Abstract: Mothers and newborns are vulnerable to illness and deaths during the postnatal period. Postnatal period is the important part of maternal health care as the serious and life threatening complications can occur in postnatal period. The health of the mother is regarded as the indicator of health of the society so postnatal care is important for the health of mother and newborn as well. A descriptive research design was used in this study. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used to select the postnatal mothers. One hundred ninety six postnatal mothers were interviewed face to face using structured questionnaires. Most of the respondents 79(40.31%) belongs to 22-25 age groups and the mean age was 24.12 years. Majority of the respondents 182(92.86%) were Hindu. All the respondents were literate. Out of 196, 146(74.48%) of the respondents, got information from friends and family. Most of the respondents 123(62.76%) had average level of knowledge on postnatal care. Highest knowledge was in the area of danger sign of mothers and newborn and the lowest in the areas of family planning. The overall mean percentage was 64.34. There was significant association of level of knowledge with selected demographic variables; occupation (χ2=5.008) and education level (χ2=48.75). Mothers had moderate level of knowledge about postnatal care. Highest knowledge was present in danger sign and lowest in family planning. Awareness program is required to improve maternal knowledge on postnatal care.

Abstract: Type 2 DM is rapidly raising as a global health care problem that threatens to reach pandemic levels by 2030. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is a disease with no cure and chronic disease that results in major morbidity and mortality. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the glyceated hemoglobin control and to determine factors affect on glycemic control among type 2 diabetes outpatients attending diabetic clinics at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). The study design was observational prospective longitudinal follow-up study, the study was conducted with sample of 1077 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus outpatient recruited via attended the diabetes clinics at HUSM. HbA1c is parameter to measure the glyceated hemoglobin control. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the independent variables that affect the glycaemic control. The majority of patients 794 (73.7%) did not achieve target of HbA1c levels ≤ 7.0%. It has been found that age, race and antidiabetic medications are the factors that affect on the HbA1c.New strategy to improve the current status of control of diabetes is needed. The study recommends that health-care providers should pay more attention to type 2 dm patients with older age, Malay race and antidiabetic medications. The present study recommends that more time, money and attention must be given to the treatment of diabetic patients.

Abstract: Emotional and behavioral disorders are potential causes of disciplinary problems in the classroom. The main interest of the study is the EBD and achievements of Grade 1 pupils in public schools of South Cotabato. About 210 Grade One pupils and teachers were involved as subjects and respondents of this inquiry. A questionnaire in EBD was given to teachers for them to carefully assess the pupils’ ODD, CD and ADHD level. The survey tools were modeled after the Noanxiety.com resources and the Vanderbilt Rating Scales. Records of pupils’ gender, curricular and extra-curricular achievements were taken from the teachers’ own class records. Gathered data were suitably tabulated and presented in tables and chart. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to treat the data. Specific tools like percentages, Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, mean and t-test were employed to analyze the collected data. As found out, the Grade 1 pupils’ EBD level is singly, and collectively of moderate levels. They have very good level in curricular and extra-curricular achievements alike. Male pupils have relatively higher EBD level than the females. Inversely, the female pupils have comparatively higher achievement than the males. The pupils whose schools were located in highly urbanized places have higher EBD level than those in the less urbanized areas. Also, the achievements of the pupils from schools situated in less urbanized areas were higher than those in the highly urbanized areas. This study concluded that only the pupils’ attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was linked to pupils’ achievement. Gender and school location also affected pupils’ EBD and achievement levels.

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting reproductive health. It is characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, hirsutism, infertility, and metabolic disturbances. This study aims to assess the impact of PCOS on reproductive and metabolic health compared to healthy controls. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at BSMMU, Dhaka, from 2014 to 2015 (one year). Data on demographic characteristics, clinical outcomes, hormonal and metabolic parameters, and reproductive health indicators were collected. Hormonal profiles included LH/FSH ratio, serum testosterone, serum insulin, fasting glucose, and HOMA-IR. Reproductive health indicators assessed included anovulation, endometrial thickness, ovulation induction success, and time to pregnancy. Treatment outcomes for PCOS-related infertility were also analyzed. Results: The PCOS group exhibited significantly higher rates of irregular menstrual cycles (77.8% vs. 12.5%), hirsutism (66.7% vs. 12.5%), infertility (62.2% vs. 25.0%), insulin resistance (44.4% vs. 12.5%), and obesity (22.2% vs. 12.5%) compared to the control group. Hormonal parameters revealed elevated LH/FSH ratios, serum testosterone, and insulin levels, along with higher fasting glucose and HOMA-IR in the PCOS group. Reproductive health indicators showed greater anovulation, thicker endometrial lining, reduced ovulation induction success, and longer time to pregnancy in the PCOS group. Treatment outcomes varied, with gonadotropins demonstrating the highest response rate (80%). Conclusion: PCOS significantly impacts reproductive health and metabolic parameters. Personalized treatment approaches, emphasizing lifestyle modification and targeted therapies, are crucial for managing PCOS effectively.

Introduction: Wilms’ tumor or nephroblastoma is an embryonal tumor of childhood. Wilms tumor being the most common primary renal malignancy in children accounts for 5% of childhood malignancies. This study aimed to assess the outcome of Wilms tumor in children who underwent nephroureterectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and evaluate the influence of the stage of disease on treatment outcomes. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study conducted in the Department of Paediatric Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from January 2012 to July 2015. In our study, we included 30 pediatric patients diagnosed with Wilms tumor who underwent nephroureterectomy at our institution. Result: We found the mean age was 39.5 ± 14.3 months. The majority (63%) of our study patients were male compared to female (37%). Of all 30 patients, 40% were diagnosed with low-stage (stage I to II) disease, and 60% were diagnosed with high-stage (stage III to stage V). The patients with low-stage (stage I to II) disease had a 100% survival rate, whereas the patients with high-stage (stage III to stage V) disease had a 44% survival rate. Among all patients, 22(73%) patients had favorable histology, while 8(27%) patients had unfavorable histology. Conclusion: In our study, the postoperative results were uneventful and the recurrence of symptoms or any other complaints was not observed in any case. The earlier stage of the disease and favorable histology had a higher chance of cure compared to the late stage of the disease or unfavorable histology.

Background: Proper pain management is performed in the post-operative period, knowing that it can directly affect their degree of satisfaction and outcomes. Objective: This study was performed to assess the effect of non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic-on post-surgical pain management satisfaction and recovery time. Design: A prospective observational study in the post-operative unit of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia between June 2014 and June 2015 on a sample of 100 postoperative patients. Patients underwent either pharmacologic (ex. PCA pumps) or non-pharmacological interventions (ex. cold therapy), and satisfaction was measured via validated scale. Results: Pain was reduced by pharmacologic strategies in 75% (n=75) of patients with high satisfaction (score >8/10) reported in 68% (n=51). Sixty percent (n=60) of patients received effective pain relief with non-pharmacologic techniques and 55% (n=33) of patients were satisfied. Patients who received combined pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic approaches had the most benefit, with 85% (n=85) having significant pain relief and 78% (n=66) being highly satisfied. Patients treated with both classes had a significantly shorter recovery time (mean: 5 days, compared to those receiving only pharmacologic therapy and non-pharmacologic therapy – mean: 7 and 8 days respectively - a difference of 28.6% reduced recovery rate). There was a statistically significant, strong positive correlation (r=0.72, p<0.05) between effective pain management and patient satisfaction in each of the strategies employed in totality. Conclusions: Multimodal pain management is the clinically-directed perfectible element which has increased patient stay and satisfaction, thus it plays a significant role in post-operative care.

Aphallia, congenital absent of penis, is a rare, urogenital malformation of the external genitalia in a genetically male child (karotypically XY). Even though the exact cause is unknown but it is may be due to an awry in development of external genitalia a child. Incidence of aphallia is 1 in 30 million live births. We are presenting 03 cases of aphallia associated with other congenital malformations. This rare problem needs thorough evaluation for possible associated malformations and need multistage and multidisciplinary management.

Background: Ovarian tumors represent a significant health issue in women, with varying clinical presentations and histopathological types. Accurate diagnosis and management are crucial for improving outcomes. This study aimed to assess the clinical presentation, histopathological diagnosis and their correlation in ovarian tumor cases at a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 50 ovarian tumor cases diagnosed between June 2014 and July 2015 at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of BSMMU, Dhaka. Clinical and histopathological data were reviewed and the correlation between clinical and histopathological diagnoses was analyzed. Results: The majority of patients were between 20-40 years old (76%) and 68% were premenopausal. Abdominal pain (62%) was the most common symptom. Benign tumors were the most frequent histopathological finding (70%), followed by malignant (24%) and borderline tumors (6%). The most common histopathological subtypes were serous cystadenoma (38%) and mucinous cystadenoma (20%). The clinical diagnosis showed a 94.3% concordance for benign tumors, 83.3% for malignant tumors and 100% for borderline tumors, with an overall concordance of 92%. Conclusion: The study highlights the high concordance between clinical and histopathological diagnoses of ovarian tumors, emphasizing the importance of histopathological evaluation in the accurate diagnosis and management of ovarian tumors. Early detection and timely intervention are crucial in improving patient outcomes.

Background: Porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) crowns are widely used in clinical dentistry due to their strength and aesthetic qualities, with the metal substructure offering durability and the porcelain veneer providing a natural appearance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance of porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) crowns in routine dental practice. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance of PFM crowns in daily dental practice. Methods: This prospective observational study took place in the Department of Prosthodontics at BSMMU and beau-dent, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January to December 2014, involving 100 patients who received PFM crown restorations. Participants provided informed consent, and data collected included demographics, crown location (anterior or posterior), and porcelain thickness. Failure modes (metal core fracture, porcelain chipping, combined failure) were monitored. Outcomes were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: In this study on the fracture resistance of PFM crowns in daily dental practice, 40% of crowns demonstrated fracture resistance greater than 1100 N. The most prevalent failure mode was porcelain chipping, occurring in 55% of cases, highlighting the susceptibility of the porcelain layer to stress-related damage. Fracture resistance varied based on crown location, with 60% of crowns placed in the posterior region. Additionally, the fracture resistance of PFM crowns also varied based on porcelain thickness, with 70% of crowns having a thickness between 1.0–1.5 mm. Conclusion: This study underscores the durability of PFM crowns, highlighting that material strength, design, and clinical factors are crucial for their long-term performance.

Introduction: Pes anserine bursitis (PAB) is a common cause of knee pain, often overlooked in favor of knee osteoarthritis diagnoses. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of physical therapy and corticosteroid injection in patients with anserine bursitis. Methods: This prospective randomize study was conducted in the Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July 2014 to June 2015. The patients were divided into two groups (A and B). Patients of Group A (25 patients) were treated with physical therapy. Patients of group B (25 patients) were treated with corticosteroid injection. Data, collected through a questionnaire, interviews, and medical records, were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Result: The mean age of patients was 42.25 ± 3.24 years, with Group A comprising 88% males and 12% females, while Group B had 80% males and 20% females. Mean BMI was 24.4 ± 6.3 in Group A and 25.9 ± 5.0 in Group B. Post-treatment, Group B showed significant immediate improvements in pain relief (WOMAC stiffness subscale, p = 0.0398), tenderness index (p = 0.0071), and pain scores (VAS, p = 0.0001). Although both groups improved in function and total WOMAC scores, these changes were not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study highlights that both physical therapy and corticosteroid injections are effective treatment options for patients with pes anserine bursitis. Corticosteroid injections offer rapid relief of symptoms, making them beneficial for acute cases, while physical therapy provides better long-term treatment for improvement.

Background: Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS) is a common but underdiagnosed cause of chronic musculoskeletal pain, characterized by trigger points causing localized and referred pain. Understanding its prevalence and management is crucial for optimizing treatment, especially in resource-limited settings like Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July 2014 to June 2015. A total of 150 chronic pain patients were assessed for MPS through clinical examination. Data on demographics, affected regions, and management approaches were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: MPS was present in 60.67% (n = 91) of patients. The neck and shoulder (59.34%) were the most commonly affected areas, followed by the lower back (30.77%). Management strategies included pharmacological treatment (68.13%), physical therapy (56.04%), heat/cold therapy (47.25%), and stretching/strengthening exercises (32.97%). Alternative therapies like acupuncture were used by 9.89%. Recurrence was reported in 41.76% of cases. Conclusion: MPS is a major contributor to chronic pain, primarily affecting the neck and shoulder region. While pharmacological treatment is widely used, physical therapy and rehabilitation play a key role in symptom relief. Due to high recurrence rates, a multidisciplinary approach incorporating lifestyle modifications and preventive care is essential. Further research should explore comprehensive treatment strategies for improved MPS management in Bangladesh.