Cubosomes, lipid-based nanoparticles characterized by a bicontinuous cubic phase structure, show significant promise as drug delivery systems (DDS) due to their stability, enhanced bioavailability, and targeted delivery capabilities. This review examines the development, structural features, and drug release mechanisms of cubosomes, including diffusion-controlled, stimuli-responsive, and targeted release strategies. Applications in oncology, infectious diseases, and anti-inflammatory therapies highlight their improved therapeutic efficacy and minimized systemic side effects. Challenges related to large-scale manufacturing, particle stability, and regulatory compliance are addressed, along with potential solutions and emerging trends. The review emphasizes the potential of cubosomes in precision medicine and personalizing treatment plans, encouraging further research to meet unmet clinical needs.

In view of the considerable importance of thiadiazoles and thiazolidinones, which are the core structures in a variety of pharmaceuticals with a broad spectrum of biological activity. Synthesis of series of potential biological active 1, 3, 4 thiadiazole linked 4 thiazolidinone derivatives were obtained via a multistep synthesis sequence with a simple and convenient approach by using substituted benzoic acids, which are expected to possess enhanced antioxidant activity based on the literature survey reports. In the present study the initial compound, 5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-amine was treated with different substituted aromatic aldehydes to produce Schiff base. The resulting Schiff base were subjected to addition reactions with thioglycolic acid to form title compounds of 2-phenyl-3-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one. The structure of the synthesized compounds was characterised by FT-IR, H1NMR and mass spectral analysis. The synthesized compounds were tested for antioxidant activities with standard drug using DPPH method. The results of this study revealed that, among the compound tested for antioxidant activity, TZD 5 and TZD 3 exhibited promising antioxidant activity with the IC50 value 27.50µM and 28.00µM while the value of reference compound, ascorbic acid 29.2µM. The antioxidant screening results indicate that exciting DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed in compounds (TZD 3 and TZD 5) in comparison with standard ascorbic acid. These results may also provide some significance guidance for the development of new class antioxidant.

Schwannoma is a benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor originating from Schwann cells. Its occurrence in the tongue is rare. We report the case of a 19-year-old patient presenting with a painless, slowly enlarging mass on the mobile portion of the tongue. MRI revealed a well-defined, encapsulated lesion. The mass was completely excised surgically, and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of a benign schwannoma. The postoperative course was uneventful, with no recurrence observed during follow-up.

Respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma (REAH) is an uncommon benign lesion of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses with an unclear etiology. Although rare, REAH should be considered in the differential diagnosis of nasal lesions. Limited but complete surgical resection is the treatment of choice. We present a 54-year-old male patient with REAH in the left nasal cavity, with differential diagnoses including antrochoanal polyp and inverted papilloma.

Coeliac disease (CD) is an immune mediated enteropathy caused by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. It is frequently associated with wide spectrum of extra-intestinal manifestations, including thromboembolism events. We report the case of a young woman known with a CD since the age of 6, who says to be compliant to the gluten free diet (GFD), and presented with bloating and anemic syndrome. The endoscopic and anathomopathological examinations revealed no abnormalities. The CT scan revealed incidentally a chronic obstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC). the etiological work-up for thromboembolic disease was negative, concluding to a Budd-Chiari syndrome complicating her CD. She was managed with anticoagulants, specifically Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs).

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that play a crucial role in bone resorption. The imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation results in osteoporosis. Therefore, substances that can suppress osteoclast formation are potential candidate materials for drug development or functional foods. There have been reports that extracts or purified compounds from marine micro- and macroalgae can suppress osteoclast differentiation. Symbioimine, isolated from the cultured dinoflagellate Symbiodinium sp., had suppressive effects against osteoclast differentiation in osteoclastlike cells. Norzoanthamine, isolated from the colonial zoanthid Zoanthas sp., has been shown to have anti-osteoporosis activity in ovariectomized mice. In response to marine extracts, the fucoxanthin- rich component from brown algae has been shown to have suppressive effects against osteoclast differentiation. An extract of Sargassum fusiforme has recently been shown to have anti-osteoporosis activity. This extract suppressed both osteoclast differentiation and accelerated osteoblast formation in separate in vitro experiments. In this study , we have undergone an in-silico interaction study of the each target proteins , namely TNFRSF11B, LRP5, RANKL, NOX4 , ER,PTH1R , sclerostin, NR3B1, HDAC with both reported anti-osteoporosis drugs (namely Calcitriol, Alendronate, Risedronate, Ibandronate, Zoledronate, )and phyto-chemical compounds (Symbioimine Norzoanthamine fucoxanthin, Largazole, dieckol, 1-(30,50-dihydroxyphenoxy)-7-(200,400,600-trihydroxyphenoxy) 2,4,9-trihydroxydibenzo-1,4,-dioxin , Biselyngbyaside, ikarisoside A, bolinaquinone,) obtained from algae. Interaction of phytochemical compound with target proteins shows better binding affinity as compared to drug molecules like Calcitriol and Alendronate. Thus, these marine algae and their extracts may be sources of marine medicinal foods for the prevention of osteoporosis.

Ectopic varices represent 1–5% of variceal bleeding and carry a high mortality rate. Duodenal varices are more frequent in extrahepatic portal hypertension, often related to prior abdominal surgery. Diagnosis requires high suspicion and use of imaging when endoscopy is inconclusive. Treatment involves endoscopy, interventional radiology, or surgery, depending on the case. We report the case of a 37-year-old woman who presented with upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to ectopic duodenal varices, revealing extrahepatic portal hypertension with a portal cavernoma. Diagnosis was made through endoscopy and imaging. Despite endoscopic and surgical treatment, the outcome was fatal. This case highlights the severity and management challenges of ectopic varices. This case illustrates the severity and diagnostic difficulty of ectopic varices and the need for a multidisciplinary, tailored approach to improve outcomes. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are critical to reduce mortality.

Introduction: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease of unknown etiology that can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure if left untreated. Environmental triggers, particularly viral infections, have been implicated in disease onset. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 24-year-old woman who presented with abdominal pain, nausea, and cholestatic jaundice. Initial serological workup revealed acute hepatitis A (HAV) infection. Despite conservative management, liver function continued to deteriorate. Autoimmune screening showed high-titer antinuclear antibodies (ANA), and liver biopsy revealed interface hepatitis with portal lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and fibrosis (A3F1), consistent with AIH. Conclusion: This case highlights the potential role of HAV infection as a trigger for autoimmune hepatitis. In cases of persistent liver dysfunction after acute viral hepatitis, clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for evolving autoimmune liver disease.