Appendicitis represents one of the most common causes of abdominal pain and is the most common emergent surgical condition of the abdomen. Timely diagnosis and treatment of appendicitis is necessary to reduce the risk of perforation which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Objective of the study is to determine the accuracy of the ultrasonographic examination in cases of appendicitis confirmed with that of surgeon's post-operative findings. A total number of 100 patients (56 men and 44 women) selected by non-probability convenience sampling over a period of 8 months, with the clinical suspicion of appendicitis, were subjected to abdominal ultrasonographic examination. Ultrasound positive cases were subjected to surgery. The accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of appendicitis was compared with clinical diagnosis and post-operative findings. Out of 100 cases that underwent ultrasonography, 74 cases were sonographically positive for appendicitis and 16 cases were negative. The overall specificity of ultrasound was 56.52% and the sensitivity was 96.1% in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis, with PPV, NPV of 88.1% and 81.25. Overall accuracy was 87%. Conclusion: Acute appendicitis is a common indication for emergency abdominal surgery. Ultrasonography is still a useful tool in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in spite of sophisticated investigations like CT abdomen and laparoscopy; thus, reducing the cost of treatment and preventing negative laparotomies.

The article considers various issues related to the peculiarities of using a package of polymers in pharmaceutics. The main types of packaging from polymers for pharmaceutical preparations are analyzed. The main requirements for materials for packaging various drugs are defined. Classification of pharmaceutical preparations by the method of their application and packaging is presented. The classification of pharmaceutical preparations according to the dosage type, the type of treatment, the method of their packaging, and general requirements has been developed. It is shown that the proposed classifications became a prerequisite for the selection of eight basic pharmaceutical preparations types and materials for them. The diagrams of the percentage materials ratio in selected pharmaceutical preparations are constructed. The analysis of the corresponding diagram showed that polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are most widely used. The most widespread use of materials for packaging pharmaceuticals has been analyzed the main polymers properties have been identified, the presence of which is necessary for the manufacture of packaging

A stability indicating method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir and Rilpivirine in pharmaceutical dosage form by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The chromatographic separation was performed using the Kromasil C18 (250mm × 4.6mm, 5µ) column run in an isocratic mode with a flow rate of 1mL/min at ambient temperature. The mobile phase consists of 0.01N Potassium dihydrogen phosphate and Acetonitrile in the ratio 65:35 (v/v/) and detected at the wave length 279nm. The retention times for Emtricitabine, Tenofovir and Rilpivirine were found to be 4.35min, 2.05min and 3.61min respectively. The drugs obeyed Beer’s law in the concentration range of 50µg/mL to 300µg/mL for Emtricitabine, 75µg/mL to 450µg/ml for Tenofovir and 6.25µg/mL to 37.5µg/mL for Rilpivirine respectively. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines for accuracy, precision, specificity, ruggedness, robustness and stability. The standard solution was subjected to stress conditions such as acidic, basic, oxidative, neutral, photolytic and thermal conditions. The net degradation was found to be within the limits

Various substituted ketones (R1-R10) were condensed with Thiophene aldehyde in the presence of ethanol to get various chalcones (P1-P10). Resulted chalcones were then made to react with hydrazine hydrate and hydrazine hydrate derivatives to get the various Pyrazoline compounds (PP1-PP10 and AA1-AA10). The structures of these compounds are established on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral analysis (UV, IR and NMR etc.). The synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. All these compounds were found effective against almost all microorganisms.

This study seeks to investigate the effects of chronic consumption of fresh palm oil (FPO) and thermoxidized palm oil (TPO) diets on indices of haemostasis and related organs. Eighteen male rabbits weighing 750–1000g were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6), namely; Control, FPO fed group and TPO fed group. The control group received normal feed+water, FPO fed group received normal feed mixed with FPO in the ratio 85:15g respectively, while TPO received normal feed and TPO in the ratio 85:15g respectively. The feeding lasted for 6months, after which indices of haemostasis were assessed. Platelet count for TPO group was significantly lower compared with control (p<0.05) and FPO group (p<0.001). Bleeding time in the TPO group was significantly higher (p<0.05, p<0.001) when compared with control and FPO respectively. Clotting time for TPO group was significantly higher (p<0.01) compared with control, but significantly lower (p<0.05) in FPO group compared with control. Prothrombin time for TPO group was significantly higher (p<0.001) compared with FPO group, whereas PT was significantly lower (p<0.05) in FPO group compared with control. Photomicrograph of the liver in the TPO group showed extensive diffuse steatosis and progressive inflammation with hepatocellular necrosis, while the bone marrow in TPO group showed infiltration with adipose tissue and reduction in the number of blood forming cells. Chronic consumption of thermally oxidized palm oil predisposes to thrombocytopenia secondary to infiltration of the bone marrow with adipose tissue and reduction in the number of blood forming cells. It also increases bleeding time, clotting time and prothrombin time and hence may predispose to prolonged haemorrhage.

This study focused on an investigation of solubility and dissolution rate of the drug repaglinide, a practically water-insoluble antidiabetic drug and the purpose of this study was to enhance the dissolution rate by solid dispersion system consisting of drug, excipients and carrier. Solid dispersion formulations were prepared by using the physical mixing and melt Solvent method. Physical mixtures (PMs) of repaglinide and hydrophilic polymer Kollicoat IR, HPMC, Kollidon 90F, Poloxamar 407 and PVK 30 were prepared at 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5 ratios. Melt Solvent method was used to prepare solid dispersion of repaglinide with hydrophilic excipients Kollicoat IR, HPMC, Kollidon 90F, Poloxamar 407 and PVK 30 at 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5 ratios. All formulations were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dissolution tests. Characterization studies revealed that solid dispersion prepared by melt solvent methods showed better dissolution property compared to physical mixing and pure repaglinide due to the conversion into a less crystalline and/or amorphous form. The order of dissolution enhancement was Kollicoat IR > PVK30> Kollidon 90F> Poloxamar 407> HPMC in solid dispersions. In all cases improvement of dissolution was significantly greater in solid dispersions prepared by Melt solvent method than in physical mixtures. The SEM studies influenced that a decreased crystallinity of the solid dispersions revealed that a portion of repaglinide was in an amorphous state. This was because of Kollicoat IR, Kollidon 90F, Poloxamar 407, HPMC and PVK 30 modified the crystallinity that could be considered as an important factor in enhancement of the dissolution rate.

Alopecia actuated by chemotherapy is a much-feared unfavorable impact by numerous ‎chemotherapy protocols. Alopecia induced by chemotherapy is considered the most mental stunning highlights of ‎cancer treatment. A few medicines have been researched as conceivable approaches to anticipate hair ‎loss, however, none has ‎been effective. To date, still no accomplishable approach or treatment for overcoming chemotherapy-‎induced alopecia. Utilizing developed new sub-atomic innovation, spots and featuring in understanding sub-atomic systems of chemotherapy-prompted alopecia has been ‎accomplished utilizing rat models. Numerous systems can clarify the pathobiology of the ‎response of human hair follicle to chemotherapy albeit some to a great extent stays obscure. ‎In this article, we audit pathobiology of chemotherapy-initiated alopecia ‎, we concentrate on the ‎roles of p53, CDK2 and its objective qualities that are vital in interceding reactions of hair ‎follicle cells. ‎We expect that nearby pharmacological hindrance of p53 and CDK2 activity may fill in as an ‎effective treatment to avert chemotherapy-incited balding. Adequate pharmacological ‎inhibition of chemotherapy-induced male pattern baldness may require a blend of inhibitors to ‎block correlative or excess pathways of apoptosis in hair follicles. Estimation ‎chemotherapy instigated alopecia is vital and the related subject we open to it in this ‎review. Moreover, in this review, we will clarify the biomolecular link between the degeneration of ‎hair follicle induced by chemotherapy and the mechanism of propranolol in controlling P53 and CDK2 as protection ‎from alopecia induce by chemotherapy

The aim and objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate the Flurbiprofen emulgel as a topical drug delivery which is a novel and advantageous delivery system forhydrophobic drugs to systemic circulation via skin. Flurbiprofen is a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) used to treat Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Emulgel is one of the most interesting topical delivery system. In spite of many advantages of gels a major limitation is to deliver the hydrophobic drugs. Emulgel is used topically because of its characteristic dual control release (i.e.) emulsion as well as gel it demonstrates better drug release as compared to other topical drug delivery systemdue to excess of oil bases and lack of insoluble excipients. In present work Flurbiprofen emulsion was prepared by using liquid paraffin and white soft paraffin as an oil phase prepared emulsion was gelled with different concentrations of Carbopol 974p. All 6 formulations were evaluated for Homogenicity, Extrudability, pH, Viscosity, Spreadability, swelling index, drug content determination &Invitro dissolution test out of 6 formulation F4 is optimized based on the results and optimized formulation is good at stability conditions.

Various plant actives have been reported for their therapeutic potential in obesity so far and plant polysaccharides are one of them. Naturally occurring non-starch polysaccharides are widely known for their anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic and anticancer activities as well in various in vitro and in vivo test systems. This paper focuses on one such crude polysaccharide fraction isolated from the leaves of the plant Vitex negundo which was tested for its anti-obesity activity in male db/db mice at 50 mg/Kg dose via both subcutaneous and per oral route of administration for 7 days. The activity via both the routes was compared with pair-fed and normal control animals for various parameters such as daily food intake, body weight, fasting serum glucose, insulin and triglyceride levels as well as changes in glucose levels during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Obtained results demonstrate a significant reduction in food intake, body weight and fasting glucose levels in crude polysaccharide treated animals which are suggestive of its anti-obese activity. Further, a remarkable increase in fasting insulin and a significant decrease in glucose intolerance in crude polysaccharide treated animals was also observed, which indicate its anti-diabetic activity. Thus, this study primarily establishes a positive role of the crude polysaccharide from V. negundo leaves in treatment of both obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Gastrointestinal system is predominantly supplied by the serotonin. Serotonin has both central & peripheral actions. The SSRls increases the release of serotonin in the synapse by inhibiting the transporter, which results in excessive nausea & vomiting initially. We carried out this study to determine the effects of SSRIs on intestinal motility. Power lab (USA) was used for recording the contractions of ileal smooth muscle of rabbit. The percent responses of serotonin, fluoxetine, paroxetine and citalopram were 100, 15.48, 7.45, and 6.75 percent correspondingly indicating that serotonin has a greater impact on intestinal motility as compared to SSRIs. Failure of SSRIs (fluoxetine, paroxetine and citalopram) to augment the serotonergic transmission in vitro causes a decline in its qualitative response. Fluoxetine causes the minimal effect on intestinal activity amongst its fellow drug & therefore can be prescribed safely in patients of depression with abnormal motility

The present paper described about the development and validation of three different simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate and economical UV Spectrophotometric methods. The developed methods were used for the quantitative estimation of famciclovir in bulk drug and its pharmaceutical dosage form. UV 1800 double beam UV Visible Spectrophotometer with a pair of 10mm path length matched quartz cells were used for the study. Method A (Borate buffer pH9), Method B (0.1N NaOH) Method C (Phosphate buffer pH4) and Method D (Phosphate buffer pH 7) were developed for estimation of famciclovir by zero-order and first-order derivative. Beer’s law is valid in the concentration range of 10-80 μg/mL and 10-90 μg/mL respectively and the correlation coefficient was found to be 0.999. The percentage recoveries were found to be 98-102%. The relative standard deviation was found to be <2%. LOD&LOQ were estimated. The statistical analysis proves that the methods are reproducible and selective for the routine analysis of famciclovir in bulk and its pharmaceutical dosage form

Stability Indicating UV-spectrophotometric analytical method validation for the estimation of Quetiapine fumarate have already been reported, but no studies reported so far include the application of Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) concept to the development of a comprehensive analytical UV-method for the analysis of model drug (Quetiapine fumatrate). In the present work, a simple, economic and sensitive UV spectrophotometric method has been developed using AQbD approach for the quantitative estimation of Quetiapine fumarate in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms i.e. tablets. The estimation of drug was done at 242 nm in simulated nasal fluid (SNF) using UV-Visible double beam spectrophotometer. In the developed method, linearity over the concentration range of 4-24μg/ml of QP was observed and was found in agreement of Beer’s law. The linear regression was found to be 0.999. The results of analysis have been validated statistically and recovery studies confirmed the accuracy of the proposed method. The precision (intra-day & inter-day) of method was found within limits (RSD < 2%). The sensitivity of the method was assessed by determining limit of detection and limit of quantification. The method was found to be repeatable as well as robust. The percentage of QP in the marketed formulation (Qutipin-100) was observed to be 99.46%. It could be concluded from the results obtained in the present investigation that the method for estimation of Quetiapine fumarate in pure form and in pharmaceutical dosage form is simple, rapid, accurate, precise and economical and can be used, successfully, in the quality control of pharmaceutical formulations and other routine laboratory analysis

The aim of this study was to formulate a novel non-effervescent gastro-floating drug delivery system of metronidazole using non-effervescent (sublimation and sintering) technique. Granules were prepared by wet granulation technique using varying concentration of Grewia mollis gum; 2,4,6,8% w/w admixed with 1%w/w acrylate methacrylate copolymer (Eudragit® RL100) and extra 2%w/w batch without the addition of Eudragit® RL100. Ammonium bicarbonate (30%w/w) was used as the sublimating agent. The granules were characterized for micromeritic properties. Thereafter, the granules were compressed at 30 units on the arbitrary scale load of a single punch tableting machine and the physicotechnical properties were determined. The metronidazole tablet was then sintered at 70oC for 12 h. Drug-excipient compatibility study was done using Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR). All granules were free flowing and compressible. The metronidazole tablets had no floating lag time showing that tablets floated instantaneously. The in vitro buoyancy test of metronidazole tablet formulated using varying concentrations of Grewia mollis gum and Eudragit® RL100 was > 12 hr. The % maximum release (m∞) and time to achieve it i.e. (t∞) for metronidazole tablets were ≥88% and≥10 h respectively. FTIR studies showed that the excipients and the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) i.e. metronidazole were compatible. Grewia mollis gum has been investigated in the formulation of gastroretentive floating matrix tablet of metronidazole using sublimation and sintering technique (Non-effervescent method) which may find useful application in sustained release drug delivery particularly for drugs with short biological half-life that require frequent administration.

Epidermoid cysts of the floor of the mouth are rare lesions thought to be caused by entrapment of epithelial remnants during embryonic fusion. We present the case of large epidermoid cyst with an oral and a submental component in a 71-year-old male who presented with complaints of a mass in the oral cavity and difficulty in chewing and swallowing solid foods for about 2 years. C.T. Scan shows a 110x55x70mm well-circumscribed cystic mass extending from the sublingual area to the mylohyoid muscle. Extra oral approach was used as the tumor was bulky, whole cyst was removed in toto. We are presenting this case because of the giant size of the cyst and the dilemma in surgical approach to the cyst.

Meloxicam is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and having multiple pharmacological activities have been reported. In the present article involve the development of chitosan nanoparticles of meloxicam and have been subjected to stability test at various pH, drug release study, in vivo pharmacokinetics in wistar rats, and investigated the decreasing the growth of colon cancer cells. Chitosan nanoparticles of meloxicam such as F1 and F2 have shown anticancer activity against HT29 cell lines. Furthermore,. The nanoparticles were in the size range between 170 nm and 220 nm. The oral absorption of nanoparticles were quite higher than the meloxicam alone. Therefore the prepared nanoparticles formulations were showed better activity than meloxicam alone

To analyze the aerobic bacteria isolated from endotracheal secretions of ventilated patients and to evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity pattern and Multi drug resistance of those isolates, present study was conducted in M.D.M. Hospital, Dr. S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur, and Rajasthan, India. Endotracheal secretions received during the study period from Jan 2016 to April 2016 were processed and all the pathogenic isolates were identified as per the standard guideline. Antibiotic sensitivity was performed for the identified pathogens according to CLSI standards. Clinical condition of the ventilated and tracheotomised patients was recorded. A total of 160 Endotracheal isolates was processed and 114(71.25) of the aspirates was showing growth. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Klebsiella sp.(37.7%), Pseudomonas(18.4%), Esch. coli(15.7) and Acinetobacter sp.(10.5%) followed by Citrobactor sp., Staph. aureus, Proteus sp.. All the organisms more or less showed both sensitive and resistance pattern but Acinetobacter sp was resistant to all the antibiotics except the antibiotic imepenem and ciprofloxacin. This study presents the most common microorganisms colonized and their antibiotic resistance pattern. The variability of flora and the potential need to adjust antibiotic coverage based on culture data suggest that surveillance tracheal aspirates are important during exacerbations

Mucilage can be extracted from various plants and microorganisms. It is said to be a Polar glycoprotein and exo polysaccharide. In this article we compare different isolation techniques of mucilage and compare their characteristics such as their physical nature, solubility, chemical properties, Total Ash percentage, percentage yield etc. Isolation of mucilage techniques vary from one another with accordance to the presence of mucilage in different parts of a plant such as stem, leaves, fruit, seed etc. After detailed study of these different types of mucilage of various families we could identify that all types of mucilage had presence of carbohydrates in it and all gave positive results to Molisch tests and ruthenium red test. The pH range of all these types of mucilage was found to be in the range of 6.2-6.6.All the types of mucilage have a characteristic odor. All the types of mucilage extracted from the selected plants are edible and also can be utilized as a glue. By detailed study of these plants from various families we can conclude that there are similarities among them with regard to their mucilage and the mucilage extracted from each and every plant has a characteristic utility in pharmaceutical area as it can be used as thickening, binding, disintegrating, suspending, emulsifying, stabilizing and gelling agents. They have also been used as matrices for sustained and controlled release of drugs

A simple, rapid, specific, stability indicating method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Abacavir sulfate, Lamivudine and Dolutegravir sodium in pharmaceutical dosage form using RP-HPLC. The chromatographic separation was done using BDS column of dimensions 250mm x 4.6mm, 5m particle size with mobile phase consisting of potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio 45:55%v/v run on an isocratic mode of flow rate 1.0ml/min. The column oven temperature was maintained at 30ºC. The detection was done at a wavelength of 240nm. The developed method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines, evaluating accuracy, precision, ruggedness, robustness, LOD, LOQ, stability parameters and found to be within the limits. The method obeys Beer’s law in the concentration range of 150mg/ml – 900mg/ml for Abacavir, 75mg/ml – 450mg/ml for Lamivudine and 12.5mg/ml – 75mg/ml for Dolutegravir with correlation coefficients of 0.9999, 0.9996 and 0.9999 for the three drugs respectively. Forced degradation studies were conducted by exposing the standard drug solution to the various stressed conditions such as acidic, basic, oxidative, thermal, neutral and photolytic conditions. The net degradation for the drugs was found to be within the limits

Modifiable lifestyle breast cancer risk factors can be actively influence by women in order to reduce or increase their breast cancer risk, which strongly depend on individual’s knowledge. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the level of knowledge and awareness towards the association between breast cancer and life style modifications in Northern Saudi Arabia. This is a cross sectional survey included 559 Saudi volunteers living in the city of Hail, Northern Saudi Arabia. Knowledge and awareness towards modifiable lifestyle factors and breast cancer risk was evaluated using different variables during interview. Out of 559 study subjects only 14.5% were found to know that there are some dietary types, which can reduces the risk of breast cancer and the remaining 85.5% ignore that. About 37.4% indicated that they knew body weight is a risk factor for breast cancer. The level of knowledge and awareness toward breast cancer and lifestyle related risk factors are very poor in Northern Saudi Arabia

Safe administration of parenteral medication is very important for the quality care of patient and it is very important for the cure of disease and promoting client health. Every individual nurse should know about the importance of safe administration of parenteral medication and should have enough knowledge to perform safe practice. To assess the knowledge of nurses regarding safe administration of medication. A cross sectional descriptive study design was used in this research project for assessing the knowledge of nurses about safe administration of parenteral medication, the sample size was 200 nurses which are selected from Punjab institute of cardiology randomly and the data was collected from the participants through self-administered questionnaire. It is reveled from the study that 99.5% of the participants was female while only 0.5% are male, 47% of the participants were belong to age group 35-45 years of age and 56% of the nurses were strongly agree to the safe administration of parenteral medication. Study participants have enough knowledge regarding the safe administration of parenteral medicine