One of the most common chronic diseases in closely all states is Diabetes Mellitus. The world occurrence of diabetes amongst elderly (20-79) in 2010 was 6.4% distressing 285 million adult and all ages and probable to be increased to 7.7% distressing 439 million adult in 2030. In Pakistan Diabetes Mellitus (DM) the recent occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is 11.77%. The prevalence is advanced between male than females, the occurrence of (DM) Diabetes Mellitus in urban areas are more common than rural areas. (DM) Diabetes Mellitus is a set of diseases categorized by great level of blood glucose causing from faults in insulin excretion, and its action or both. We compared the echogenicity of pancreas with the surrounding organ superior mesenteric artery (fat around (SMA). The size of the pancreas is slightly decreased as compare to the normal individuals. To determine the sonographic differentiation of pancreatic appearance between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals of age 45-55years. A cross sectional comparative study was conducted at Gilani ultrasound clinic Lahore. Total 150 individuals of both diabetic and non-diabetic were included in this study to compare the sonographic appearance of pancreas in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Peoples from the age group of 45-55 years are only included in this study. According to the result Fatty pancreas was seen on ultrasound hyperechoic and the normal pancreas was hypoechoic. The size of the pancreas is slightly decreased in diabetic patients as compare to non-diabetic individuals. Glucose level in diabetic patients was more than normal individuals. The mean age group was 49.9133. Out of 75 patients 43 patient pancreas were seen hyperechoic. The mean of pancreatic head was 22.22mm, pancreatic body was 21.11mm and pancreatic tail was 21.87mm. In our study female were more than male. Highly echogenic pancreas is associated with diabetes mellitus (DM).

Preconception and pregnancy care is important for better pregnancy outcome. Awareness of both male and female is necessary for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in developing country like Nepal. The objective was to find out level of awareness on preconception and pregnancy care among bachelor level students of Dharan. Descriptive design was used for the study. Purposive sampling method was used to select 50 students from each college. Four colleges were selected through simple random sampling from 16 colleges and a total of 200 students who were studying bachelor final year were selected for study. Data were collected by self-administered Semi structured questionnaires. The result shows that 24.5% of total respondents heard about folic acid. Among them 7% were male respondents and 17.5% were female respondents. Majority (89%) of respondents accepts that male’s awareness is important for better pregnancy outcome. Female (mean awareness=55.2) were more aware than male (mean awareness=52.61) respondents on preconception and pregnancy care. Female were more aware on both preconception and pregnancy care. The source of information (media, newspaper) is associated with level of awareness. (p=0.010). Awareness level is related to employment status with higher proportion of employed individuals showing average awareness level (p=0.014). An equal to half (50.5%) of respondents have average awareness level on preconception and pregnancy care. The study concludes female (17.5%) have more good awareness level than male (7%) respondents.

The aim of the study was to of ventricular remodeling in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) I-III functional class (FC). In patients with CHF left ventricular remodeling leads not only to re-structure of left ventricular (LV) which accompanied by dilatation and thinning of the cavity, reducing myocardial contractility, but also to changes of geometric shapes of left ventricular and to diastolic dysfunction of LV with domination of the disturbance of relaxation.

Tea is common drinks in Saudi Arabia, as in the overall world for its desirable aroma, taste and putative positive physiological functions. According to recent estimates by FAO, approximately 5.35 million tons of tea were produced in the year 2013 with a total of 3.52 million ha land area under tea cultivation. Estimates show that approximately 70 % of the total world population consumes tea infusion (i.e., water extract of made tea). Contaminants may vary in the soil, air, or water in which the plants of tea are grown. There is an abundance of literature demonstrating the adverse health effects of various heavy metal and metalloid elements on the human organism. Our objective in this research is determination the trace metals which have directly effect on the human health and pollution of the environment. The samples were randomly collected from the markets and hyper markets in Eastern region, the collected samples of tea powder were stored at room temperature in dry containers for further process. The diluted digests analyzed by using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES). The concentrations of anion groups in the selected samples were high and might affect the health of the consumers of the tea as the result showed; SO4 was ranged between 16 to 35 mg/L, NO3 was ranged between 0.1 to 5.8 mg/L, NO2 was ranged between 0 to 0.012 mg/L, PO4 was ranged between 0.29 to 1.28 mg/L and NH3 was ranged between 0.36 to 0.49 mg/L. The concentrations of nontoxic heavy metals in tea samples also were high e.g., Ca concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 173.31 and minimum concentration was 48.55, Fe concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 49.861 in some of the samples. K concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 158.96 to 101.69, Mg concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 150.24 and minimum concentration was 24.913. About toxic heavy metals in tea samples such as Al concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 47.276 and minimum concentration was 18.925, Cd concentration (gm/kg) the maximum concentration was 0.0339 and minimum concentration was 0, Cr concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 1.9132 and minimum concentration was 0, Pb concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 72.317 and minimum concentration was 0.1185.

Despite the availability of efficacious anti-obesity drugs (AOD), very few doctors are prescribing them to the patients. To assess the anti-obesity drug (AOD) prescription pattern in obese patients. Ninety four obese patients were studied at Department of Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, L N Medical College and research Center Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh from March 2017 to February 2018. Data analysis was done using SPSS ver 20 software. During this study 47% were prescribed metformin, 59% orlistat and 5% both drugs. Orlistat was largely prescribed independently [40 out of 50 prescriptions, 90%) and metforminon specialist recommendation (10 out of 40, 27%). Orlistat was largely prescribed in those over 16 years of age without physical comorbidities. Metformin was initiated for treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome (70%), insulin resistance (25%) and impaired glucose-control (9%). Orlistat was the most common AOD prescribed in obese patients.

Poor response of fungal nail infection to topical treatment with antimycosis is probably related to poor drug permeation into the infected nail. Niosomes are the nano carriers which play an increasingly important role in drug delivery as they can reduce toxicity and modify pharmacokinetics and bio availability. Oxiconazole nitrate is a potent antifungal drug used in the treatment of fungal infections. The aim was to develop Oxiconazole nitrate Noisome using thin film hydration method and optimized for molar quantities of span 60 and cholesterol to impart desirable characteristics. And the formulation was evaluated for entrapment efficiency and invitro drug release. The entrapment efficiency was found in the range of 76.05-94.64%and invitro drug release in the range of 49.03-67.26%. Oxiconazole Nitrate Noisome formulated with span 60 and cholesterol in the ratio of 1.5:0.2 were found to be promising and were incoparated into 1% carbapol gel. The formulated gel was evaluated for various physicochemical parameters and antifungal activity. The invitro drug release study was carried out using phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4 and was found to be 67.95% in 6 hours. Gel formulation containing Noisome loaded with oxiconazole showed prolonged action than the non niosomal form and it can be developed successfully to improve antifungal activity.

The tibia is the strong weight bearing bone of the leg. It has usually a single nutrient foramen. Of late, tibia is gaining importance in determining the stature, sex and race of individuals and in the identification of missing persons. The dry bone specimens were obtained from the department of anatomy of our institution. A total of seven morphometric parameters were obtained for the study. The number of nutrient foramen present and their location were recorded. The cross sectional index, cnemicus index, length-thickness index, and the proximal - distal surface index were arrived from the data obtained. A single nutrient foramen was observed in the study; located in the upper one third of tibia in its posterior surface. The results are presented as descriptive statistics (mean ± SD); and standard errors of estimate (SEE) for right and left tibia and total tibia. The mean differences obtained are not statistically significant. The confidence interval of SD or SEM is less than 1. The two – tailed P value equals less than 1and is not statistically significant. Tibia has a single nutrient foramen in the upper one third of tibia in its posterior surface. The morphometric parameters obtained and the indices derived differed widely among the different studies. The differences may be due delicate variations in the measurements. There is a need for defining the parameters by further studies for the better utilization of morphometry of tibia.

Automated counts are being widely accepted in diagnostic field due to various advantages. Despite the sophistication of present day instruments there is still need to depend on manual techniques for primary calibration especially in case of platelet count. Automated analyzer had pitfalls due to mimickers of platelet like particles which validated the manual count in peripheral smear regarding platelet count by leishman’s stain. A cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital for 3 months. It includes 1200 venous samples with EDTA as the anticoagulant in vacutainers. Among the routine 100 to 120 samples/day, with platelets < 1,00,000 lakhs /cumm of 500 samples were subjected for study. Samples were processed by Symex 5000 autoanalyzer and compared with manual platelet count by leishman’s stain. About 500 samples with platelets < 100,000 lakh/cu.mm were taken for study. In 384/500(76.8 %)haematology analyzed correlated with peripheral smear review. About 116(23%) were not correlating with peripheral smear findings because it revealed RBC’s and large platelets in peripheral smear. Our study concludes there was significant correlation between automated and manual counts. But this was not applicable for very high or low platelet counts.As platelet count estimation is very important element of the diagnostic and treatment disorder.Peripheral smear examination along with automated analyzer valid in case of high or low value platelet counts.

Indicators are used to determine the equivalence point in acid – base titrations (neutralization titrations). They show sharp color change with respect to change in pH. Popularly used indicators for neutralization titrations are synthetic chemicals. They are found to posses hazardous effects in human body. The highly colored pigments obtained from plants are found to exhibit color changes with variation in pH. A study was done to check the indicator action of aqueous extract of flower pigments and compared with that of already existing synthetic indicators. Extraction was done using hot water and a definite volume of extract was added which gave accurate and reliable results for different types of neutralization titrations - strong acid against strong base, strong acid against a weak base, weak acid against strong base and weak acid against weak base. The work proved to be acceptable in introducing flower pigments as a suitable substitute to the synthetic indicators.

Cardiac tumors are massively uncommon disease, only seven instances of primary cardiac tumor ‎found between more than 12,000 dissections. Cardiac tumors are proliferated in the ‎heart or heart valves. Cardiac tumors may be primary (benign or malignant) or metastatic (secondary, malignant). Cardiac tumors may happen in any heart ‎tissue. ‎Primary tumorsstart ‎growing ‎ in the heart, other side the secondary tumors begin in another part of the body and ‎move to the heart (metastasize). Primary tumors influence just one out of ‎‎1,000 to 100,000 individuals. The most widely recognized sort of primary heart tumor is myxoma, the greater part of ‎these are benign‎. In most cases, the tumor develops in the left upper chamber of the heart (left ‎atrium) at the atrial septum, which isolates the two upper chambers of the heart. Successful ‎treatment for ‎benign cardiac‎ tumors is typically proficient by surgery. Primary ‎ ‎sarcomas of ‎the heart are to a great degree uncommon, while ‎secondary cardiac contribution ‎inferable from malignancy is ‎relatively common‎, particularly in the ‎setting of across the board ‎metastatic disease. ‎‎ Malignant ‎primary tumors incorporate pericardial mesothelioma, primary ‎lymphoma and sarcoma. Tumors ‎that metastasize to the heart from different organs happen ‎‎100-to 1000-cases more ‎commonly than ‎primary cardiac tumors. Metastatic spread to the ‎heart has been distinguished in ‎approximately ‎one-fifth of all patients who have metastatic ‎disease with lung carcinoma being ‎the most ‎common primary tumor.‎ Successful treatment for ‎primary malignant‎ tumors ‎ is normally ‎accomplished by ‎ Surgery, notwithstanding, ‎secondary tumors less effective as total resection ‎is ordinarily ‎not ‎possible. Primary cardiac ‎lymphoma might be effectively treated by ‎chemotherapy.

The study undertaken the assessment of awareness and specific knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness of breast cancer and perceived benefits of screening for early detection and treatment of women in a differ community. The study also measured screening behavior among the participants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess and compare the knowledge and perception of Saudi Arabia and Sudanese people towards breast cancer prevention and early detection. In this comparative, cross sectional study, data about breast cancer were obtained from 1000 participants: 500 Saudi volunteers living in the city of Hail, Saudi Arabia and 500 Sudanese volunteers living in Khartoum city. The level of individual's knowledge about breast cancer was assessed, the majority of the study subjects were found with moderate knowledge followed by good, Excellent, poor and no knowledge representing 432(43.3%), 332(33.3%), 116(11.6%), 107(10.7%) and 10(1%), respectively. For Saudi, most of them were found with moderate knowledge followed by excellent, good, none and poor knowledge constituting 66(27.2%), 112(46.2%), 32(13.2%), 29(11.9%) and 3(1.2%), respectively. For Sudanese, most of them were found with moderate knowledge followed by Excellent, good, none and poor knowledge constituting 266(35.2%), 320(42.3%), 84(11.1%), 78(10.3%) and 7(0.9%), respectively. The overall knowledge of the studied population about breast cancer prevention and early detection was relatively low. More community based health education efforts are needed to reduce the burden of breast cancer in both nations.

Implementation of totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs) is associated with several complications that can be divided into early complications and late complications. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the different complications related to TIVADs in a single center in Morocco. Our study is based on a prospective analysis, which took place over a period between September 2015 and March 2016 in oncology department of the Avicenne military hospital in Marrakech, in collaboration with thoracic surgery department and vascular surgery department. 36 patients benefited from the placement of TIVADs, with 18 men and 18 women, with a mean age of 55.5 years (from 22 to 71 years). The type of anesthesia was local anesthesia (LA) in 97% of cases with 3% of cases requiring a slight associated sedation. The preferred route was a percutaneous approach. The surgical approach by surgical dissection of the cephalic vein was used only in 2 patients, in 6% of cases after failure of the percutaneous route. The most used vein in our series was the right subclavian vein (RSCV) in 69% of cases, followed by the left internal jugular vein (LIJV) which presents 14% of patients. All patients received a control x-ray after procedure. 50% of the indications were for breast cancers and digestive cancers. Intervention was difficult in 11% of cases. In our series 3 patients who presented complications: 1 case of pneumothorax (3%), 1 case of thrombophlebitis (3%) and 1 case of costo-clavicular clamp syndrome (3%). Elimination of risk factors such as the choice of a technique, the handling of CCI, the use of echo-guidance, aseptic measures can reduce certain complications and their early and adequate management.

To determine antimycobacterium and dTDP rhamnose inhibitor activity of the synthesized azetidinone, thiazolidinone derivatives of thiazole, we studied different derivatives for the activity. One pot synthesis of 2-amino-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester has been carried out and synthesized different derivative compounds. Compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against different strains of microorganism and antitubercular activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Compounds 7c, 7d, 7i, 8d, 8e, 8g and 8h, were showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhosa using Gentamycin as standard, while 7b, 7e, 7f, 7i, 8b, 8e, 8f and 8i showed very strong antimycobacterial activity using rifampicine as a standard. Thiazole derivatives especially with carbonyl group scaffold inhibit an enzyme RmlC, which is an essential component for the biosynthesis of dTDP-rhamnose and produce good antimycobacterium and antimicrobial activity.

Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder (PAGD) is an uncommon female sexual dysfunction that was first described in 2001. It is a condition that has been under-researched and not fully understood for so many years. Its prevalence is estimated to be between .5% to 6.7%, but it is believed to be under-reported because of the stigmatization of the disorder, as it is characterized by prolonged periods of persistent subjective feelings of genital arousal that are recurrent, intrusive and distressing, which usually subside by masturbation resulting in orgasm. These symptoms are not associated with sexual thoughts or urges, which prompted sex therapists and researchers to change its name from persistent sexual arousal disorder to PGAD. Now that we have a better understanding of its risk factors and pathophysiology, this review article will guide gynecologists, general practitioners and pelvic floor physiotherapists to diagnose, investigate the cause and treat patients with PGAD.

Immune activation has been proved as a significant contributing factor to HIV disease progression. Serum hs-CRP increase and albumin decrease in HIV infected individuals as a response of immune activation through cytokines. In this study we estimated serum hs-CRP and albumin levels and hs- CRP /Albumin ratio in HIV seropositive and control groups. This is a case control study having 40 HIV patients with age, sex matched 40 controls. In our study we observed statistically significant difference in serum hs-CRP, albumin and hs-CRP /Albumin ratio in HIV seropositive compared to control group (p<0.001).This made us to propose that serum hs-CRP , albumin and hs CRP /Albumin ratio can be used as prudent prognostic markers in HIV infection and predictor of mortality.

In an attempt our study was to assess health-related quality of life, anxiety & depression among patients with Rheumatoid arthritis. In this study demonstrates that the Rheumatoid arthritis patients evaluated were more likely to have lower Quality of Life, and high prevalence rates of depression and anxiety, the factors leading to an increased risk of depression among Rheumatoid arthritis patients included being female and older. As depression is the one of the major factor for medication non adherence ,So it could be better if Rheumatoid arthritis patients should be regularly assessed and should be monitored for accompanying anxiety and depression during follow-up, to achieve better therapeutic outcome, and to improve patient Quality of Life. We are taking Out of 50 patients, both men and women. It is a six months observational prospective cohort study conducted at King George Hospital, we have to assess the health-related quality of life in patients with RA along with Anxiety and depression in these who are patients suffering with Rheumatoid arthritis. In the data was collected from the direct patient-reported survey, and we are analysed the data by using the Microsoft excel spread sheet along with, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression HAM-D, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and we are taken informed consent forms and with proper compliance and age greater than 18 years those who are positively diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis.

Pakistan stands among the top five highest tuberculosis burden countries. Emergence of multi drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis limited the spectrum of drugs of choice to treat tuberculosis. Among several, the activation of efflux pumps is one of mechanisms that mediate drug resistance in M. tuberculosis. Here, we tested efflux pump inhibitor verapamil and third line tuberculosis drug linezolid for antimicrobial activity against locally isolated multi drug resistant M. tuberculosis isolates using MGIT 960. M. tuberculosis isolates were collected from two tertiary care hospitals based in Lahore. Out of 100 isolates, 56 % (n=56) were found to be multi drug resistant (MDR). Out of MDR-TB, 5.36% (n=3) were additionally resistant to linezolid and 41.07% (n=17) were resistant to amikacin. One moxifloxacin resistant isolate was identified. In linezolid resistant strains, rplC gene was sequenced where rplC T640C mutation was identified in two of three linezolid resistant strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration of verapamil in 84.5% isolates was 256 μg/ml and the growth of remaining 16.5% isolates was inhibited by verapamil at the concentration of 512 μg/ml. Assessment of synergism between verapamil and other drugs including rifampicin, isoniazid, linezolid, amikacin and moxifloxacin revealed that verapamil at the concentration of 256 μg/ml inhibited the growth of MDR-TB isolates in presence of respective drugs. Our findings suggest that linezolid resistance have started emerging in local isolates. Further studies are required at higher level to identify the exact mechanism.

The study was undertaken to find out the effects of chronic consumption of oxidized palm oil on renal handling of Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3- in Wistar rats. Twenty four male wistar rats weighing 140-160 grams at the begining of the experiment were randomly divided into four groups namely: control, fresh palm oil diet fed (fed 15% w/w fresh palm oil), photoxidized palm oil diet fed (fed 15%w/w photoxidized palm oil), thermoxidized palm oil diet fed ( fed 15% w/w thermoxized palm oil) groups. All four groups received water at libitum. At the end of twelve weeks, urine and blood samples were collected for the analyses of the concentration of Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-. Results showed that Plasma Na+ and Cl- concentrations in the TPO and PPO groups were significantly lower than the control (P<0.001) groups and FPO (P< 0.001 and 0.01 respectively)groups. Their (TPO and PPO) Na+ urine concentrations were however significantly (P<0.001) higher than the control and FPO. K+ plasma levels on the other hand, were significantly higher in the TPO (P<0.001) and PPO (P<0.05 and P< 0.01respectively) groups when compared with the control and FPO; but significantly (P<0.001 and P<0.01)lower in the urine. Plasma HCO3- concentration in the TPO group was significantly (P<0.01) lower than the control, FPO and PPO groups while that of PPO was significantly (P<0.05) lower than FPO. Urine K+ concentration of TPO was significantly(P<0.001) lower that the control and FPO while PPO levels were significantly (P<0.05) lower than the FPO only. In conclusion, chronic consumption of oxidized palm oil causes hyperkalemia, hyponatremia and hypobicarbonatemia.

The major objective of this study was to know about the efficacy of neural and spinal mobilization in patients with cervical radiculopathy and difference between the end results of both techniques. The sample population included participants with cervical radiculopathy, who followed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Simple Random sampling method was used for sample size of 30 participants. Sample design was Experimental Comparative study. This study used assessment forms, Consent forms, Examination couch, Goniometer, Visual Analogue Scale, Neck Disability Index Scale and Hot pack. Two groups were arranged including 15 participants each receiving Hot pack and Manual traction in common but Group A in addition received Butler’s neural mobilization while Group B received Maitland’s spinal mobilization. After the treatment participants were evaluated for their pain profile using VAS, their ROM using the universal Goniometer and neck disability using NDIS. Time Frame for this study and data collection was one year and the source of data was Liaquat National Hospital Physiotherapy Out Patients Department, Karachi, Pakistan. Ethical and human subject’s issues were resolved by consent forms, signed by every single participant. The results indicated that both technique produced a hypoalgesic effect as revealed by improved NDIS and decreased VAS. Both the techniques when compared with each other with respect to post treatment NDIS, VAS and ROM, showed no significance difference (VAS P= 0.222, NDIS P= 0.324, Cervical Ranges > 0.05).The combination of all findings has supported the use of both techniques in C5-C8 cervical radiculopathy.

Traditional medicine is the oldest form of health care system that has stood the test of time. The African continent holds an enormous resource in terms of floral biodiversity and its medicinal plants have remained a main reservoir of phytochemicals for pharmaceutical drug development. Plants used for traditional medicine contain a wide range of substances that can be used to treat chronic as well as acute infectious diseases. In Cameroon, many plant species are used as traditional medicine to treat infectious diseases, and several interesting openings have originated for further inquiry following in vitro antimicrobial activity evaluation. Typhoid fever is a systemic infection transmitted through food and water contaminated with human feces. Its causative agent, Salmonella, is a primary cause of food poisoning worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of methanol fractions of five mixtures of Cameroonian medicinal plants, Enantia chlorantha, Echinacea angustifolia, Acalypha indica, Alchemilla vulgaris, and Vernonia guineensis on strains of Salmonella typhi, thus bringing out the importance of considering Traditional medicine as an important aspect of health care delivery system in Africa. The general objective was to show the efficiency and potency profile with which Enantia chlorantha bark, Echinacea angustifolia plant, A.indica leaves, Alchemilla vulgaris plant, and Vernonia guineensis have on strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhi, first as individual extracts, then as a recipe mixture, thereby demonstrating the possible use of this mixture in the effective treatment of typhoid fever. The specific objectives was: 1) To do a phytochemical screening that will permit the identification of the plants phytochemical components, 2) To prepare individual methanol extracts of each of the plants used in the composition of the typhoid treatment mixture, and use each of these extracts to test for antimicrobial activity on salmonella typhi serotypes, and then test for any antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of the entire mixture of all possible combinations of all the plants and come up with possible results observed. Antibacterial assay shows us that while having antibacterial effect separately, the plants used in our recipe have a much more potent activity when associated together, and we can notice that there is an additive effect. With all the parameters put in place, we, rather than selecting either E24 or E25 as our most potent extract, decided to bring out, as our most potent extract, E30, containing the mixture of all the plant extracts (E. angustifolia, A. vulgaris, A. indica , V. guineensis and A. affinis), in its right proportion, with each plant having a role to play, and with an MBC/MIC value of 0.09.

This research was designed to assess the effects of oral administration of varying doses of ground Nutmeg seed on the histomorphology of the testes and the hormonal profile of thirty adult male albino wister rats weighing between 140 g and 250 g. The rats were divided into six equal groups, namely A,B,C,D,E and F. Group A served as the control and were administered only water and 100 g of rat feed; while groups B,C,D,E and F, the treatment groups, were administered varying doses (1 g, 5 g, 10 g, 15 g and 20 g/kg body weight, respectively) of the ground Nutmeg seed, mixed with 100 g of rat feed, respectively, for 26 days. The weight measurement was done every seven days. The testes were harvested immediately after sacrifice, fixed in 10 % buffered formalin, and was later made to undergo Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining method. Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for serum testosterone analysis. Data were expressed as Mean + standard error of the Mean and subjected to one way analysis of variance. Significance different between mean was assessed by student-New-Man-Keuls post hoc test. 95 % level of significance (P = 0.05) was used for statistical analysis and Microsoft Excel 2010 package was used for graph and error bars. The histopathological results revealed no structural defect on the testes of rats administered 1 g and 5 g of ground nutmeg. There was dose dependent alteration of the histomorphology of the testes of rats given 10 g and above. There was also persistent elevation in serum testosterone level in treatment groups B to F, compared to the control Group A. Hence, consumption of high dose of nutmeg is toxic to the testes.

According to World Health Organization, Mosquito borne diseases are the fast emerging viral diseases in many areas of the world. Mosquito borne diseases affects in the tropical and sub tropical regions in the world (Arunachalam, N., Tana, S., Espino, F., Kittayapong, P., Abeyewickrem, W., Wai, K. T., & Petzold, M. 2010). In Rural area of Lahore Mosquito Born Diseases is a big public health issue because in the developing countries they cause a large scale of morbidity and mortality due to poverty. The aim of this study is to evaluate Knowledge, Attitude, and practices related to improve sanitation conditions of the rural community and prevention from Mosquito Born diseases. A Cross-sectional descriptive research design was used knowledge, Attitude, Practices and prevention of Mosquito Born diseases of 100 people was collected door to door through questionnaire. Age group of participants was 15-50 years old. The respondents about (97%) have awareness about mosquito borne diseases, attitude of respondents was (67%) about the mosquito born diseases and practices of respondent (56%) The knowledge of respondent regarding mosquito borne diseases was found good in spite of good knowledge the respondent have poor implementation.