Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant and, in extreme instances, a fatal condition. Notwithstanding comprehensive study, understanding of the etiology, particular processes, and regulatory pathways of the disease remains insufficient. Prior research has demonstrated that monoterpene derivatives had significant antidepressant properties. Nonetheless, its mechanisms remain inadequately comprehended. The objective of our research is to elucidate the mechanisms of monoterpene derivatives in the treatment of depression. Purpose: The aim of current investigation is to reveal the mechanisms of monoterpene derivatives in treating depression. Methodology: Scientific validation of the current investigation was done by computational based molecular docking study of selected lead molecules against NOS enzyme. Result: The molecular docking results indicating binding energies of -5.2, -5.75, and -5.5 kcal/mol for α-pinene, limonene, and carveol, respectively. The IC50 values are 0.12, 0.10, and 0.11 for α-pinene, limonene, and carveol, respectively. Conclusion: The findings indicated that each selected lead chemical for additional investigation shown significant inhibitory activity against NOS, hence revealing its anti-depressant potential.

Background: Effective regional anesthesia techniques are crucial for optimal pain management in upper limb surgeries. This study compares dexmedetomidine and dexamethasone as adjuvants to bupivacaine in ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, and Intensive Care Medicine at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, over one year (June 2022 to May 2023). Sixty adult patients undergoing elective upper limb surgeries were randomized into two groups: Group A (dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg with bupivacaine) and Group B (dexamethasone 4 mg with bupivacaine). Outcomes measured included onset and duration of sensory and motor blocks, duration of analgesia, and adverse events. Results: Group A demonstrated a significantly prolonged duration of analgesia (median: 1027.5 minutes; interquartile range [IQR]: 71.25) compared to Group B (median: 900 minutes; IQR: 108.75; p < 0.001). Sensory and motor block durations were also significantly longer in Group A (p < 0.05). The onset times for sensory and motor blocks were slightly delayed in Group A compared to Group B. No adverse events such as hypotension, bradycardia, or sedation were observed in either group. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine provides superior prolongation of sensory and motor blocks and postoperative analgesia compared to dexamethasone when used as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Both adjuvants were safe, with no reported complications.

Hepatic lymphangiomas, malformations of the liver lymphatic system, are extremely rare conditions in adults. In our article, we report the case of a 65-year-old female patient in whom a hepatic lymphangioma was incidentally discovered during surgery for gallstone disease. We discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of this condition through a literature review.

Background: There is a relatively high prevalence of liver illnesses since the liver is one of the organs most prone to be harmed by interaction with xenobiotics (drugs, alcohol, drug misuse, environmental pollutants, and others). Worldwide and in India, high death rates are associated with cirrhosis, fatty liver, chronic hepatitis, and cancer. One of the most prevalent malignant diseases in humans and the second greatest cause of cancer-related death worldwide, liver cancer is a serious issue, particularly in less developed areas. Different experimental models have been developed to ascertain the mechanisms by which liver lesions arise in light of the rising frequency of liver illnesses. The plant species in the genus Leonotis and family Lamiaceae known as Leonotis nepetifolia, commonly called Klip dagga, Christmas candlestick, or lion's ear, has a variety of pharmacological effects. Method: The primary LNR compounds were docked against the Caspase-3 enzyme using computational methods in the current experiment. The Auto Dock software used a grid-based docking algorithm to determine the bond. Using the Merck Molecular Force Field, 2D structures of compounds were created, transformed to 3D, and then energetically decreased up to an arms gradient of 0.01. (MMFF). Results: LNR found to be effective hepatoprotective agent and their lead molecules effectively binds to be target protein caspase-3 enzyme with binding energy -4.92 & -4.09 kcalmol-1 for chlorogenic acid & gallic acid respectively. Conclusion: A computationally based docking investigation revealed that both lead compound (chlorogenic acid and gallic acid) has potent caspase-3 inhibitory properties. Both compounds have same covalent interaction at Phe128 & Met61. The outcomes showed a promising docking score and a pattern of strong covalent interaction between the lead chemical and the target protein's active region. Gallic acid and chlorogenic acid work together synergistically to induce hepatoprotection in the ethanolic root extract from L. nepetaefolia.

Background: Cataract remains a leading cause of avoidable blindness worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Despite advances in surgical techniques, millions, especially in rural and underserved areas, remain visually impaired due to inadequate access to cataract surgery. In Bangladesh, cataract-related blindness is a significant public health concern, particularly in the southern regions where access to specialized healthcare is limited. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence of cataract-induced visual impairment and blindness among adults aged ≥50 years in the southern region of Bangladesh. It further evaluates the coverage and barriers to cataract surgical services to inform targeted interventions aimed at reducing avoidable blindness. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) methodology. A total of 4,868 individuals were selected through probability-proportionate-to-size cluster sampling. Ophthalmic examinations, including visual acuity and lens status assessments, were performed following standardized protocols. Cataract surgical coverage was calculated, and the primary causes of visual impairment were identified. Data were analyzed using RAAB V.3.1 software. Results: The prevalence of bilateral severe visual impairment (visual acuity <6/60) was 1.6%, and bilateral visual impairment (<6/18) was 8.4%. Cataract was responsible for 79% of bilateral blindness cases, 78.2% of severe visual impairment, and 41.9% of visual impairment. Cataract surgical coverage for individuals with a visual acuity <3/60 was 60.9%, indicating moderate access to surgical services. The main barriers to surgery included financial constraints, lack of awareness, and fear of surgery. Conclusion: Cataract remains the primary cause of avoidable blindness in the southern region of Bangladesh, with significant gaps in surgical coverage. Addressing barriers to cataract surgery through enhanced outreach programs, financial assistance, and community education is crucial in reducing the burden of blindness. Strengthening healthcare infrastructure and increasing the availability of ophthalmic professionals can further improve access to timely cataract treatment.

This study evaluated the acute oral toxicity of a crude extract of Chiropsoides buitendijki in female Sprague-Dawley rats and its toxic effects in brine shrimp (Artemia salina). Rats were treated with the extract for 14 days, and no clinical signs of intoxication, lethality, or significant changes in body weight, food intake, or behavior were observed. The LD50 value for the rats was determined to be greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight. In brine shrimp lethality assays, the LC50 was calculated to be 20.89 µg/mL. Histological analysis of organs such as the liver, kidney, lungs, brain, spleen, ovary, and uterus revealed no pathological changes at both 300 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg doses, with tissues maintaining normal structure. These results suggest that while the crude extract demonstrates potent toxicity in brine shrimp, it is non-toxic at high doses in rats and does not cause harm to major organs. The extract shows promise for potential pharmaceutical use, warranting further investigation into its bioactive constituents.

Background: Antibiotic overuse and misuse significantly contribute to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh. Despite national and international efforts to combat this issue, inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions remain common in hospital settings. This study aimed to assess the quality of antibiotic prescriptions and identify the reasons behind irrational antibiotic use at Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College Hospital. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted involving 1007 patients admitted to the Pediatrics, Medicine, Surgery, and Obstetrics & Gynecology departments of Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College Hospital from October 2021 to December 2021. Data were collected through medical record reviews, and antibiotic use was analyzed based on the Standard Treatment Guidelines (STG) for Bangladesh. The rationality of prescriptions was determined by comparing them against the policy-cited choices or microbiological culture and sensitivity results. Results: Antibiotics were prescribed in 90.2% of cases, with 99.5% being administered empirically and only 0.5% based on culture sensitivity tests. Preoperative surgical prophylaxis was the most common reason for antibiotic use (39.3%). Approximately 34.2% of antibiotic use was deemed inappropriate, with incorrect duration being the most frequent cause (32.4%). Antibiotic misuse was highest in the Surgery (61.2%) and Medicine (56.1%) departments, while the Obstetrics & Gynecology department had the lowest misuse rate (1%). Conclusion: Irrational antibiotic use is a major issue in Bangladesh, contributing to growing resistance. Strict adherence to antibiotic guidelines, especially in surgical and medical wards is essential to curb misuse. This study highlights the need for ongoing audits and the development of hospital-specific antibiotic guidelines to combat AMR effectively.

This work establishes relationship between drug constitution and its basic effector molecules within the human body. Basic effectors derived from constitutional elements of all the 20 (twenty) drugs were matching with those mentioned in the existing medical literature. Therefore drug and its effects can be identified easily. Retrospectively a drug can also be designed for any given basic effectors within the body.

Amenorrhea in a woman of reproductive age can be sporadic, temporary or permanent. It can result from lesion affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, uterus and vagina. A woman is said to have primary amenorrhoea if she fails to attain menarche at the age of fifteen or at thirteen years without evidence of secondary sexual characteristics. The causes of primary amenorrhoea are broadly classified into constitutional delay, anatomical causes such as Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) or genetic causes (gonadal dysgenesis) and other physiological causes including isolated deficiency of gonadotropin releasing hormone. MRKH (Mullerian agenesis) is a rare syndromic disorder that usually occurs when there is agenesis or hypoplasia of the paramesonephric ducts (the precursor for the development of the uterus, fallopian tubes and upper two-third of the vagina). We report on a case of a 22-year-old undergraduate with primary amenorrhoea and subsequent diagnosis of MRKH.

Background: The rate of caesarean section (C-section) deliveries in Bangladesh has increased significantly in recent years. While C-sections are sometimes medically necessary, their growing prevalence raises concerns about overuse and accessibility. Various factors, including medical, social, economic, and institutional influences, contribute to the high rate of C-sections in the country. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the causes and factors influencing the rise of C-sections among pregnant women in Bangladesh. Methodology: This was a randomized prospective study conducted between 2018 and 2020 at Khalishpur Clinic. A total of 532 pregnant women were enrolled, and data were collected from patient records including demographic details, medical history, and reasons for undergoing a C-section. The study analyzed the frequency and distribution of various factors contributing to C-section deliveries, and statistical analysis was performed to identify the most common causes. Results: Among the 532 pregnant women, 413 (77.5%) underwent C-section, and 119 (22.5%) had a normal delivery. The mean age at delivery was 24.2 years (SD 4.6). The leading cause for C-sections was patient request, accounting for 41.5% of cases (n=171), of which 34.1% had no complications and 7.4% had minor complications. Other notable causes included premature rupture of membranes (PROM) (11.9%), post-dated pregnancy (9.7%), and previous C-sections (9.0%). Additionally, 27.6% of C-sections were performed due to other medical reasons. Conclusion: The study found a high rate of C-sections in Bangladesh, with a significant proportion being elective, driven by patient preference. This highlights a cultural shift towards viewing C-sections as a safer, more predictable form of delivery. The findings emphasize the need for improved prenatal care, particularly in rural areas, and greater public awareness regarding the risks and benefits of different delivery methods. Addressing both medical and socio-cultural factors is essential for reducing unnecessary C-sections and promoting safer, evidence-based childbirth practices.