In this study, gelatin microspheres containing diltiazem hydrochloride (DTZ HCl) were prepared by the polymerization technique using glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent. The prepared microspheres were examined for its practical yield, drug content, and release kinetic. The study also includes the effect of processing variables on the result of evaluation. The shape and surface topology of prepared microspheres of various formulations were spherical as investigated by SEM studies. Pure drug and the drug polymer mixture showed similar peak in FTIR study which indicated no interaction between drug and polymer. From dissolution study of formulations, it was concluded that the formulation containing high amount of hydrophobic polymer gave high sustaining effect i.e. 8 hrs. So, the present work successfully achieved the objective of designing of controlled release microspheres of DTZ HCl

Biliary tract operations are the most common GI tract surgery performed worldwide and injury to the bile duct leads to both acute and chronic complications. The incidence of bile duct injury is increased in the presence of severe inflammation and is compounded by congenital abnormalities of the biliary tree. Congenitally absent cystic duct is one such rare anomaly with significant surgical implications. So far, only nine clear cases of congenitally absent cystic duct have been reported.

To assess the effect of Portieria hornemannii and Spyridia fusiformis methanol extract for its anti-hyperglycemic activity against chemically induced diabetic rats by examining its influence on parameters such as blood sugar level, liver Glucokinase and Hexokinase activity, Glucose 6 phosphate activity, glycogen content. The methanolic residue of P. hornemannii and S. fusiformis at a dosage of 200 mg/kg of weight was given orally to Alloxon induced diabetic animals for about 28 days. The outcome of algae residue feeding in rats estimated by various biochemical as well as haematological parameters such as RBC, WBC, HB and platelets. Histopathological evaluation was made in the pancreas. The rats, pretreated with methanol residue of the above algal materials (200 mg/kg i.p) enhanced oral glucose tolerance against control. After feeding of methanol extract in diabetic rats for 28 days, the blood glucose has significantly decreased, while the increase in liver glycogen level was observed. In addition, the regeneration of the pancreas of the treated animals was noticed. The methanol residues of the experimental red algae P. hornemannii as well as S. fusiformis possess very effective hypoglycemic effect on the chemically induced diabetic rats compared to Glipizide

The rate of cesarean deliveries has increased over a decade due to multifactorial reasons explicitly; decrease in vaginal births after cesarean (VBAC), multiple gestation, maternal obesity, pre-term labor, gestational diabetes or hypertension, increased number of high-risk expectant mothers and the obstetrical medico-legal environment. Delivery of the fetal head at the cesarean section can sometimes be a cumbersome procedure and may result in maternal or fetal complications. The fetal vacuum extractor enables traction to be applied to the fetal head, in the birth canal, by means of a suction cup that is powered by an external vacuum source. To investigate the benefits and limitations of soft cup vacuum extractor on the fetal scalp during the cesarean section. This study was conducted on 88 full term pregnant women undergoing cesarean section at Nepalgunj Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Nepalgunj, Nepal. All patients were between 37 and 41 weeks of pregnancy with signs of healthy fetus and were divided into 2 groups; Group A- 42 patients subjected to vacuum extraction at the cesarean section, Group B- 46 patients subjected to the conventional cesarean method. The interval between the final uterine incision and complete delivery (U-D interval) and the Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes after birth were evaluated. The data was statistically analyzed. In Group A, 24 (57.1%) women out of 42 and in Group B, 26 (56.5%) out of 46 were primagravida. Nine (21.4%) out of 42 women in Group A and 13 (28.3%) out of 46 women in Group B had a previous history of cesarean section. Lateral extension in uterine incisions was seen in 3 cases (7.1%) in Group A and 6 cases (13.0%) in Group B. The duration of scalp traction for Group A and Group B subjects were 32±3 sec and 48±16 sec respectively. The birth weight of the babies delivered in Group A and Group B were 3.08±0.47 and 3.07±0.46 respectively. The gestational age of the babies in Group A and B were 39.1±1.09 and 38.9±1.10 weeks. The initial Apgar score for Group A and Group B were 5.67±1 and 5.83±1.20. U-D interval for Group A and Group B were 75.6±9.02 and 43.5±8.6 respectively. It was found that the use of vacuum extractor is an easy, non traumatic and rapid method which abates the need of rough and prolonged fundal compression and its consequences and significantly fewer maternal complications

Alcohol consumption has been an accepted social practice since time immemorial. Alcohol, a drug, is consumed at some time by up to 80% of the population. The consumption of more than two standard drinks per day increases the risk for health problem in many organ systems. The objectives of the present study was to find out the alcohol usage profile among the adult alcohol users from Chidambaram town and the association between drinks per episode, episode per year, duration of diabetes mellitus and liver enzymes. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the field practice area of Urban Health centre (UHC) under Community Medicine, Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital (RMMCH), Chidambaram, Annamalai University between October 2015 and July 2016.Majority (78.43%) of the study subjects AST enzyme value of ≤40 units/ litre that shows within normal limit. Majority (83.00%) of the study subjects ALT enzyme value of ≤40 units/ litre and also in normal limit. Majority (88.88%) of the study subjects GGT enzyme value of ≤60 units/litre. Duration of being alcoholic, number of episodes per year and drinks per episode were influencing the liver enzyme values significantly. Candidates having increased liver enzymes also are potential candidates to have hepatic damage. Hence by decreasing the alcohol quantity and also interventions that aid in stopping alcohol would help in preventing hepatic damage