The purpose of present research work was to fabricate patient friendly, immediate release oral film of ondansetron hydrochloride using hydrophilic excipients. The film was prepared by solvent casting method. Hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone k30 along with different plasticizers (peg 400 and pg) were scrutinized for film formulation. The auxiliary excipients used were sodium saccharin and sodium lauryl sulphate. The final selection was done with hydroxyethyl cellulose as a film former and peg 400 as a plasticizer for the film. The drug loaded films of hydroxyethyl cellulose were evaluated for thickness, uniformity in drug content, folding endurance, disintegration time, in-vitro drug release studies, tensile strength and drug-excipient compatibility studies. Taste masking was done by novel sandwich technology (placing the ondansetron hydrochloride film between two listerine pocket pack films). This approach can be used as platform technology for other formulations also. Optimization of film was done by 32 factorial design taking amount of hydroxyethyl cellulose and sodium lauryl sulphate as independent variables, while disintegration time (dt), % cumulative drug release and folding endurance as response variables. Polynomial equations were derived. The validity of equations was checked by preparing check point batches. Response surface plots were constructed using design expert software. This exercise facilitates bio batch selection. Better predictive ability was achieved, when artificial neural network (ann) was used in place of regression analysis. Batch of3 containing hydroxyethyl cellulose showed disintegration time of 16 sec and 94.35 % drug release in 8 minutes.

This complete-enumeration, before-and-after study (without controls), was conducted on third-year medical students in Maharashtra, India. Traditional didactic lectures were delivered on eight non-communicable diseases/conditions mentioned in the University syllabus for the subject of Community Medicine. The pre-test, conducted after the traditional didactic lectures, comprised eight questions pertaining to these eight topics. For case-based learning, participating students (n=61) were randomly assigned, using lottery method, to two sub-groups comprising 30 and 31 students, respectively, to enable small-group discussion. The students in each sub-group were similarly exposed to case scenarios on all eight non-communicable diseases/conditions and the same facilitators jointly guided the discussion. An identical questionnaire was used for the pre- and post-tests. The scores from students in the two sub-groups were combined for analysing results of the pre- and post-tests. The outcome studied was the difference in cognitive domain scores after attending traditional didactic lectures (by pre-test) and case-based learning (by post-test). The mean correct scores (out of 80) in the post-test (51.61 ± 7.42) were significantly higher (Z=10.088; p<0.0001) than that in the pre-test (40.61 ± 4.18). Gender difference was statistically significant for questions on obesity (Z=2.622; p=0.0088) and blindness (Z=2.017; p=0.0434) in the pre-test, but there was no significant gender difference in the post-test scores. Though case-based learning significantly increased the cognitive domain scores in all eight topics, additional educational interventions would be required for some students who obtained low scores in the post-test

Managing abdominal wall tumors with high risk of relapse usually requires large excisions. It is the case of sarcomas, desmoid fibromatosis and abdominal wall metastases. The repair of large full-thickness defects of the abdominal wall usually needs the combination of a prosthetic material as a replacement of the deep layer and a reliable flap to cover the prosthetic material. Depending on the local condition of the surgical site and the size of the defect, the use of a free flap might become necessary. The authors report the case of a 55 year-old patient who underwent surgery for a relapsing sarcoma of the anterior abdominal wall. A two-stage reconstruction of the abdominal wall defect was performed using a free transfer of a myocutaneous Latissimus Dorsi flap. The first stage of reconstruction took place before the excision was performed. The free flap was then folded in the fashion of an “apple turnover” waiting for the second stage to take place, so the excision of the tumor and the final covering could be performed at the same surgical time. Microsurgical transfers imply potential peroperative and postoperative risks, especially the risk of vascular thrombosis. The authors discuss the two-stage surgical transfer of the myocutaneous Latissimus Dorsi free flap, its technique, its advantages and its disadvantages

The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male reproductive system, and exists directly under the bladder, in front of the rectum with approximately the size of a walnut. Male hormones affect the growth of the prostate, and also how much prostate specific antigen the prostate produces. Medications aimed at altering male hormone levels may affect prostate specific antigen blood levels. The tumor is graded with one of the most accurate ways of determining the aggressiveness of prostate cancer by the Gleason Scale. Factors like race, family history and life style influence the risk of the occurrence of the disease. Because of the slow progression of the disease, symptoms are rarely seen. However, the choice of treatment strategy is dependent on many factors, like patient preference, and quality of life aspects. It is expected that within a near future, the focal treatment approaches like surgery, radiation therapy, hormonal, and chemotherapy would be much more developed without minimal side effects. And most importantly, proper dietary management may keep away a person from prostate cancer risk

Silymarin, a flavonolignan contain phenolic and flavanoid component from Silybum marianum plant, is used for the strengthening against various liver conditions in both experimental models and clinical settings. Silybum marianum (milk thistle) has been used for centuries as an herbal medicine for the treatment of liver disease. Its use for various liver disorders due to drug as well as environmental factors. Silybum marianum contains silymarin, which is composed of the flavanolignans silybin, silydianin, and silychristine, with silybin being the most biologically active. Number of studies has established the cancer chemo preventive role of silymarin in both in vitro and in vivo models. Silymarin modulates imbalance between cell survival and apoptosis through intervention with the expressions of cell cycle regulators and proteins involved in apoptosis. Silymarin was found to be effective in the illness of organs like brain, prostate, lungs, heart, kidneys, pancreas and others. Silymarin act mainly by its antioxidative and free radical-scavenging properties, recently new molecular mechanisms based on the specific receptor interaction were discovered – e.g., modulation and inhibition of drug transporters, estrogenic receptors, P-glycoprotein, nuclear receptors and some others

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent degenerative joint disease and the most important reason of the physical disability in the elderly population. Along with the fact that OA pathogenesis is not fully known, it is highlighted in the recent studies that oxidative stress is an important factor in OA progression. OA treatment comprises attenuation of pain, maintenance of functional capacity, and development of life quality. Tai Chi Chuan, also known as Tai Chi, is a traditional Chinese martial art and exercise. In recent studies, it has been reported that Tai Chi, as an alternative therapy, can alleviate the symptoms of OA and be effective against oxidative stress.

Chondroid syringoma is a rare benign skin tumor that is mainly located on the face and neck. It is characterized by a high risk of recurrence, hence the interest of complete excision and prolonged surveillance. A 42-year-old patient presenting with a subcutaneous benign eyebrow tumor, 8mm in diameter. After the enucleation of the tumor, the anatomo-pathological examination objectified a chondroid syringoma. No recurrence after a decline of 3 years. Chondroid syringoma is a rare tumor of the sweat glands, located mainly at the level of the face and the neck, the treatment is based on a complete exeresis of the tumor. The knowledge of this pathology is important because the possibility of recurrence or malignant transformation exists, hence the interest of a prolonged surveillance

The parotid gland lipomas are rare; they are located mainly in the superficial lobe. We report 3 cases of parotid lipomas whose diagnosis was suspected by tomodensitometry and confirmed by histology. Treatment was a superficial parotidectomy for two patients and enucleation for one patient. Parotid lipomas are located mainly in the superficial lobe. The diagnosis is based on imaging, but only histology can confirm. The treatment of superficial lipomas is based on superficial lobe parotidectomy but sometimes enucleation could be enough. In all cases, the recurrence rate is very low

Consanguinity constitutes one of the major health problems worldwide, in which consanguineous marriages are associated with an increased risk for congenital malformations and autosomal recessive diseases. Although the advancement in modern biomedicine and forensic laboratories techniques continue to guide scientists to move forward to unravel many life sciences secrets, it is still ambiguous to investigate the full picture of milk kinship and its related consanguinity. Theoretically, it is possible to see such consanguinity developed from early sufficient breast-milk feeding. Thus, scientists should cooperate to investigate the problem practically to find a proper solution. This review article focuses on the alleged consanguinity that evolves from milk breastfeeding or beyond through wet nursing or milk formula feeding. Additionally, this article proposes the idea of removing milk genetic components to establish a new safe genetically free formula as a promising solution

In present study an attempt was made to prepare microballoons of Telmisartan by emulsion solvent diffusion technique for sustained delivery by using polymers like Ethyl cellulose to extend the drug release for about 12 hours in the upper GIT, which may result in enhanced absorption and there by improved bioavailability. Formulation optimization of Telmisartan loaded microballoons was carried out by using different concentration of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Ethyl cellulose. Total 9 batches were formulated. All 9 batches were evaluated for entrapment efficiency (EE) and buoyancy. Among all batches DP4 shows maximum entrapment efficiency (EE) and buoyancy and was considered as optimized formulation. DP4 batch was further used for process optimization. The process optimization was carried out at three different stirring speeds i.e. 1300, 1500 and 1700 rpm for three different stirring time period i.e. 1hr, 2hr and 3 hr and another 9 batches were formulated. Out of all the batches DP13 showed the spherical shape of microballoons without formation of flakes. Optimized batch DP13 was evaluated for Zeta Potential, Particle Size Distribution which show -41.8mV and 1.344 µm particle size, SEM, XRD Analysis. Batch DP13 was charged for stability and were placed in glass vials container and stored at ICH storage condition (2°C - 4°C Refrigeration condition , 30 ± 2°C / 60% ± 5% RH , 40 ± 2°C / 75% ± 5% RH ) for a period of 30 days. The samples were analyzed for physical appearance, buoyancy and for the drug release after 30 days. After 1 months samples were withdrawn and microballoons showed no change in physical appearances, buoyancy and drug release, which indicate that the microballoons were stable.

Cesarean section is a life-saving procedure that saves the life of mother and fetus. World Health organization has recommended a threshold rate of 15% caesarean section. It is a major healthcare issues now in all over the world and rising cesarean delivery rate higher than the optimal both in developed and developing countries. The main objective of this study is to assess the trends and magnitude of cesarean section. The study was carried out in one of the regional hospital in Western Nepal. It was the hospital based retrospective review that used the three years record information from data registry of maternity, gynae, operation theater, NICU of regional hospital. The prepared retrospective guidelines were used to collect the demographic, obstetrics and outcome variables of the study. The study analyzed the three years retrospective review of fiscal year 2070 – 2073. The overall magnitude of the cesarean section was 24.25%. The rate of Cesarean section was 23.91, 26.51 and 22.78 percent in the fiscal year 2070/71, 2071/71 and 2072/73 respectively. The study concludes that cesarean section rate was higher than WHO recommendation of particular regional hospital of Western Nepal. The trends of cesarean section seem rising in the year by Year

The present study was aimed to evaluate in vitro anti-arthritic activity of methanolic leaf extract of Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.)Alston. Materials and Methods: The anti-arthritic activity of the leaf extract was evaluated by the in- vitro studies viz. effect on membrane stabilization, protein denaturation and proteinase inhibitory activity

The use of medicinal plants in human and animal health care systems is well documented in ancient literature. However, excessive consumption of these plants could cause damage to some body tissues as well as impair their functions. There is dearth of information on the medicinal use of Costus lucanusianus in males hence this study was designed to investigate the effect of methanolic leaf extract of C. lucanusianus (MLECL) on male reproductive parameters using albino rats as model. Twenty animals were divided into four groups. Group A (Control) received 0.5ml/kg of 20% Tween 80 (vehicle), Group B (100 mg/kg of MLECL), Group C (200 mg/kg of MLECL), Group D (300 mg/kg of MLECL) by oral gavage daily for 28 days. Thereafter, Animals were anaesthetized and testes collected, homogenized and used for determination of sperm characteristics. Blood was collected for hormonal assay (testosterone) using ELISA. Histopathological study of the testes and epididymides were conducted. Methanolic leaf extract of C. lucanusianus has no significant (p>0.05) effect on sperm cell count and characteristics relative to the control, although the percentage of the sluggishly motile sperm cells increased in a dose dependent manner. No abnormality was observed in the testicular and epididymal sections of rats in the treated groups except the thickened interstitial spaces of testicular sections of rats treated with 200 and 300 mg/kg MLECL. It is therefore concluded that Costus lucanusianus methanolic leaf extracts have no deleterious effect on male reproductive parameters and can be considered relatively safe in male fertility

Major challenge in ophthalmic drug delivery system is to locate the drug in precorneal site for some time as the applied dose has been washed out quickly in the lachrymal drainage. As well as it has been always a challenge in the drug delivery to formulate poorly soluble compound as conventional ophthalmic delivery like eye drops. Hence the purpose of the present study is to formulate ophthalmic in-situ nanoemulgels which are generally liquids at room temperature but exhibit sol‐to‐gel phase transition on the ocular surface due to change in specific physicochemical parameter like ionic strength, pH or temperature. The formulation was so designed to prolong the precorneal resident time thereby getting sustained delivery of drug and to improve bioavailability of poorly soluble model drug of curcumin by distributing it in nano globules of dispersed system. Different parameters of fabricated nanoemulgel like gelling capacity, gelation temperature, droplet size analysis, stability study, and refractive index, viscosity, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and drug release profile are evaluated. The physico-chemical evaluation reveals good rheological properties with instantaneous gelling capacity. Fourier Transform Infrared analysis (FTIR) study showed absence of incompatibility between the drug and polymer. The globular size found in nanometer range (below 200nm) and uniformity in size distribution (ploydispersity index 0.215-0.53) is studied by Malvern Zetasizer. Accelerated stability analysis ascertained the stability of formulation after storing at 40°C ± 2°C/75% RH ± 5% RH for 3 months. The drug release study of the formulations revealed sustained release of drug for the study period of 5 hours ranging from 31.87±2.12 to 61.77%±1.27. The developed thermosensitive nanoemulgel formulation is an effective ophthalmic delivery for getting sustained action of poorly soluble compound like curcumin

Blood transfusion system is a basic necessity of health care delivery system. As off now more than 700 antigens and about 30 blood group systems have been identified. ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood group systems are most important tool for blood transfusion, parental testing, legal medicine and in population genetic study. It is immensely important to identify the working pattern of a blood bank of rural West Bengal as it will facilitate to generate appropriate policies for better service. The main objective of the study is to determine age and sex wise frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh blood group pattern among blood donors and working pattern of newly developed blood bank and compare with other data from similar studies. Retrospective study was conducted at Blood bank of Khatra Sub-divisional Hospital, West Bengal over a period of one year. Blood group of the donors was determined by standard monoclonal antisera test by tube agglutination technique. Out of 1802 blood donors, 88.62% were male and 11.38% were female. 63 donors were deferred due to hypertension and diabetes. The commonest blood group observed was O+Ve followed by B+Ve and the rare one was AB-Ve. The study had a significant implication regarding the inventory management of blood bank and transfusion services for the patient admitted in the sub-divisional hospital of rural West Bengal and also necessary for the health planners while making efforts to face the future health challenges in this region

Obesity is highly prevalent among patients with schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder and is more common in persons with these conditions than in the general population. Excess weight is a major risk factor for impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension, and the clustering of obesity with these abnormalities in the metabolic syndrome correlates strongly with increased risk of coronary heart disease and premature death in all ethnic groups and regions of the world. Treatment with atypical, second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), particularly clozapine, olanzapine, and quetiapine, are known to promote weight gain, may lead to metabolic syndrome. A descriptive, retrospective study was conducted at the mental health clinic in the Teaching Hospital Batticaloa (THB), SriLanka. Two-thirds of the population 29(63.1%) were found to be overweight 21(45.7%) and obese 8(17.4%).However, one-fourth of the population 12(26.1%) were under normal body mass index(BMI). Patients with mental illness, regardless of age or type of antipsychotic medication in use, were found to be at increased risk for many physical disturbances, including weight gain, dyslipidemia, and increased risk for coronary heart disease; and may benefit from clinical evaluation and adequate treatment, as recommended by international protocols.

A simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the estimation of Gefitinib in pure and pharmaceutical dosage form. Gefitinib exhibits maximum fluorescence intensity in ethanol and Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 1-3.5 µg/mL at an excitation wavelength (λex) of 280 nm and an emission wavelength (λem) of 512 nm. Stability studies with respect to time and temperature were also carried out. The results obtained were in good agreement with the labeled amounts of the marketed formulations. This method has been statistically evaluated and found to be accurate and precise

Melkersson Rosenthal Syndrome (SMR) is a rare orofacial granulomatosis of controversial etiology. It combines recurrent facial palsy, upper labial edema and a plicated tongue. Through a case of SMR we recall the clinical and therapeutic peculiarities of this pathology. 36-year-old patient, who presented in our consultation for labial and gingival edema of progressive worsening, evolving by outbreaks for five years. The interrogation reveals in the antecedents the notion of transient facial paralysis. Examination shows prominent lip edema in the upper lip, edema and superior gingival hypertrophy and a plicate tongue. The diagnosis of SMR was retained. Patient was put on prolonged corticosteroid treatment in degressive dose, which led to a clear clinical improvement with disappearance of the edema not recidivism after a decline of nine months. The SMR is an orofacial granulomatosis manifested by a symptomatic triad: recurrent paralysis or facial paresis, macrochelitis and a plicate tongue. This triad is rarely complete, and some minor signs can be observed. The diagnosis is mostly clinical and confirmed by histology. But a non-contributory histological analysis should not reject the diagnosis of SMR when the clinical symptomatology is obvious. Systemic corticosteroids are the most recommended treatment. It improves the quality of life and avoids or space recurrences. The prognosis remains good

Hereditary gingival fibromatosis (FGH) is a gingival pathology of genetic origin characterized by a slow and progressive proliferation of the keratinized gingiva. The diagnosis is clinical, confirmed by histology. The treatment is surgical and involves the excision of excess tissue with gingivoplasty, but the recurrence rate remains high, especially in severe cases. We report a case of generalized FGH, whose evolution was favorable after surgical treatment. Observation: A 42-year-old patient, with no notable history, who presented in our consultation for a gingival hypertrophy evolving since childhood. Endobuccal examination showed diffuse gingival hypertrophy with poor oral status. Gingival biopsy revealed gingival fibromatosis. Treatment consisted of excision of excess tissue with gingivoplasty. No recidivism after a decline of three years. Discussion: FGH is a genetic gingival pathology whose clinical appearance is variable, it may be generalized or localized to a maxillary sector, isolated or associated. The positive diagnosis is mostly clinical confirmed by histology (hyperplastic epithelium and dense connective tissue), the treatment is surgical and consists of excision of excess gingival tissue with gingivoplasty. Our patient has a severe FGH that has evolved after surgical treatment

To investigate the acute toxicity and antidiabetic potentials of various extracts of the leaves of Ficus sur Forssk on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Powdered leaves were successively extracted with n-hexane, chloroform and 70% ethanol for three consecutive days respectively and the obtained extracts were assessed for phytochemicals, acute toxicity and antidiabetic activity on albino rats. The acute toxicity was assessed by Lorke’s method. Diabetes was achieved by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (120mg/kg). Blood glucose was determined daily for seven days using a glucometer. On the seventh day of treatment, blood samples were obtained and the serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), glycosylated heamoglobin (GH), urea and high density lipoprotein (HDL) were determined. The active N-hexane fraction was further fractionated by column chromatography packed with silica gel G (60-80mesh) eluting with gradient mixture of n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of terpenoids, tannins, flavonoid and carbohydrates. The lethal dose (LD50) was recorded at 2154mg/kg in the toxicity study. The n-hexane extract showed the highest significant (p<0.05) reduction of 77.7% in blood glucose which was comparable to Glibenclamide (78.3%). Further fractionation yielded five fractions (F1-F5) in which fraction F4 and F5 were the most active with 54.7 and 55.9% reduction of blood glucose. The lipid profile of fraction F4 also exhibited decrease in TG, TC, GH, Urea and increase in HDL. This study reports the LD50 of F. sur to be2154 mg/kg and further confirms its ethnobotanical use of in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its potential in preventing cardiovascular diseases

The pleomorphic adenoma is a benign tumor of the salivary glands. It accounts for 45 to 65% of benign salivary gland tumors. It develops most often in the main salivary glands, especially the parotid, but it can also reach the accessory salivary glands, such as those of the palate or rarely the upper lip. We report a case of pleomorphic adenoma of the upper lip. Patient of 32 years, admitted in our formation for a painless tumefaction of the upper lip, evolving since 6 months. The clinical examination showed a subcutaneous nodule of the superior white lip, of firm consistency, mobile relative to the underlying planes, about 1 cm in diameter. Surgical excision was performed under local anesthesia with a cutaneous approach and removal of the tumor without breaking the capsule. Histological examination revealed a pleomorphic adenoma. Currently there has been no recurrence after three years of decline. The pleomorphic adenoma is a benign tumor of the salivary glands, its preferential localization is the parotid gland, rarely in the accessory salivary glands. The labial localization is very rare. It mainly affects young adult males, often asymptomatic, slow-growing, of firm consistency, well circumscribed in most cases and closer to the mucosa in relation to the skin. Our case has the particularity of being subcutaneous, which posed the differential diagnosis with a tumor of cutaneous origin. The positive diagnosis is based on surgical excision with histological examination. The potential for recurrence is very important, the excision must be complete with a margin of safety avoiding the major capsular intrusion factor risk of recurrence, and prolonged surveillance is required for the search for recurrence or malignant transformation

In an attempt to synthesize some novel, potent antitubercular and antioxidant agents here we have reported the synthesis of a novel series of tetrahydroquinoline derivatives (III a-g). In this the titled compounds were synthesized by the reaction between substituted aromatic primary amines, N-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one and 4-nitro phthalic acid in acetonitrile. Structure of the synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of their physico-chemical and spectral data (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Mass). All the synthesized compounds were screened for their antitubercular and antioxidant activities using the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) method and nitric oxide scavenging, DPPH method respectively. For antitubercular and antioxidant activities screening isoniazid and ascorbic acid were used as the standard drugs respectively. Among the synthesized compounds III a, III d and III e have shown significant anti-tubercular activity and compounds III a, III b and III e have shown significant antioxidant activity

Cypermethrin, a broad spectrum insecticide, has been extensively used for pest management and animal husbandry practices. Previous studies have shown that cypermethrin has teratogenic effect on rat foeti born to exposed dam or buck with no information on its effect on their haematological profile. The present study was aimed to assess the haematological profile of rat offspring exposed to beta cypermethrin during the perinatal period. Fifteen pregnant animals (Day 0 = day of mating, average body-weight = 190g) were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group A (Control) received 0.5ml olive oil, Group B (15 mg/kg β-cyp) and Group C (30 mg/kg β-cyp,) by oral gavage from gestational day (GD) 1 – post natal day (PND) 20. The litter size and foeti weights were taken on PND 0, 7, 14 and 21. On GD 21, blood samples were collected from 5 pups from each group for haematology. β-cyp caused a significant (p< 0.05) decrease in the packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, platelets and red blood cell count. Significant (p< 0.05) decrease in foeti weights were observed on PND 14 and 21. It is concluded that β-cyp has a dose-dependent toxic effects on the haematology of albino rat offspring exposed during the perinatal period