indian market. There is a wide range of variations as the price of drug marketing in India. This paper gives the information regarding the drugs available for diabetes, their available brands, average cost and cost variations. Which help the physician in giving the drugs to the respective patient which are effective to them as well as which are cost efficient and are afforded easily by the patient. As a result of which there will less medication non-adherence and increased patient compliance. It was conducted by taking the maximum and minimum cost of anti- diabetic agents manufactured by different brands of same drug, strength and dosage forms. The data is obtained from the current index of medical specialties [CIMS] April-July 2018. The cost ratio and percentage cost variations were calculated for each anti-diabetic drug. The average percentage price variation of different brands of the same oral anti-diabetic drugs in Indian market is very wide.

А device for the isolation of nucleotide complex from biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells was developed, and the biological active substances in the extract were analyzed. The isolated nucleotide preparation can be used to stop oxidative stress and improve immunity. The developed device allows extraction of biologically active substances from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in series by extractants: distilled water under the action of an alternating voltage with a frequency of 105 Hz, a solution of hydrochloric acid with pH = 1.0-1.5 without using voltage. After acid extraction, the extract was neutralized with sodium hydroxide solution. The extracts obtained were combined and dried. The technical result of the device is a more complete two-fold extraction of the nucleotide complex from native Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass. The use of our constructed device makes extraction of biologically active substances easier and complete. The content of biologically active substances, such as adenine nucleotides, amino acids, vitamins, micro-, macro- elements in the obtained extract was analyzed. A comparison of the activating effect of the isolated nucleotide preparation on Ca2+-dependent NO - synthase with T-activin was performed. Experiments showed that the nucleotide preparation, obtained by new device has a pronounced activating effect on Ca2+ -dependent NOS from rat thymocytes.

Extended-spectrum – beta lactamases (ESBLs) are increasingly detected globally among Escherichia coli (E.Coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumoniae). This study was designed to determine the prevalence and antibiogram of ESBLs produced by E.coli and K.pneumoniae clinical isolates obtained from various clinical specimens through different hospitals in Khartoum state -Sudan. An analytical comparative cross-sectional study was conducted. Identification of the isolates was done by using conventional biochemical methods ESBL screening, confirmatory according to CLSI guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). Total of 368 isolates of Escherichia coli(n=216) and Klebsiella pneumonia (n=152) isolates were processed , Overall ESBL phenotype prevalence was 36.7 %, 40.1% and 34.2% of K. Pneumoniae and E. coli isolates respectively were confirmed to be ESBL phenotype. In this study, meropenem and imipenem were the most active antimicrobial agents against them. This study was indicated high prevalence of ESBL phenotype in Khartoum-state, with multidrug resistant trend, there is a need for longitudinal and nationwide surveillance as this help in tracking antibiotic resistant and regulating antibiotic policy.

Patients undergoing surgery are most feared of postoperative pain. All the techniques for multimodal analgesia has some or the other side effects. Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is newer, effective and comparatively simpler to perform and provides better and denser pain relief than pharmacological agents. It could be used in abdominal and inguinal surgeries. This randomized control study was conducted on 60 male patients of ASA grade 1 and 2 undergoing open prostectomy after taking ethics committee approval. In group L (n = 30), 0.25% Levobupivacaine hydrochloride (20ml) and in group S (n=30), 20 ml of normal saline was given through TAP block after completion of surgery. Time of first rescue analgesia and total dose of analgesic consumption for 24 hour postoperatively along with pain visual analogue scale (VAS) were measured and compared along with other vitals like heart rate, SBP, DBP and MAP. Postoperatively, TAP block using levobupivacaine just after completion of surgery results in better analgesia in post-operative period in patients undergoing open prostectomy. Time of rescue analgesia in group L was 209.3±27.25min and in group S was 70.6±9.8 min. Also total analgesic dose consumption and VAS score in postoperative period was significantly low in levobupivacaine group when compared with the saline or control group (p<0.05). TAP block using levobupivacaine 0.25% in open prostectomy patients provide better analgesia in postoperative period and reduces amount of total analgesic consumption and thus the side effects associated with the later.

Postoperative pain in patient undergoing open prostectomy is quite uncomfortable for the patient. All the techniques for multimodal analgesia has some or the other side effects. Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is newer, effective and comparatively simpler to perform and provides better and denser pain relief than pharmacological agents. This randomized control study was conducted on 60 male patients of ASA grade 1 and 2 undergoing open prostectomy after taking ethics committee approval. In group R (n = 30), 0.25% Ropivacaine hydrochloride (20ml) and in group S (n=30), 20 ml of normal saline was given through TAP block after completion of surgery. Time of first rescue analgesia and total dose of analgesic consumption for 24 hour postoperatively along with pain visual analogue scale (VAS) were measured and compared along with other vitals like heart rate, SBP, DBP and MAP. Postoperative TAP block using ropivacaine just after completion of surgery results in better analgesia in post-operative period in patients undergoing open prostectomy. Time of rescue analgesia in group R was 158.5±42.08 and in group S was 68.6±98.8. Also total analgesic consumption and VAS score in postoperative period was significantly low in ropivacaine group when compared with the saline or control group (p<0.05). TAP block using roipvacaine 0.25% in open prostectomy patients provide better analgesia in postoperative period and reduces amount of total analgesic consumption and thus the side effects associated with the later.

Smooth and complication free postoperative period is always desired after completion of surgery in every case but it becomes more important in case in ceaserean section as patient has to start nurture newborn immediately. All the techniques for multimodal analgesia have some or other side effects and thus they have to be used very cautiously in postoperative ceaserean section patient as they can adversely affect health of the baby also. Local infiltration of ropivacaine is effective analgesic and wit lesser side effects than pharmacological drugs. Our hypothesis is that local ropivacaine infiltration reduces postoperative pain in patients undergoing ceaserean section. This randomized control study was conducted on 60 patients of ASA grade 1 and 2 after taking ethics committee approval. Group I (n=30) is control group with no local infiltration and Group II (n=30) local infiltration of 20 ml Inj. Ropivacaine 0.2% at incision site. Diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure, heart rate were measured throughout the procedure. Time of rescue analgesia and VAS score was recorded postoperatively. local infiltration of 0.2% ropivacaine provides postoperative analgesia. Mean duration of rescue analgesia in group I was 115.67±4.09 that was significant (p<0.05) in comparison to group II 147.17±4.67. local infiltration of 0.2% ropivacaine reduces postoperative pain in patients of ceaserean section under spinal anaesthesia.

Postoperative period is very crucial from recovery point of view. For fast and smooth recovery, postoperative period should be free of complications especially pain. It became more important in case of ceaserean section as patient also has to look after her baby. Cautious use of analgesic drugs has to be made in postoperative ceaserean section patient as they can adversely affect health of the baby also. Intraperitoneal instillation of ropivacaine is effective analgesic and has lesser side effects than pharmacological drugs. Our hypothesis is that intraperitoneal instillation of ropivacaine reduces postoperative pain in patients undergoing ceaserean section. This randomized control study was conducted on 60 patients of ASA grade 1 and 2 after taking ethics committee approval. Group I (n=30) is control group with no local infiltration and Group II (n=30) Local infiltration of 15 ml at incision site and intraperitoneal instillation of 5ml Inj. Ropivacaine 0.2%. Diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure, heart rate were measured throughout the procedure. Time of rescue analgesia and VAS score was recorded postoperatively. Intraperitoneal instillation of 0.2% ropivacaine provides postoperative analgesia. Mean duration of rescue analgesia in group I was 115.67±4.09 that was significant (p<0.05) in comparison to group II 170.33±3.69. intraperitoneal instillation of 0.2% ropivacaine reduces postoperative pain in patients of ceaserean section under spinal anaesthesia.

(3H)‒quinazolin‒4‒ones were reported for enhanced antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antimalarial activities with aryl and styryl substituents at position two and three respectively. In the present work, synthesis of some newly substituted (3H)‒quinazolin‒4‒ones starting from 2‒aminobenzoic acid and acetic anhydride producing 2‒methyl‒benzoxazin‒4‒one (Step‒I) has been undertaken. Replacement of ring oxygen from benzoxazin‒4‒one (step‒II) with nitrogen atom of 4‒chloro aniline produced first series of title compounds (QIa-QIk). In addition, 2-methyl group of benzoxazin‒4‒one was extended further as ethenyl (‒CH=CH‒) linkage joining to various substituted aldehydes (Step‒III). It has produced sufficient quantity of 2‒styryl‒3‒aryl‒(3H)‒quinazolin‒4‒ones (QIa‒QIk, Scheme I). In obtaining second series compounds (QIl‒QIt), identical approach was followed with replacement of benzoxazin-4-one ring oxygen with nitrogen atom of various substituted amines (Step‒II).There is extension of methyl group of benzoxazin‒4‒one as ethenyl group (‒CH=CH‒) joining 2‒chloro benzaldehyde. It has produced sufficient quantity of 2-[2-(2-Chloro-phenyl)-vinyl]-3-aryl‒(3H)‒quinazolin‒4‒one (QIl‒QIt, Scheme II). Structures of synthesized compounds were established by elemental analysis (C, H, N, O and X=halogen), FT‒IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HR‒MS. In-vitro disk diffusion assay was performed using Gram‒positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (NCIM2711), Staphylococcus aureus (NCIM2079), Gram‒negative bacteria Kleibsella pneumonia (ATCC 4352), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853) and fungi Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger. Ciprofloxacin and Griseofulvin were the positive control standards for bacteria and fungi respectively. Excellent antimicrobial activity (MIC=9.07‒10.54 µM x 10-3) was exhibited by compounds as (QId), (QIf), (QIg), (QIi), (QIj), (QIk), (QIl), (QIm), (QIn), (QIq), (QIr) and (QIs). Present study of (3H)‒quinazoline‒4‒ones will serve as an important path in the development and discovery of newer antimicrobial agents.

Lead is a well known environmental and reproductive toxicant. This study was designed to evaluate the blood lead levels in pregnant women in Nnewi, Anambra State, South Eastern Nigeria. A total of 100 apparently healthy subjects comprising of 75 pregnant women and 25 non-pregnant women (control) aged between 18 and 45 years were recruited for the study. Thereafter, 2mls of blood sample was collected into EDTA container for the estimation of lead concentration using atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. A structured questionnaire was used in obtaining relevant data for age, dietary and lifestyle patterns of subjects. The result showed a significantly higher lead level in pregnant women compared with control group (p=0.000). Also, the mean blood lead level differed significantly between the first and second trimester as well as between first and third trimesters of pregnancy (p<0.05), but values obtained were similar between second and third trimesters of gestation (p>0.05) respectively. This study further revealed significantly higher blood levels in pregnant women that consume caffeine, animals killed by ammunition, and food items as well as in pregnant women that smokes (p<0.05). Also, blood lead level was significantly elevated in pregnant women that used well and piped water respectively (p<0.05). Therefore, there is need to avoid avenues of lead exposures in pregnancy in order to sustain the low blood level recorded in this study and hence, limit the potential adverse implications of lead exposures.

Our aim was to formulation development and evaluation of herbal face pack without adding any preservatives. Face pack was formulated with different natural ingredients (sandal wood powder, multani mitti, china rose flower powder, turmeric, rose water) which are rich sources of vitamins and minerals that are essential for the health and glow of the skin. Evaluation methods were organoleptic, physico-chemical, rheological parameters and stability along with irritancy test. All prepared formulations were standardized by different parameters. Organoleptic parameters showed that the pack was smooth and rheological findings proved the flow properties of the pack as it was found to be free flowing and non-sticky in nature. The results showed that the formulation was stable on all aspects. Stability tests performed revealed the inert nature of the pack. Irritancy test was showed that no irritancy after use. Face packs are generally used to increase the fairness, glow and smoothness of the skin. They are non-toxic, non-allergic and having lesser side effects. Thus in the present work, it was a very good attempt to formulate and evaluate the herbal face pack containing natural herbal ingredients.

Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a tropical and subtropical parasitic infection caused by hookworm infection which inhabit in domestic pets such as cats and dogs. Larva found in infected soil, accidently penetrates the intact skin and causes lesions which are an erythematous, serpiginous, and extremely itchy. The reported case was clinically diagnosed as CLM had multiple lesions without complications and successfully treated with albendazole.

To evaluate the serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) level as a marker of severity of preeclampsia. Antenatal mothers without complications were taken as controls and women with preeclampsia taken as cases. They were evaluated for serum LDH levels. All enrolled women were followed till delivery and their course of pregnancy and fetal outcome were noted. Mean value of LDH in the control group was 395.16+ 92.54IU/L. The LDH level in non severe type of preeclampsia was 566+ 219IU/L and in severe type of preeclampsia was >600 IU/L where it was highly significant (p<0.001). Antenatal complications and neonatal complications were 25% more in severe preeclampsia where serum LDH levels were >800IU/L. The severity of maternal and fetal complications was correlated well with increased LDH levels in preeclampsia.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an important cause of neurological disability. Familial MS is uncommon in India and is seen mostly in the high prevalence countries like United States of America, Canada and New Zealand. In the present paper, two members of the same family were diagnosed as having MS. As the disease is uncommon, there was initial diagnostic difficulty in the first case. The clinical and radiological findings are described with a note on the treatment and follow up.

A simple and precise reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of cefuroxime in human plasma was developed and validated. Using cefazolin as an internal standard (IS), 0.25 ml plasma samples were deproteinized with 90 µl of 3% trichloroacetic acid in methanol, the supernatant was extracted with 150 µl acetonitrile, and 100 µl of the second supernatant were injected into the HPLC system. Separation was achieved on Atlantis dC18 column with a mobile phase composed of 0.01 M cetyltriethylammonium bromide, 0.01 M dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (pH 6.5), and acetonitrile (30:30:40, v:v:v). The mobile phase was spiked with triethylamine (10 µl/L) and delivered at 1.0 ml/minute. The eluent was monitored spectrophotometrically at 278 nm. No interference with cefuroxime and IS peaks by extracted blank plasma components or commonly used drug was observed. The relationship between cefuroxime concentration and peak height ratio of cefuroxime to the IS was linear over the range of 0.25-14.0 μg/ml. Coefficient of variation and bias were ≤ 12.6% and ≤ 11.0%, respectively. Mean extraction recovery of cefuroxime and the IS was 99% and 95%, respectively. The method was applied to assess the stability of cefuroxime under various conditions encountered in the clinical laboratory. Cefuroxime stability in processed samples stored at room temperature for 24 hours or 48 hours at -20 °C, and in unprocessed samples for 24 hours at room temperature or 14 weeks at -20 °C was ≥ 96% and ≥ 83%, respectively.