Cryptococcosis is a potentially fatal fungal disease. The prevalence of cryptococcosis has been increasing for many reasons, including the increase in incidence of AIDS and the expanded use of immunosuppressive drugs. Cryptococcal meningitis is a threatening disease and visual loss is reported as a rare manifestation due persistent papilledema and optic nerve involvement. We report a case of an immunocompetent young male who presented with cryptococcal meninigitis, left lateral rectus palsy and papilledema. Inspite of appropriate medical therapy with amphotericin and flucytosine, his papilledema persisted and developed decreased vision.

Chikungunya is still a diseases burden in India and various contries. The main objective of this review was to gather the outbreaks and it impacts and current treatment available for Chikungunya in allopathic and AYUSH. Key findings : Africa where Sylva tic cycle is maintained between monkeys and wild mosquitoes, in Asia the cycle continues between humans and the Aedes. aegypti mosquito. Virus was first isolated from Africa in 1952. In India first case were reported in Kolkata 1963. It can be diagnosed by various blood tests such as RT-PCR, ELISA, Serological test. The disease is almost self-limiting and rarely fatal. Common symptoms of Chikungunya are fever, joint pain (arthralgia), rashes etc Symptoms for Chikungunya and dengue as similar. In Allopathy no specific drug is available for the treatment of chikungunya. In AYUSH system of medicine various type of treatment are available. India has been reported major outbreak in 2005 -2006 mainly in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu since December, 2005. Cases have also been reported from Rajasthan, Gujarat and Kerala. Conclusion: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection can be prevented by avoiding mosquito bites and the young researchers have to take interest to contribute drugs and developments

Adverse drug reactions are an important cause of morbidity and mortality and are responsible for a significant number of hospital admissions ranging from 0.3% to 11%. The ADR reporting rate in India is below 1% compared to worldwide rate of 5%. One of the reasons for low reporting rate in India may be a lack of knowledge and sensitization towards pharmacovigilance and ADR among health care professionals. The aim of the study is to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and perception of health care professionals towards adverse drug reaction reporting. A cross sectional study was carried out using a pretested questionnaire for a period of 6 months among 340 healthcare professionals. The questionnaire was designed to assess the KAP regarding pharmacovigilance. The healthcare professionals (doctors, nurses, dentists and pharmacists), trainee and internship students working in the NMCH and RC, Raichur, Karnataka during the study period were included. About 300 questionnaires where returned which were adequately filled, of which 37% were doctors, 33% dentists, 17% nurses and 13% pharmacists. Mean knowledge score of doctors, dentist, nurses and pharmacists where 5.29±1.73, 4.9±1.13, 5.41±1.34 and 7.08±1.36 respectively. Mean attitude score of doctors, dentist, nurses, pharmacists were 4.87±1.29, 4.78±1.107, 4.53±1.24 and 5.84±1.02 Mean perception score of doctors, dentist, nurses and pharmacists were found to be 4.87±1.29, 4.78±1.107, 4.53±1.24 and 5.84±1.20. It was observed that most of the professionals were aware of ADR. They were having sound knowledge and positive attitude towards ADR reporting. But unfortunately the practice of ADR reporting where deficient among the health care professionals.

From very old days to recent civilization, human species depends on most of the natural resources for smooth running of their life. In nature specifically plants has a key source of drugs and its remedies. Feronia Limonia belonging to family Rutaceae is well known in Indian traditional systems for its traditional uses. Various parts of the plant like leaves, fruits, roots, bark have an astringent, constipating, tonic for liver and lung, diuretic, carminative, and cardiotonic effect and these are traditional uses. Various chief phytoconstituents like alkaloids, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, tannins, steroids etc. have been isolated from Feronia Limonia. But only few pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumour, antifungal etc. activities have been scientifically reported. From huge traditional uses documented in various traditional system of medicine and presence of vital phytoconstituents make Feronia Limonia an important plant to be studied scientifically to prove a variety of traditional uses. In present work we look at Feronia Limonia description, traditional medicinal uses, and phytoconstituents and anthelmintic activity of its leaves. Five concentrations (10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/ml) of aqueous extract of leaves Feronia Limonia were studied for an anthelmintic activity on adult Indian earthworms Pheretima Posthuma in a bioassay, which involved the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worms using Piperazine citrate as reference standard. The results indicated that 100 mg/ml concentration of Feronia Limonia leaves was more significant than that of other concentration

A simple and rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric assay for the measurement of bisphenol-A (BPA) in human urine was developed and validated. Sample preparation involved addition of 4-nitrophenol (as an internal standard, IS) to 1.0 ml human urine sample containing BPA, and extraction with ethyl acetate and hexane (6:4,v:v), evaporation, and dissolving the residue in the mobile phase. Analytes separation was performed using a reversed phase Atlantis dC18 column (2.1x 100 mm, 3 µm) protected by guard pre-filter and a mobile phase that consisted of 5.0 mM ammonium acetate: acetonitrile (20:80, v:v) and was delivered at a flow rate of 0.30 ml/min. The analytes were quantified in negative ion mode, using electrospray ionization (ESI) set at transitions of mass to charge (m/z): 226.87 → 212.01 and 137.84 → 107.86 for BPA and IS, respectively. The relationship between BPA concentration and peak area ratio (BPA /IS) was linear in the range 0.2 - 20 ng/ml. Mean extraction recovery of BPA and the IS was ≥ 90% and 97%, respectively. The method was validated in respect to accuracy, precision, linearity, and specificity. Stability of BPA in urine was determined under conditions generally encountered in the clinical laboratories. The method was successfully applied to determine BPA level in urine samples obtained from healthy volunteers

Education is a modern word, which is derived from the Latin word 'educase', means to nourish, to cause to grow. Education is the right of every human being regardless of gender, race or region. Female education plays an important role in the societal progress and improvement. Recruitment of more women teachers should be done who can serve as role models for girls and may make girls’ parents feel more comfortable. Providing girls with access to sport can also contribute to achieving gender parity in education. The schools should be protected so that parents will not hesitate to send their daughters to schools. Many girls drop out of school at the onset of menstruation, partly because there are no separate toilet facilities. Many girls are kept at home to help with domestic tasks. A tradition of early marriage, social norms and values undermine the importance of educating girls. Education of a girl is like educating a family while educating a boy is merely educating a person. The aim of this study was to review the literature on attitude of parents towards girl’s education.

Guaifenesin is an expectorant and it is use to treat cough and congestion caused by the common cold, bronchitis, and breathing illness. The drug is official in Indian Pharmacopoiea, British Pharmacopoeia, and United States Pharmacopoeias. This article reviews the different analytical methods available for detection of Guaifenesin alone and in combination from various pharmaceutical formulations. They are many analytical techniques have been reported for simultaneous estimation of Guaifenesin and its combined pharmaceutical dosage form but only fewer methods have been reported for estimation of Guaifenesin alone. Some of those techniques are UV spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography (GC), and ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Amongst, various analytical methods are available for the quantification of single and multicomponent dosage forms

World is facing a crisis in human health resources due to a critical shortage of health workers. Despite of many trained health care professionals our health care system is struggling to provide optimum services to the patients. Gaps still exist with respect to patient care, which are unevenly delivered. The data collected from 228 subjects reveals that only 7.01% of the subjects have received counseling always, 59.65% think that counseling should be given and only 41.66% are satisfied with current health care system while 56.57% are not satisfied. Our study shows that there is a huge burden on health care professionals due to a high number of the patient load which leads to the hindrance in optimum patient care and finally leads to the degradation in the quality of health care services. Now time has approached when the term task shifting should be taken seriously especially in the health care sectors. Pharmacists, an ignored profession in the health care sector have a crucial role for optimum patient care. It is the demand of the scenario that pharmacist should be taken as a key role player between the patient and prescriber. A proper communication between the patient and prescriber can be established only if all health care professionals will start working to assist each other not to compete with each other

We describe a case of calciphylaxis in a 54 years old man known Diabetes Type II, Hypertensive and post cadaveric transplant in the year 2000. Patient became hemodialysis dependent after the diagnosis of calciphylaxis was confirmed. Patient was treated with sodium thiosulfate in addition to intensive wound care. The pathology of the calciphylaxis is poorly understood and an effective treatment is not yet well established. Our observation in this case report that sodium thiosulfate failed to show response probably due to the fact that patient has multifactorial risk factors to associate with calciphylaxis before patient deteriorate and passed away four weeks after the diagnosis of calciphylaxis

An attempt was made in the present study to test for in vivo Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLT) and molecular docking studies of some newly synthesized 2-substituted 4,6 di chloro 1,3 triazine-chalcone hybrids as potential cytotoxic gents. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in terms of LC50 (lethality concentration). Thirty nauplii were added into three replicates of each concentration of the synthesized compounds. After 24 hours the surviving brine shrimp larvae were counted and LC50 was assessed. Schrodinger Mastero docker was used for insilico molecular docking studies on selected cancer protein Targets. The results drawn from the preliminary studies showed that the compounds TCH-9, 12 and 20, 24 were potent against the brine shrimp with minimum LC50 values of 3.125, and 6.25μg/mL respectively. These findings suggest that the synthesized 1,3,5 triazine chalcone hybrids possess potential cytotoxic activity.

Legibility and accuracy are the key features of every handwritten prescription. Large number of medication errors and even death of patients may occur due to illegible prescriptions. The present study was undertaken to assess the handwritten O.P.D. prescriptions of a tertiary care Medical College and Hospital in India, focusing the aspects of legibility and accuracy. For this study, scanned copies of 1268 O.P.D prescriptions were taken from hospital pharmacy over a period of 6 months (Feb 2015 to July 2015) and analyzed. Results were expressed in percentages. About 98% prescriptions scored 3 and 2% prescriptions scored 4.There was no prescription with miss-spelt drug names. Formulations and drug strengths were not mentioned in 11.1% and 7% of cases respectively. Abbreviations of names of medicines were written by 11% of prescribers. Seventy nine percent of prescribers preferred to use archaic terminology. Twenty percent of the prescribers did not put the leading zero where applicable and only 4% of the prescribers used capital letter. Generation of an error-free and legible prescription requires adequate care and attention about the multiple components which affect the legibility and accuracy of prescriptions. E-prescribing and computerized documentation may eliminate errors in prescribing.

Malaria is a mosquito born disease caused by protozoa belonging to family Plasmodium. According to the WHO, involvement of liver in Plasmodium falciparum is not an uncommon feature and presence of jaundice (bilirubin ≥ 3 mg/dl) is one of the signs of malaria. Involvement of liver in malaria is a common feature and may manifest as jaundice, hepatomegaly & elevated liver enzymes like aspartate & alanine transferase. Detection of malaria positive cases and correlation of all malaria positive cases with Liver Function Test (LFT). The study was performed on 100 malaria positive patients. Collection of blood sample was done by venipuncture under aseptic conditions in the EDTA vial for the diagnosis of malaria and in the plain vial to perform liver function test. Malaria was diagnosed by the microscopy of PBS. The LFT was performed using auto analyzer and Erba diagnostic kit, according to manufacturer instructions. Out of 100 malaria positive patients total 70 (70%) patients were found having liver function test deranged while rest 30 (30%) patients were having normal liver function test. 48 (48%) patients showed deranged level of Total bilirubin, 59 (59%) patients showed deranged level of deranged level of SGOT, 57 (57%) patients showed deranged level of SGPT while deranged level of ALP is showed by 34 (34%) patients. Liver dysfunction in malarial infection ranged from mild elevation of liver enzymes and serum bilirubin (≥ 3 mg/dl) to acute hepatitis. It indicates severe illness with high frequency of complications and mortality rates and P. falciparum malaria is more effective to cause hepatic dysfunction that P. vivax malaria.

UV spectroscopy shows that dextromethorphan, guaifenesin and caffeine bind to ferrous gluconate, causing their spectra to shift. From this change, it is calculated that the binding energy is in the order of caffeine > guaifenesin ≈ dextromethorphan. This is consisternt with the electrochemical/potentiometric data obtained in a previous study which detected electrons emitted from these drug-iron complexes if they were irradiated by UV light or connected to solutions having different electrochemical potentials. Based on the result of this study, ferrous gluconate is more useful for the rapid screening of the drug-heme or drug-iron interactions in biological/pharmacological systems than free (unbound) iron. It may also find utility in energy production, bio-sensing and photo-electronics.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with increased metabolic processes and oxidative stress. The trace elements are important co-factors in these events. Thus this study was conducted to compare serum levels of lipid profile, Zinc and HbA1c between type 2 diabetic patients and normal controls. The study was designed to find out the relation between lipid profile levels to severity and complication of diabetes mellitus. Degree of lipid profile with antioxidants and blood glucose in Sudanese with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Total 400 human subjects, out of which100 healthy individuals of age group (years) were taken as control and 300 diabetic subjects of age group (years) were taken as cases. There was significant increase in the lipid profile except HDL cholesterol, which is decreased, also significant decrease in trace elements chromium and Zinc. Impaired metabolism of these minerals may have a contributory role in the progression of DM and later development of complications

A total of 54(47.4%) sheep and 60(52.6%) were observed infested with ectoparasites. The overall prevalence rate was 114 (100%).The major identified ectoparasites in sheep and goats were, ticks (47.3%, 52.7%), lice(27.1%, 72.9%), mite(42.0%, 58.0%), and fleas(28.6%, 71.4%) respectively. Six species of hard ticks (ixodidae) were found the animals examined consisting of Rhipicephalus evertsi (44.3%,55.7%), Amblyomma variegatum (52.0%, 48.0%), Boophilus decloratus (45.5%, 55.5%), R. appendiculatus (39.1%, 60.9%), Heamaphysalis leachi leachi (66.7%, 33.3%), R. sanguineus (56.3% 43.8%), one species of fleas (Ctenocephalis felis 28.65, 71.4%), two species of lices , Linognathus species (30.6%, 46.4%), and Bovicola species (20.0%, 80.0%) respectively. Psoroptes comunis (41.9%, 58.1%) and Sarcoptes scabiei (42.1%, 58.1%) were the identified mites in the study. The possible transmission of arthropod borne diseases to human may attributed by the co-habitation of the infested animals and Man. Routine and strategic control measures should be factored into production to increase profit and good health

In order to establish the prevalence and impact of helminths in domestic animals in Vom, Central Nigeria between January 2009 - December 2010, a total of 1,508 faecal samples from various breed of domestic animals viz: cattle, sheep, dogs, pigs, horses, rabbits and goats were carefully examined using formal ether concentration technique. Out of the 556 cattle faeces examined, 480(31.8%) were infected and positive for multiple helminthic infection, Strongyle-like eggs (43.2%) and Eimeria bovis (13.3%) Moniezia worms (0.5%). From 204 of Canine (dogs) faecal samples examined, 52 (3.5%) were infected. Ancylostoma braziliense (12.8%), Troglotrema salmincolo 0.5%). Caprine (Goats) faecal samples indicated Eimera parvi (19.3%) and Nematodirus spathiger (0.5%), Oesophagostomum columbianum (0.5%). Equine (Horse) samples indicated Strongylus spp (92.3%) while Triodontophorus tenuicollis (7.7%). In Laprine (Rabbits), Eimeria stiedia was (66.7%) while E. intestinalis was (33.3%). Ovine (Sheep) had Eimeria species (65.1%) and Strongyle-like eggs (66.3%) while Taenia hydatigena (1.2%); Swine (Pig) samples, Oesophagostomum dentatum (20.8%) and Schistosoma suis (0.4%) respectively. In all, 963 samples were positive for different parasites with the overall prevalence of 63.8%. The study revealed that gastrointestinal parasites and their eggs are still endemic in the study area which is indicative of a neglect of simple management practices which has a negative impact on Livestock production in Nigeria

Mitrocarpus Scaber is a local herb traditionally used for the treatment of eczema, ringworm and other skin disorders. Dry crude methanolic leaf extract was obtained, weighed and dissolved in double distilled deionized water giving a concentration of 20mg/ml solution. Standardized solution of Nystatin and Griseofulvin were prepared from commercial tablets and used as standard controls. Sterilized Sabauroud’s dextrose agar contained in universal bottles containing chloramphenicol were divided into groups of 5 in which variable numbers of drops (0.05ml) of the test drug (Griseofulvin, Nystatin and Mitrocarpus scaber) were made before the bottles were thoroughly mixed and slanted. Purified identified culture of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagraphytes were obtained and used as test cultures. Each of the test agar slants were inoculated with Trichophyton. mentagraphtes in one group and Candida albicans in the other. The bottles were incubated at 370C for three to four days before observing them for growth of the inoculated organisms. No growth in the test bottles was considered as positive inhibition. The experiment was replicated three times and results were recorded. The results indicated that Mitrocarpus extract inhibited the growth of both Trichophyton mentragraphytes and Candida albicans at the agar concentration of 4mg/ml. nystatin was inhibitory to T. mentagraphytes at 7mg/ml and Candida albicans at 1mg/ml but did not inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. It is suggested that further research into the fungistatic effect of Mitrocarpus scaber to be carried out to explore its values in developing drugs for treating both human and veterinary dermatomycosis

Derivatives of 7-substituted-8-amino-3-methylxanthines is a promising group of substances for synthesis and pharmacological screening in order to create diuretics, for pharmacological correction of the kidneys, on their basis. The acute toxicity and diuretic activity dependence on the chemical structure for the first synthesized 7-substituted-8-amino-3-methylxanthines in experiments on rats was investigated. 3-Methyl-7-(2-hydroxy-3-p-methoxyphenoxy)propyl-8-(2-furyl)methylaminoxanthine, increases urine excretion at 201.3% and is higher in the diuretic effect comparing to hydrochlorothiazide up to 111.3%.

In the present study, a series of N-[6-fluoro-7-substituted-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl]-4-[2-(3-nitrophenyl)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-3-yl]benzenesulphonamide and N-[6-fluoro-7-substituted-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl]-4-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-3-yl]benzenesulphonamide derivatives were synthesized in good yields and characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR, mass spectral and elemental analyses. All synthesized compounds were evaluated for their preliminary in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 Rv strain by tube dilution assay method. Some selected synthesized compounds were also evaluated for cytostatic activities against malignant human cell lines: cervical (HeLa), bone marrow (K-562) and kidney cell (HEK-293)

Drug related adverse effects may be minor or major. Pharmacists have an ethical obligation to notify the appropriate bodies whenever adverse effects where suspected. Stroke affect one’s physical and communication abilities, as well as causing emotional changes and difference in behaviour. The study underlines the importance of monitoring stoke survivors emotional and behaviour alternation. The objective is to determine the drug utilization review in post stroke patients and to assess the adverse reactions in stroke management. Cross-sectional prospective study was performed for six-month and the patients diagnosed as stroke and wished to participate were identified. All the subjects were evaluated for adverse drug reactions through telephonic or face to face interview. Out of 52 patients 71.15% were males and 28.84% females. The mean age of the patients was 63.21 (±10.19) years and 61% patients had Blood Pressure, followed by 55% Dyslipidymia, 42% Diabetes Mellitus. A total of 38 incidences of ADRs were observed during the study period for 15 patients. The highest reported ADR was GI bleeding (17.3%) followed by GI Distress and Constipation. Causality of ADRs found to have probable 74%, possible 23.6% and definite 2.6% and no doubtful categories. The study results cleared that majority of the stroke patients have adequately severe neurological impairment and need assistance to carryout activities of daily living. Majority of the patients seems to have mistaken the symptoms of ADR to be due to the disease being treated and old age. Drug utilisation studies should be carried out in large number of population and at different locations which helps to reduce the drug related problems and improve the rational use of drugs by the patients.