Complexes of Schiff base were synthesized by direct condensation of acetaldehyde with thiosemicarbazide in the presence of FeCl3.6H2O and CuSO4.5H2O. The products were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, infrared as well as electronic spectra study. The complexes are of 1:2 (metal:ligand) stoichiometry and are non-electrolytes in solution. On the basis of these spectra data, the general formulas: Cu(ADTSC)2SO4H2O and Fe(ADTSC)2Cl2.3H2O and an octahedral geometry was proposed for the complexes. The ligand and its complexes were screened for their antibacterial activities against Salmonella typhi, Shigella sp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholera. The results of these studies showed that the metal complexes displayed more antibacterial activities against most of the species as compared to the uncomplexed ligand. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the compounds were also determined by two fold serial dilution method, the results showed an MIC value in the range of 500-250 µg/ml for the free ligand and 250-62.50 µg/ml range for the complexes. Results obtained from the toxicity effects of administration of the ligand and metal complexes at the doses of 25 and 50mg/kg body weight daily for 5 days showed that both doses of acetaldehyde thiosemicarbazone significantly increased (P<0.05) the levels of AST, ALT and ALP when compared to the control group, 50mg/kg body weight of acetaldehyde thiosemicarbazone copper(II) complex equally increased significantly(P< 0.05) the level of ALT based on comparison with the control group. The toxicities of other compounds were considerably non-significant (P≥ 0.05).

1, 3-Thiazine based compounds continue to yield promising antimycobacterial, antibacterial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antitumor, and antioxidant agents. The success of these compounds has been based on simple and cost effective synthetic routes and the presence of N-C-S linkage in its scaffold. A number of studies have been reported in the recent years to investigate different biological activities of 1, 3-thiazines. There are different classes of 1, 3-thiazines in the literature which can be divided in to natural and synthetic 1, 3-thiazines. There are several structural classes of synthetic 1, 3-thiazines such as 1, 3-thiazines as dihydro-1, 3-thiazine derivatives, 1, 3-thiazine spiro-derivatives and thioethers; 1, 3-thiazines with heterocyclic rings such as pyrimidine, pyrazole, thiazolidin-4-one and 1, 3, 5-triazine moiety; 1, 3-thiazine-2-amine, amide and hydrazides; 1, 3-thiazines with Schiff’s bases. Herein natural and synthetic 1, 3-thiazine possessing molecules and their therapeutic actions are discussed

The objective is to assess the Juvenile Social Interaction among Internally Displaced Persons At AL-Najaf AL-Ashraf City. A Descriptive study is carried out at Al-Najaf AL-Ashraf City/Ya-Hussain Road from February 10th to April 5th 2016. Sample consisting of (1350) children were selected randomly. Data collected by used questionnaire, which includes the first parts was about demographic characteristics of mother (gender, age, number of sibling, order of student in the family, father and mother alive, parents social status, father and mother educational levels and socio economic status) .while the second part about social interaction for children. The present study concluded that most of the Internally Displaced children have social interaction problems. The study recommends to increasing the children cognitive in schools and social support and detected the problems that psychological traced

Improper comprehension of the prescription can lead to wrong drugs taken, misuse of the drug dosage, and ineffective drug action by not following the proper schedule, which was advised, or development of adverse drug reaction, which can be fatal. The objectives is to study if the patient can evaluate/understand the prescription correctly and to study the effectiveness of the communication between the patient and doctor. By a cross sectional study, 192 patients of VS general Hospital and Nagri Hospital were assessed for evaluation of prescription given to them by consultants between January to March 2015. Out of 192 students, 29 (15.18%) did not know and 163 (84.82%) did know the disease they are suffering from. 86 (44.79%) were not able to read the prescription. After analyzing the data collected via basic questionnaire, our study did show that patients might not be able to read the prescription, but the doctors did an excellent duty of explaining the prescription to their patients

Molecular and pharmacokinetic properties prediction is important determinant in the current drug development process. In this study, molecular and pharmacokinetic properties of phenoxy acids and their derivatives are theoretically predicted using in silico tools to determine how synthetic modifications such as branching, amidation, esterification, heterocyclic groups, and hydrazide group change the structural and pharmacokinetic properties with respect to the parent phenoxy acid. From the results it was observed that phenoxy acid possess good central nervous system (CNS) permeability compared to the acid derivatives. It could also be further predicted that conversion of phenoxy acid to functional derivatives leads to molecules with good pharmacokinetic profile. Based upon these theoretical predictions, it can be concluded that various chemical modifications of phenoxy acid moiety furnish promising derivatives with good pharmacokinetic profile and oral bioavailability.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the phytochemical constituents of two Nigerian grown kolanut and their antimicrobial properties. Extract of the seed of Cola nitida and Cola acuminata were used to determine the phytochemical constituent of aqueous and methanol nut extract and their solubility in the two solvents. Aqueous and methanol used reveals the solubility of these exrtacts in different solvent and the presence of secondary metabolites in the kola nut. Qualitative screening of the extracts of C. acuminata and C. nitida for phytochemicals revealed the presence of alkaloid, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycoside, steroid, saponins glycoside, cardiac glycoside and the absence of anthraquinones in all the extracts. Quantitative analysis shows that the methanolic extracts C. acuminata and C. nitida have the highest percentage of Saponins: (>10%) than the aqueous extract of the preparations. The disc method was used to determine the inhibitory effect of kolanut on the test microorganisms. Sensitivity patterns of zones of inhibition exhibited by the crude methanol and aqueous extract of Cola nitida and Cola acuminata shows that the nut possess relative degree of inhibitory effects against the test microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Esherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Lactobacillus respectively.. The zones of inhibition for K. pnemonia was the highest with 4mg/ml methanol extract of C. nitida and least for E.coli. As for C. acumunata, zones of inhibition for Lactobacillus was the highest with 4mg/ml methanol extract and least for P. aeruginosa. Highest zones of inhibition progressively increase from methanol to aqueous extract as their diameter of inhibition increases with increase in their concentration. The overall implication of the antimicrobial potentials of C.nitida and C . acuminata in the development of drugs against infectious diseases and subsequent health improvement was highlighted.

Breast milk is also called life fluid for the baby. Exclusive breastfeeding has a number of benefits. The breast milk provides up to half or more of the child’s nutritional needs during the second half of the first year and up to one-third during the second year of life. Exclusive breastfeeding is also beneficial for mother also. Colostrum is the first immunization of infants. Exclusive breast feeding (EBF) reduces the infant deaths caused by diarrhea and pneumonia and helps space births. Universalizing early (within one hour) and exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months reduces neonatal and infant mortality. A cross-sectional study was conducted during May –June in 2015 in the rural areas of registered villages of Rural Health Training Centre of the Department of Community Medicine, Aligarh. The study population comprised of mothers who had infant aged between 0 to 12 months. Informed consent was taken from each participant. A total of 70 mothers were selected for the study. Questionnaires were prepared for the study. Data was collected and analyzed using SPSS software. Most of the mothers started breast feeding within an hour. Most of the mothers breast fed their babies till the baby sleeps or leaves on its own. Most of the mothers breast fed their babies on demand only and few breast-fed on regular intervals .87.1% of mothers breast fed their babies from both sides and 12.8% of mothers breast-fed from one side only.55.7% of mothers practiced exclusive breast feeding for 6 months while 44.2% did not practice.97.1% of mothers gave colostrum and did not discard. Most of the mothers knew the advantages of breast-feeding.90% of mothers knew about weaning time and 91.4% of mothers knew that breast feeding could be continued even after weaning .The main source of information was community health workers like ASHAs, Aaganwaadi workers, followed by doctors. It is concluded from the study that most of the rural women are aware about breastfeeding. It is definitely the hard work of community health workers, ASHAs etc. Health education regarding EBF should be given to pregnant females when they come for check-up.

Our study investigated the effects of extracts from tobacco (Nicotiana rustica L.) and stemona (Stemona tuberosa Lour.) on parasitic ticks infested on dogs, in order to give a pharmacological explanation for their traditional uses in ectoparasite diseases. The comparison of extracts from different solvents with different extracting times revealed that NaOH 5% with water was the best extracting solvent, while 24 h was the best extracting time for the extraction of these plants’ acaricidal effects. After applying these optimal solvent and extracting time to yield those extracts of the highest effects, we examined their effects on ticks at different concentrations, and the results showed that they exerted their best effects when being applied at 20%. These effects were later confirmed by clinical trials, which demonstrated that the extracts also had high treatment effects on those dogs that had been heavily affected with tick diseases. These results partly provide scientific explanations for the therapeutic uses of tobacco and stemona in ectoparasite diseases. In addition, the promissory treatment observed in clinical trials is a step forwards to widen the uses of these medicinal plants in tick diseases, and thus suggesting that follow-up researches are worth to exploit their potentials

We present an ambispective analysis of the Management of Deep Sternal Wound Infections: Open Dressing versus Vacuum Assisted Closure Device Therapy at our Institute. Aim: The aim of our study is to compare and analyse our experience of Management of Deep Sternal Wound Infections with Open Dressing and Vacuum Assisted Closure Device Therapy and outcome. Methods: We analysed and compared our data (Group I) from 01 May 2009 to 31 May 2012 when the modality of management of DSWI was open dressings and irrigation (ie; Pre-VAC era at our institute) with data (Group II) from 01 May 2013 to 31 Apr 2016 when the modality of management of DSWI was changed to Vacuum Assisted Closure Device Therapy. 2228 patients underwent sternotomies from 01 May 2009 to 31 May 2012 and 2168 patients underwent sternotomies from 01 May 2013 to 31 Apr 2016. In Group I postoperative DSWI was diagnosed in 22 patients there were 14 (63.63 %) Males aged 45 to 81 years and 08 (36.37 %) Females aged 43 to 71 years, and in Group II postoperative DSWI was diagnosed in 20 patients. There were 11 (55 %) Males, aged 39 to 74 years and 09 (45 %) Females aged 44 to 66 years. The outcomes were investigated with Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, Student’s test and Fisher’s exact test. Results: In Group I - 17 (77.27 %) patients underwent secondary suturing with tension bands and 01 (4.5 %) patient required flap cover to cover the defect. The mortality was 04 (18.18 %) (03 Male and 01 Female), whereas in Group II- 16 (80%) patients underwent Secondary suturing with tension bands and 02 (10 %) patient required flap cover to cover the defect. The mortality was 02 (10%) (01 Male and 01 Female). Conclusion: As compared to open dressings and irrigation, VAC therapy is safe and reliable option in Deep sternal wound infection after cardiac surgery, with excellent survival and low failure rate. VAC reduces mortality, increases sternal stability, patient comfort and can be used in any Hospital. Pre-operative Diabetes Mellitus, Renal Failure and Obesity are risk factors for mortality in patients treated with both modalities

Objectives: To assess the data on smoking's role as an irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) risk factor. Methods: Electronic databases including PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were thoroughly searched. Qualifying papers were assessed and data was extracted by two impartial reviewers. Results: Our data consists of eight studies with 1458 children, 864 (59.3%) of whom were female. All of the included studies used ROME criteria for IBS diagnosis. The prevalence of smoking among IBS patients ranged from 3.8% to 37%, with a total prevalence of 405 (27.8%). Five studies have demonstrated that the incidence of IBS was not significantly correlated with cigarette smoking. Two studies reported that smoking was a significant risk factor for IBS incidence and one found that IBS-M was the only variant related to smoking. Conclusion: There is still no obvious connection between smoking and irritable bowel syndrome because the analyzed research produced inconsistent results. While some studies indicate that smoking may worsen the symptoms of IBS or raise the likelihood of getting the condition, other research rejects this link. Clinicians should keep encouraging smoking cessation due to its many health benefits until more conclusive data is available, but they should also be open to the potential that it could improve the outcomes of IBS patients. To reconcile these contradictory results and get a deeper comprehension of the possible contribution of smoking to the etiology of IBS, more investigation is required.

Background: Cytogenetic abnormalities are critical prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study aimed to analyze the cytogenetic profiles and risk stratification of AML patients in a tertiary care setting. Methods: This observational study was conducted at the Department of Haematology, BSMMU, Dhaka, from July 2015 to June 2016, involving 50 adult patients diagnosed with de novo AML. Cytogenetic analyses were performed to identify chromosomal abnormalities, and patients were stratified into favorable, intermediate, and adverse risk groups based on established cytogenetic criteria. Results: The age distribution shows that 22% of patients were under 30 years, 40% were between 30 and 50 years, and 38% were over 50 years. The gender distribution reveals a slight male predominance, with 56% of the patients being male and 44% female. The study identified t(8;21), inv(16), and t(15;17) as the most common cytogenetic abnormalities, accounting for 20%, 10%, and 14% of patients, respectively. Overall, 44% of patients were classified into the favorable risk group. Among the favorable group, 81.8% achieved complete remission, whereas the adverse group showed a significantly lower remission rate of 21.4%. The presence of monosomy 7 and complex karyotype was noted in 16% and 12% of patients, respectively. Conclusion: Cytogenetic analysis is essential for risk stratification in AML. The findings highlight the importance of specific chromosomal abnormalities in predicting treatment outcomes, emphasizing the need for personalized therapeutic strategies. Integrating cytogenetic evaluation into routine clinical practice can enhance the management of AML and improve patient care.

Background: ICP is crucial for the occlusal stability and masticatory efficiency. Partial edentulism affects ICP, predisposing to occlusal imbalances, reduced masticatory performance, and increased prevalence of TMJ diseases. Prosthetic rehabilitation includes restoration of functional occlusion, improving patient satisfaction, and improving quality of life. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the intercuspal position by partially edentulous patients after prosthodontic rehabilitation. Methods: This retrospective observational study conducted at Department of Prosthodontics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and beau-dent, Dhaka, Bangladesh from June 2015 to July 2016. Total 100 patients diagnosed with partial edentulism who underwent prosthodontic rehabilitation with complete records documenting pre and post treatment occlusal measurements. The effectiveness of interventions was assessed through statistical analyses such as paired t tests and chi square tests, and the relationship to clinical variables was explored. Results: The ICP mean decreased significantly from 2.0 ± 0.25 to 1.30 ± 0.24 mm (p < 0.001), and the occlusal contact area increased from 19.5 ± 2.6 to 28.3 ± 2.8 mm² (p < 0.001). Removable prostheses were outperformed by fixed prostheses, which improved ICP and occlusal contact. Patients with less missing teeth and shorter duration of edentulism had better outcomes. High satisfaction rates were reported for chewing comfort (75%), improved speech (79%) and prosthesis aesthetics (79%). Conclusion: In partially edentulous patients, prosthetic rehabilitation can substantially improve ICP, occlusal contact area, and patient satisfaction. The findings also support individualized treatment and early intervention to maximize outcome.

Background: Neonatal hypoglycemia is a common metabolic complication in infants born to diabetic mothers. The risk is influenced by the type of maternal diabetes, glycemic control during pregnancy, and neonatal birth weight. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and associated factors of neonatal hypoglycemia in relation to maternal diabetes in a Bangladeshi population. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 mother-neonate pairs at BSMMU, Dhaka, and Sibchar Health Complex, Madaripur, from June 2015 to May 2016. Data on maternal age, gravida, residence, type of diabetes (gestational or pre-gestational), glycemic control, and neonatal birth weight were collected. Neonatal blood glucose was monitored within the first 24 hours of birth to detect hypoglycemia. Associations were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Results: Among the neonates, 40.0% developed hypoglycemia. The incidence was significantly higher in infants born to mothers with pre-gestational diabetes (60.0%) compared to gestational diabetes (25.7%). Poor maternal glycemic control was associated with a higher rate of neonatal hypoglycemia (72.0%) than good control (17.1%). The highest rate of hypoglycemia was observed in macrosomic infants (>4.0 kg) at 85.7%, followed by normal-weight (40.6%) and low birth weight infants (20.8%). Conclusion: Pre-gestational diabetes, inadequate glycemic control during pregnancy, and macrosomia are strongly associated with neonatal hypoglycemia. Early diagnosis and tight glycemic control are essential to reduce the risk of neonatal complications in diabetic pregnancies.