Mandible is an important and the only movable bone in the craniofacial region. According to the old anatomists, it resembles a u-v shaped blunt bend. The mandible bears teeth, and this horseshoe-shaped/ v- bend bone is attached to many muscles. Understanding anatomy and kinesiology of mandible helps the practitioner/surgeon to choose the best treatment modality and surgical approach.

The aim of the study is to assess the mental health literacy among care providers working in beggar relief and rehabilitation center. The study setting is Bangalore beggar relief and rehabilitation center. Focused group discussion was conducted to identify mental health literacy. Two separate focused group discussion were conducted. One for nurses and one for warders. Eight nurses and eight warders working in the center were selected using purposive sampling technique. The method used to analyze the data is interview transcribing. The Reponses shows that nurses has some knowledge and warders had poor knowledge about causes, commonly seen mental illness, signs and symptoms, treatment, medications and side effects of mental illness. But intense training will help the nurses and warders to improve and affirm their knowledge. The focused group discussion concludes that the mental health literacy among nurses and warders need to be improved to better care the mentally ill inmates of beggar relief and rehabilitation center. The nurses had better knowledge compared to the warders.

This study aimed to determine the quality of Lebanese olive oil by analyzing their chemical composition and their physicochemical characteristics. Olive oil samples were first collected from three different Lebanese areas. Physico-chemical investigation (acidity, peroxide index, specific extinction, total polyphenol content as well as chlorophyll and carotenoid contents) of the samples associated with fatty acid analysis by GC-MS technique and NMR characterization demonstrate the compatibility of samples with the standards of International Olive Oil Council (IOC) norms. However, obtained results showed that olive oil samples exhibited a high oxidation status, revealing the necessity of improving oil extraction procedures as well as its storage conditions. Our results confirmed further that olive crushing; harvesting as well as maturity stages have a great impact on the overall quality of obtained oil.

A study on the contraceptive prevalence amongst married women residing in Bayelsa State was carried out. Its principal objectives was to carry out a random estimate of contraceptive prevalence amongst married women in Bayelsa State, and to determine the contraceptive prevalence, types of contraceptive used and factors affecting the latter amongst women in Bayelsa State. The study was aimed at promoting general public awareness on family planning amongst women in Bayelsa State. A Non-experimental study design on the contraceptive prevalence amongst married women residing in Bayelsa State. A sample random method was employed where only four hundred and ninety eight (498) women within the age range of 15 – 45 years of age were interviewed. Out of the five hundred (500) questionnaires only four hundred and ninety eight (498) were retrieved and used in this study. The highest contraceptive prevalence were between age range of (21-30) (75, 15.7%) highest users based on educational level are Tertiary 142 (28.5%) occupation was business women 99 (19.9%) based on children 1 – 2 surviving children 104 (28.7%). From the result of the research carried out, contraceptive prevalence rate amongst married women in Bayelsa is low when compared to worldwide figure, though higher than the national figure in Nigeria. Education of eligible women on the use of contraceptive should be encouraged.

Recently the normal values of pulmonary test parameters [1], level of hemoglobin [2] and glycated hemoglobin [3-5] in Sudanese have been found to be different from the international reference values. The study aimed to compare the values of serum electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca++) level in Sudanese with the international values. 100 normal healthy adult Sudanese with aged between 18 and 65 years (50 males and 50 females), who were nonsmokers, not Known to be hypertensive or diabetic , have no renal or thyroid problem, living in Khartoum city were included in our study. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire then the levels of Na+, K+ and Ca++ were measured. In the males group the means of Na+ level range was 129-141 mEq\dl, K+ was 3.6- 8.2 mEq\dl while Ca++ had a level range of 7.2- 12.2 mEq \dl. In the females group the means of Na+ level was 134.94 ± 3.86mEq/dl; K+ was 4.34 ± 0.46 mEq/dl while Ca++ had a level of 8.95 ± 0.84 mEq /dl. There are slight difference from the international ranges, yet a further bigger scale study is needed to verify those findings.

This complete-enumeration, before-and-after type of study (without controls), was conducted in April 2018 on 53 First-year MBBS students (24 females: 45.28% and 29 males: 54.72%) at a medical college in Kalwa, Thane, Maharashtra, India. After explaining the purpose of the study to the prospective participants, written informed consent was obtained. Those who did not give written informed consent or those who were absent during either pre- or post-test were excluded. The pre-test, conducted after traditional didactic lectures on respiratory system, comprised 15 questions (2 marks each; total 30 marks). The post-test was conducted after case-based learning, using a questionnaire that was identical to that of the pre-test. The outcome studied was the difference in cognitive domain scores after attending traditional didactic lectures (by a pre-test) and after case-based learning (by a post-test). The difference between the mean pre-test score (14.11 +/- 5.12; 95% CI: 7.13 - 15.49) and post-test score (25.92 +/- 4.63; 95% CI: 24.68 - 27.17) was highly significant (Z=12.455; p<0.0001). In the pre-test, the first quartile score of female students was on par with the third quartile score of their male counterparts while the third quartile score of female students was on par with the maximum score obtained by males. The pre-test result also exhibited higher variability in scores obtained by male students. In the post-test, the overall scores of male students improved and the maximum score and third quartile were identical for students of both genders. In the pre-test, the gender differences in mean scores were statistically significant for 5 out of 15 questions, while the mean scores in the post-test did not exhibit significant gender differences. Extension of this study to other topics in the First-year MBBS course may enable formulation of suitable teaching-learning techniques.

Ultrasonography is a widely used imaging technique that has many clinical applications. The early staging of the metastatic carcinoma is one of these widely uses. FNA and core biopsies have exceedingly replaced the surgical biopsy. The ultrasound-guided biopsy has shown great and more accurate results for breast cancer detection more than the use of one method alone. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of ultrasound-guided biopsy in breast cancer. The procedure was performed on 32consecutive patients that were enrolled at Shaukat Khanum hospital in this Cross-sectional comparative analytical study. Ultrasound-guided core and FNA-guided biopsies were performed for all 32 patients. The accuracy of breast lumps biopsy with ultrasound guidance biopsy was more accurated as compare to non ultrasound. Out of 32 patients 1(3.1%). was diagnosedwith acute inflammation, 16(50.0%). for breast metastatic carcinoma, 2(6.3%). for chronic inflammation, 1(3.1%). for ductal epithelial carcinoma, 1(3.1%). for fibrocystic, 1(3.1%). for the fibroepithelial lesion, 1(3.1%). for lymphocytic yield, 7(21.9%). were normal results and 1(3.1%). for stromal fibrosis. In conclusion, an Ultrasound-guided biopsy is highly accurate, and more effective and feasible method than the ultrasound examination alone and excisional surgery. Recently US-guided biopsy procedure is widely used for the diagnosis of lumps in breast cancer patient.

Toxoplasmosis has been described as the most widespread zoonotic disease of humans and other animals. Although Toxoplasma gondii infection in high school girls has been investigated in many countries, surveys have not been available in high school girls in Yemen. This study was performed to investigate the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with T. gondii infection among high school girls in Ibb city, Yemen. The study was carried out during the period February to December 2016. The sera from 220 volunteer girls were evaluated for T. gondii antibodies (IgM and IgG) using ELISA method. The seropositive rate of T. gondii was 18.2%, and 81.8% of high school girls was seronegative in anti-Toxoplasma IgG, while all cases (100%) were seronegative for IgM. Among the risk factors evaluated, only the presence of cats in home (p = 0.004) was observed as a significant risk factor associated with T. gondii infection. The results of this study may be useful for the design of optimal preventive measures against infection with T. gondii.

Amrutharistam is a vital Ayurvedic formulation used for all kind of fever and rheumatic fever, which is prepared by fermenting the decoction of Tinospora cordifolia containing berberine as one of the active ingredient. Preliminary analysis indicated the presence of berberine being the largest concentration. The HPLC carried out in Lichrospher 100, RP-8e (250*4.6*5) column, mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (70: 30). The determining wavelength was confirmed as 343nm. Five marketed formulations of Amrutharistam A-I, A-II, A-III, A-IV and A-V showed berberine concentration to be 9.63µg/ml, 10.10µg/ml, 10.20µg/ml, 9.64µg/ml and 10µg/ml respectively. The result showed the peak area response is linear within the concentration range of 10-50µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. Recovery studies 50%, 100% and 150% were conducted by standard addition method and found to be 99.804%. The developed and validated method can be effectively applied to the quantitative determination of berberine in Amrutharistam.

Awareness of poor visual acuity that can be treated easily and effectively in the student groups can add positively for their quality of life and quality of their study. A descriptive cross-sectional study done among students aged 14–19 years in secondary schools in Sulaimani city from six secondary schools both male and female are enrolled. To determine the prevalence and pattern of refractive errors in this students group and determine the prevalence of different types of refractive errors which include (Myopia, Hypermetropia & Astigmatism). The total of 848 students aged 14–19 years, were examined. Examination included visual acuity testing by E chart, and refraction was done for those having visual acuity less than 6/6. The refractive errors of the students' eyes were measured using streak self -luminous Retinoscopy and non-Cycloplegic auto-refraction. Out of 848 students, 737 (86.9%) were emmetropic (normal visual acuity) and 111 (13.1%) were ametropic. Of those 111 students, Myopia with myopic astigmatism was the commonest types: 41(36.9%), and 52(46.8%) students respectively. Hypermetropia found in 14(12.6%) students. Anisometropia was found in seven (6.3%) students, represents (0.8%) of the sample. Amblyopia was found in 11(10%) students, of overall sample (1.3%) had Amblyopia. Only one had bilateral Amblyopia. Bilateral vision correction to 6/6 was found in 81(73%) students, (9.6%) of the study sample, Six (5.4%) students (0.7%) had unilateral correction to 6/6, Nine (8.1%) students (1.1%) had bilateral correction to 6/9, and 15(13.50%) students, overall represents (1.8%) of them, their vision was correctable to less than 6/12. Those having glasses earlier were 35(31.50%) students represent (4.1%) of the sample while 76(68.50%) student need glasses. Prevalence of refractive errors was 13.1% of the sample. Simple myopia was the most prevalent refractive errors that corrected to 6/6, While. Amblyopia was more common in hypermetropic. Anisometropia was the least common of the sample.

The Importance of H. pylori as an etiological agent in gastroduodenal disease had suggested antibiotic treatment as a main target for the elimination of infection and to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with gastro-duodenal pathologies and the susceptibility patterns of isolates Consecutive dyspeptic patients for endoscopy were recruited in the study. Gastric biopsies were collected from the patients and H. pylori isolated and identified. The present study a total six antimicrobial agents such as Ciprofloxacin, Metronidazole, Norfloxacin, Tetracyclin, Amoxycillin and Clarithromycin were used In against 100 clinical isolates Antibiotic sus-ceptibility was determined by disk diffusion and agar dilution methods against The resistance pattern, amoxicillin and metronidazole (AMRR METR) was the most common (23.7%) amongst the isolates Ninety two (83.6%) of the 110 patients (mean age 42.5 ± 15.7, range 14–70 years) were positive for H. pylori, The antibiotic susceptibility rates were 61% for tetracycline, 54.3% for clarithromycin, 16.4% for amoxicillin and 1.8% for metronidazole. Antimicrobial susceptibility results also revealed 12 antibiotypes based on resistance to the antimicrobial agents investigated.. More than 60% of the isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance to three or four antibiotics. Studies attributed the high level of resistance to the frequent use of the drugs to treat various other infections, ineffective drug control policy and the current treatment regimen in Bikaner.

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta is an autosomal dominant disorder of dentine affecting primary and permanent dentition. Mutation in dentin sialophospho protein on the long arm of chromosome 4 results in this defective dentin. The clinical appearance of teeth is characteristic showing an amber like translucency and severe attrition. It can also occur in association with osteogenesis Imperfecta, a genetic disorder of type 1 collagen. Here we present a case of Dentinogenesis Imperfecta associated with Type 1 Osteogenesis Imperfecta in a 14-year -old girl.

Nasogastric tube feeding (NGT) is used for those patients who can-not sustain their oral requirements. Poor nursing adherence to evidence-based guidelines has negative consequences leading to higher mortality rates, delayed recovery and longer length of stay. Nurses play an intrinsic role in preventing these infections especially aspiration pneumonia by pursuing standard guidelines. Current study was designed to evaluate nurses’ knowledge and practices of NGT feeding in order to reduce complications. Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study design was proposed. Study population included 70 nurses working in three public sector hospitals in Lahore. Nurse’s knowledge was obtained using a self -structured questionnaire and their practices were recorded by direct observation through a checklist. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20. Data was represented in the forms of figures and tables. By knowledge and practice 60% secured under satisfactory level. Nasogastric tube feeding is a critical practice for seriously sick patients and errors in proper knowledge and skills can lead to serious complications. The present study could identify a high level of gaps in knowledge and skills of applying nasogastric tube feeding procedure. This necessitates the action at training institutions for nurses and on job protocols including monitoring for safety of patients.

Kikuchi-Fujimoto's disease KFD is a rare and benign cause of cervical lymphadenopathy. It is an anatomoclinical entity of unknown etiology. The confirmation of the diagnosis is always provided by histological lymph node study. The clinical picture sometimes evokes lymphoma or tuberculosis. The evolution is generally favorable with spontaneous healing after a few weeks. We report the case of a 26-year-old woman who had consulted for cervical lymphadenopathy associated with fever. The cervical lymph node biopsy concluded to Kikuch-Fujimoto's disease. The evolution was marked by rapid regression of lymphadenopathy under corticosteroid treatment.

A series of novel semicarbazone derivatives (BS1-22) of (2E)-2-[2-(1, 3-benzoxazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1-phenylethylidene] hydrazinecarboxamide have been prepared. The structural conformation of the newly synthesized compounds has been established by elemental analysis, spectral analysis and melting point studies. Compounds BS1, BS3, BS9, BS10, BS11, and BS21 have been subjected to anticonvulsant screening by chemo-shock models. In the series, compounds BS9, BS10, and BS11 showed most potent result while compounds BS1, BS3, and BS21 were showing moderate results than standard drug.

Traumatic carpo-metacarpal dislocations without associated fracture are rare lesions. Untreated, these lesions can lead to joint instability and early joint degeneration. We report 2 cases of dorsal carpo-metacarpal dislocation of the fifth metacarpal in 2 male patients. The age was 28 years and 39 years. On clinical examination both patients had edema and deformity of the dorsal surface of the right hand. The X-ray showed a dorsal carpo-metacarpal dislocation, pure, complete in both patients. The dislocation was successfully treated by closed reduction maintained with two K-wires. Immobilization of the joint was applied for 6 weeks. At 10 months' follow-up evaluation, the 2 patients showed no pain and had had regained their previous level of activity.

Thymomas are among the most common anterior mediastinal tumors that can uncommonly present with respiratory failure. This case – A 62 year old lady who presented with complaints of limb weakness and the development of type II respiratory failure, discusses in detail the problem posed and the workup leading to the diagnosis. Surgery was performed based on the radiological findings. The tumor was completely resected and the diagnosis given as Masoka classification‑Type B2-predominantly cortical thymoma

Laryngeal tuberculosis is an extra pulmonary form of tuberculosis and is found in about 2% of all tuberculosis cases. A retrospective analysis of 31 cases of laryngeal tuberculosis was done in the present study extending for 30 years in three Medical Colleges of West Bengal, India. Out of these 31 cases in the study, 20 patients were male and 11 were female with an M: F Ratio of 1.8:1. The age of the patients ranged from 31 years to 59 years. The highest incidence of 45.2% was observed in the age group of 51 to 60 years, followed by 35.5% in the age group of 41 to 50 years and 19.4% in the age group of 31 to 40 years. All the patients presented with hoarseness of voice and cough was the second common symptom. Out of the 31 patients, 9 patients complained of pain in the throat and seven of those had referred earache also. In majority of the cases, the lesions were limited to the vocal cords, arytenoids, and posterior commissure. False cord was involved in 15 cases and ulcer over the arytenoid was found in 14 cases. Patients with lesions involving only the vocal cords, presented with hoarseness of voice, whereas lesions involving the other areas of the larynx, such as arytenoid and aryepiglottic fold presented with odynophagia. Enlargement of the regional lymph nodes was observed in 5 cases out of the total 31 cases. Most of the cases were found during the first 20 years of the study whereas only 4 cases were found during the last 10 years, which could be attributed to the successful implementation of the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme in India. However, the emergence of multi drug resistant strain of the causative bacillus and tuberculosis-HIV co infection has complicated the scenario at present. On histopathological examination, tubercular granuloma with stromal hyperplasia, large number of phagocytes and giant cells, epitheloid cells, Langhans cells and typical necrosis with caseation were found. Confirmation of the diagnosis utilizing a proper diagnostic algorithm and treatment with specific Anti Tubercular Drugs (ATDs) are most important in the management of laryngeal tuberculosis.

Anacyclus pyrethrum L. root is one among the ingredients of polyherbal formulation frequently employed for the treatment of stress by Ayurvedic practioners. So, the objective of this study was to scientifically validate its use. Animals were administered graded doses of ethanolic extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum root and subjected for anoxia stress tolerance test, swimming endurance test and acetic acid induced writhing test models and its adaptogenic potential was assessed by estimating various parameters. Stressed animals demonstrated altered values of these parameters. Ethanolic extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum root exhibited significant anti-stress activity by restoration of all the altered values. Present findings validate its use in Aurvedic system of medicine.

The gastroretentive drug delivery system is site-specific and allows the drug to remain in the stomach for a prolonged period of time so that it can be released in a controlled manner in the gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of the research work is to formulate and optimize the gastro retensive film (GRF) containing Propranolol hydrochloride in order to prolong the release time and improve the bioavailability. Five basic gastroretensive films were developed by solvent casting method for preliminary trial . The best formulation was subjected for two factor two level design approach. Independent variables selected were concentrations of Eudragit S 100 (X1) and Eudrajit RL 100 (X2) and dependent variables were Folding Endurance (Y1) Tensile strength (Y2) Elongation at break (Y3) and in vitro drug release (Y4). The results of the study indicate optimized formulation (P2) exhibit folding endurance 114, tensile strength 1.3 kg mm2, Elongation at break 22% and in vitro release 46.5 % for 12h. The in vitro release data were well fit into Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas model and followed non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. The gastro retensive formulations can be used in diseases where an extended release of propranolol is required.

The aim of the present investigation was to develop controlled release tablet of Abacavir sulphate using. Azadirachta indica (Neem gum) and comparison with official guar gum (BP). Additionally, physiochemical properties of the gum were evaluated. Totally five batches abacavir containing extended release tablets were designed using neem gum / guargum characterized for preliminary trial. Best formulation was selected for optimization by 22 central composite design. In this Input variable were Neem gum/Guargum (X1) and Microcrystalline cellulose (X2). The output variables were Hardness (Y1) friability (Y2) swelling index (Y3) and in vitro release (Y4). The optimized formulations were subjected for inviro-invivo correlation. The study results revealed optimized batch A2 showed hardness of 5.8 kg / cm2, friability 0.63 %, swelling index 84.3% and in vitro release of 90% over the period of 12 h. A higher similarity between optimized tablets and Abamune tablets (Cipla) was established with similarity factors f2 was 50 .7.pH 6. 8 phosphate buffer. Also the in virtro in vivo correlation coefficient obtain from point –point analysis of optimized tablets was 0.98. The optimized tablets exhibit super case 11 mechanism.

The oropharyngeal aerobic gram-negative bacillary carriage, uncommon in healthy people, is high in patients with head and neck cancer. A marked increase in oral Gram-negative enterobacteria and pseudomonads has particularly been shown during the period of radiation therapy. The aim of the study was to determine whether these bacteria could play a role in the causation of irradiation mucositis. The current study demonstrated that aerobic and facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods and cocci and Gram-positive bacteria showed a marked increase in head and neck–irradiated subjects. There was a weak but non-significant correlation between the bacterial flora and oral mucositis.

Purpose of the study. To study the relationship between the clinical course, hemodynamic parameters and the functional state of the kidneys in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Patients with CHF with progression of the disease have worsened kidney function, clinical course of the disease, accompanied by a decrease in exercise tolerance for SMWT and deterioration in the quality of life, which was most pronounced in patients with renal dysfunction.

Household air pollution (HAP) arising from use of high polluting cooking fuel use remains a global health threat .This study sought to determine the major type of household cooking fuel used by workers ,their level of knowledge of the health effects of use of various categories of house hold cooking fuel, the association between level of knowledge and category of cooking fuel used and the determinants of category of cooking fuel used by respondents A questionnaire based descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 352 staff of the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Nigeria selected by multi-stage sampling technique between July and October,2017. Data was analyzed with STATA version 10. The major cooking fuel used was liquefied petroleum gas, LPG 221(62.8%). A good proportion 222 (63.1%) also used an alternative cooking fuel with kerosene 88 (37.8%) being the commonest. Main reason for choice of major cooking fuel was convenience 100 (28.4%). Most respondents had good knowledge (70.5%) of the effects of cooking fuel on health. Few knew that cooking fuel is associated with low birth weight 98 (27.8%) and cancer of the lungs174 (49.4%). Categories of staff and level of education were significantly associated with level of knowledge of effect of cooking fuel on health (P<0.001 and P=0.01 respectively) .Determinants of category of cooking fuel used by respondents were level of knowledge (P=0.004), education (P= 0.00), category of staff (P=0.002), place of residence (P=0.008), type of house (P=0.000) and main cooking site (P=0.000).LPG was the major cooking fuel used .Level of knowledge of the health effects of cooking fuel was good though areas of knowledge gap existed .Intensive public enlightenment programs is needed to sustain the awareness and address the knowledge gaps. Government policy of abolishing gas flaring will improve access to clean household cooking fuels and enhance its use.