Introduction: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries significantly impact mobility and overall quality of life, necessitating prompt and effective intervention. The purpose of this study was to assess preoperative versus postoperative functional and pain status in arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using the quadriceps tendon. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate preoperative versus postoperative functional and pain status in arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using the quadriceps tendon. Methods: This prospective interventional study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from March 2020 to August 2022, enrolling 30 patients with isolated anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Informed consent was obtained, and diagnoses were established through X-rays and MRI. Outcome measures were evaluated using the Lysholm score, Tegner score, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at follow-up intervals, with statistical analysis conducted using SPSS version 26.0. Result: The study of 30 patients (mean age 29.73 ± 7.00 years, 90% male) found significant improvements post-surgery: Lysholm scores rose from 48.57 to 89.63, Tegner scores from 3.03 to 7.10, and VAS pain scores dropped from 0.90 to 0.20 (all p < 0.001). Conclusion: Arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using the quadriceps tendon led to significant improvements in knee function, enhanced activity levels, and reduced pain, demonstrating its effectiveness in restoring pre-injury status.

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in the development of both Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) & Diabetic Macular Odema (DMO). An intravitreal anti-VEGF agent is an effective new modality of treatment. Some studies have dealt with systemic effects of intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF. However, decreasing renal function has been reported recently. Aims: To investigate the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab (anti VEGF) injection on renal function. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out in the Department of ophthalmology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, during March 2019 to August 2021. A total of 40 patients with retinopathy treated with intravitreal injection bevacizumab were included in this study, out of which 20 patients having diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and rest 20 patients without diabetic kidney disease (No DKD). The patients having Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) whose Urinary Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR) > 30 mg/g or Effective Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) < 60mL/min/1.73m2, No Diabetic Kidney Disease (No DKD) whose UACR < 30 mg/g or eGFR > 60mL/min/1.73m2. Patients of both sexes and age above 18 years were enrolled in this study. Pre- injection and 1 month after 3rd dose of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab, UACR, Serum Creatinine and eGFR were measured and compared. Results: It was observed that half (50.0%) of the patients in DKD and more than half (65.0%) in No DKD belonged to age group 50-59 years. Male was predominant in both the groups. The mean pre-injection of serum creatinine was 1.23±0.53 mg/dl in DKD and 0.87±0.22 mg/dl in No DKD. The mean post-injection of serum creatinine was 1.19±0.45 mg/dl in DKD and 0.87±0.16 mg/dl in No DKD. The mean pre-injection of UACR was 1294.9±968.26 mg/g in DKD and 13.8±5.99 mg/g in No DKD. The mean post-injection of UACR was 1142.11±1024.06 mg/g in DKD and 13.01±6.87 mg/g in No DKD. The mean difference of serum creatinine, eGFR and UACR were not significant (p>0.05) between pre-injection and post-injection in both groups. Conclusion: Serum creatinine, eGFR and UACR were almost similar between pre-injection and post-injection in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and patients without diabetic kidney disease (No DKD).

This study aims to determine the analysis of the influence between the level of knowledge on the behavior of using paracetamol syrup in parents in the community and health care facilities in the city of Bandung. The research method used was analytic-correlation in a cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used was accidental sampling. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire with data analysis using the Spearman Rank correlation test. The results showed that the level of knowledge of parents or guardians in the community (community) and three health care facilities in Bandung City (Pharmacy, Clinic, Puskesmas) the majority had high knowledge (65.13%). The behavior of using paracetamol syrup in parents or guardians in the community (community) and three health care facilities (Pharmacies, Clinics, Puskesmas) the majority had very good behavior (67.58%). In this study, the level of knowledge affects the behavior of paracetamol syrup use in the community (community) and three health care facilities in Bandung City (Pharmacies, Clinics, Puskesmas). So that the better the knowledge, the better the behavior of using paracetamol syrup.

This study aims to determine the analysis of the influence between the level of knowledge on the behavior of using paracetamol syrup in parents in the community and health care facilities in the city of Bandung. The research method used was analytic-correlation in a cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used was accidental sampling. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire with data analysis using the Spearman Rank correlation test. The results showed that the level of knowledge of parents or guardians in the community (community) and three health care facilities in Bandung City (Pharmacy, Clinic, Puskesmas) the majority had high knowledge (65.13%). The behavior of using paracetamol syrup in parents or guardians in the community (community) and three health care facilities (Pharmacies, Clinics, Puskesmas) the majority had very good behavior (67.58%). In this study, the level of knowledge affects the behavior of paracetamol syrup use in the community (community) and three health care facilities in Bandung City (Pharmacies, Clinics, Puskesmas). So that the better the knowledge, the better the behavior of using paracetamol syrup.

Any injury to the body, including damage to the skin's outer layer and impairment of its normal structure and function, is referred to as a wound. Since the beginning of time, people have recognized the crucial nature of wound healing, and significant resources have been used to create cutting-edge wound dressings made of the best materials possible for quick and effective recovery. A vital part of this healing process is played by medicinal herbs. Many studies conducted recently have focused on developing novel wound dressings that contain infusions from medicinal plants or their purified active components, providing viable substitutes for conventional dressings. Several investigations have looked into how various herbal remedies aid in the healing of wounds. This article intends to explain and examine the molecular components of wound healing that are aided by natural plant-based products. The remedies made from herbs participate in various phases of wound healing and work through a variety of processes. Certain herbal medications also increase the formation of important factors that are involved in re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, granulation tissue development, and collagen fiber deposition, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). encouraging anti-inflammatory in nature and antioxidant qualities at different stages of the wound-healing process. The field of herbal medicine and other natural products are used in traditional and alternative medicine to treat wounds. These methods have various benefits over conventional treatments, such as enhanced efficacy owing to different ways in which they work action, antibacterial qualities, and long-term safety when using wound dressings.

Background: Among all breast cancers, 5 to 10% are hereditary and related to mutation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene. To date, extensive researches have been carried out for detection of mutations in the exon2 of BRCA1 gene. Genetic study on these two genes from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue in Bangladeshi population has not been reported so far. Objective: To identify mutation in exon2 of BRCA1 gene from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue of adult Bangladeshi Bangali female patients with breast cancer. Methods: The research was cross-sectional descriptive type of study. The study was conducted on Adult Bangladeshi Bangali female patients with breast cancer aged more than 18 years. A questionnaire was developed to record information on socio-demographic and reproductive characteristics. The data was analyzed by SPSS (Statistical package for the social sciences) version 23.0. The whole sequence of exon2 of chromosome 17 was amplified by short range PCR using the Gotaq master mix and primer sequence. The amplicons were confirmed by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and sequencing was done by Sanger sequencer. Data analysis was performed using Chromas® software version 2.33 and Mega 7 software. The quary sequences were compared with the NCBI database. Results: Average age of the breast cancer patients was 45.46 (± 11.52) and the mean age at menarche was 12.46 (± 0.646). In this study, new mutations along with known mutations were found in exon2 of BRCA1 gene of eight adult female breast cancer patients. The mutations are insertions (C>A, C>T, T>A, G>T, G>C, T>C, A>T, C>G), deletion (C_) and single nucleotide substitution (T-C, G-A, T-G, C-G, T-A, G-C, C-A) in types. Conclusions: The aim of the research was to identify mutation in exon2 of BRCA1 gene. Eight patients have mutation in their DNA sequence revealed from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Further studies are required to evaluate whether these mutation contribute to breast cancer or not. Identification of known mutation along with new mutation with this small sample size emphasizes the importance of exploration the genetic makeup of Bangladeshi population to develop a database for proper screening and genetic counseling of the disease.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic progressive disease characterized by a progressive decline in pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin resistance. Multiple blood glucose-lowering agents targeting the main pathogenic mechanisms of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance are available for the management of type 2 diabetes. However, many patients do not achieve or maintain recommended blood glucose targets even with combination therapies, which are often delayed. Therefore, this study aimed to observe the effects of Empagliflozin as an add-on to Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study and was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Popular Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from January 2023 to December 2023. In our study, we included 255 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who came to receive treatment at the outdoor department of medicine of our hospital. The patients were divided into three groups- Group A (Patients who received the combination of Empagliflozin 10 mg and Metformin 1000 mg), Group B (Patients who received Empagliflozin 10 mg), and Group C (Patients who received Metformin 1000 mg). Result: We found the mean age was 55.8 ± 11.3 years. Most of our patients were male (60%). Among our patients, the majority (57.25%) of them had HbA1c of 8% to 9%. Most patients (60%) got < 8% HbA1c level in Empagliflozin 10 mg combined with metformin 1000 mg group at the end of our study. The majority (9.41%) of patients in the Empagliflozin 10 mg group had >9% HbA1c level compared to other groups. Dizziness, dyspepsia, diarrhea, nasopharyngitis, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia were the most common adverse events. Conclusion: The findings of the study showed that in people with Type 2 diabetes and insufficient glycaemic control, 52 weeks’ treatment with empagliflozin 10 mg as an add-on to metformin 1000 mg resulted in sustained and clinically substantial decreases in HbA1c, body weight,FPG, systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

The halal lifestyle is now widely adopted in Muslims' lives, including medical practice. The study aims to determine the level and correlation of knowledge, perception, and attitude of doctors toward readiness to enter the era of mandatory halal certification of drugs and the demographic factors that influence it. A cross-sectional study was conducted online using a questionnaire validated by experts and previous validation and reliability tests. This study was attended by 400 respondents from five provinces in Java, using purposive sampling. The results of the study showed that doctors had sufficient knowledge (mean 38.50 ± 2.293), sufficient perception (mean 40.92 ± 5.076), and sufficient attitude (mean 39.14 ± 4.523) towards halal drugs. There is a weak correlation between knowledge perception (r=0.306, p<0.05), a very weak correlation between knowledge attitude (r=0.297, p<0.05), and a robust correlation between perception attitude (r=0.828, p<0.05). Doctors' knowledge, perception, and attitudes about halal medicine influence each other (p value<0.05). Factors such as workplace, position, and length of service influence knowledge (p value<0.05), and age, workplace, position, and length of service influence perception and attitude (p value<0.05.) of doctors about halal medicine. It is concluded that doctors have sufficient knowledge, perception, and attitude and influence each other; the correlation between knowledge-perception is weak, knowledge-attitude is very weak, and perception-attitude is very strong. Age has a relationship with knowledge, perception, and attitude, education has a relationship with knowledge, and the workplace has a relationship with doctors' perception of halal medicine.

Lipoma is a common benign tumor of soft tissues but rarely located in the hand or being responsible for neuropathy. A case of compressive lipoma of the Guyon canal with purely sensory disorders has been evolving for 04 years in a 56-year-old woman. The mass was removed without any damage to vascular, neural, or tendinous structures. Postoperative recovery was straightforward, and the patient regained good mobility in the hand and fingers.

Sunscreen is a material that can absorb or reflect ultraviolet (UV) radiation to protect the skin from the negative impact. Sunscreen derived from synthetic compounds can cause long-term toxic side effects, so natural materials can be a safer alternative to sunscreen. Basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.), and jicama tubers (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) have sunscreen activity because they contain flavonoids that absorb UV. This study aims to compare the sunscreen activity of basil leaf extract cream with jicama tuber starch cream and determine the concentration of basil leaf extract or jicama tuber starch with the highest SPF value. Basil leaves were extracted by maceration using ethanol solvents, while jicama tubers were made into starch powder. Basil extract and jicama starch were formulated into a cream preparation. Then, an evaluation of the preparation was carried out. The SPF value was determined in vitro using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer instrument at a wavelength of 290 to 320 nm. The results of the evaluation of the cream preparation meet the requirements for the entire test. The results of measuring the SPF value of basil leaf extract sunscreen cream with concentrations of 15%, 20%, and 25% were 9.40 (maximum), 10.66 (maximum), and 15.41 (ultra). The results of measuring the SPF value of jicama tuber starch sunscreen cream with concentrations of 15%, 20%, and 25% were <2, so it is ineffective as a sunscreen. Basil leaf extract sunscreen cream with a concentration of 25% showed the best SPF value with an ultra sunscreen ability level.

Hypertension is the disease with the highest prevalence in Indonesia. Prevalence of hypertension in the elderly aged 55-75 years and above, which is 62.63% of the overall percentage of people with hypertension. However, many elderly people are not aware and responsive to the treatment of hypertension. The use of anti-hypertensive drugs is often not taken with good procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness and side effects of anti-hypertensive drugs consumed by the elderly in Kalijaga. Sampling using purposive sampling technique with a sample of 30 respondents with blood pressure criteria ≥140/90 mm Hg. Data analysis used wilcoxon and chi-square tests. The results showed a significant effectiveness after the administration of anti-hypertensive drugs as shown by 26 people reaching the target blood pressure therapy. Many of the side effects felt were derived from the use of anti-hypertensive drugs.

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder marked by hyperglycemia, affects millions worldwide. This study explores the antidiabetic potential of ethanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata leaves (EEPPL) using dexamethasone-induced diabetic rat models. EEPPL was prepared via Soxhlet extraction and tested in five groups (n=6 each): normal control (saline), positive control (dexamethasone 1 mg/kg), standard (metformin 40 mg/kg), low dose (EEPPL 250 mg/kg), and high dose (EEPPL 500 mg/kg). Treatments were administered for 10 days, with assessments on day 10 including body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBS), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, and catalase levels. In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase assays were also conducted with acarbose as a reference. Results showed significant antidiabetic and antioxidant effects in dexamethasone-induced diabetic rats. The standard group had highly significant improvements in FBS and OGTT. The high-dose EEPPL group exhibited moderate to highly significant effects on FBS, OGTT, and lipid profile, with weight improvements and reductions in cholesterol levels. Antioxidant assessments revealed reduced lipid peroxidation and increased catalase activity in the high-dose group. The in vitro assays demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, comparable to acarbose. In conclusion, the study suggests that EEPPL has notable antidiabetic and antioxidant properties, supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic for managing diabetes and oxidative stress.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterised by the inability of the pancreas to produce the hormone insulin in accordance with the body's requirements. Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong disease and, as yet, there is no cure. The costs associated with diabetes mellitus drugs are currently quite expensive. The utilisation of traditional medicinal practices involving the use of medicinal plants represents an alternative treatment option that employs natural ingredients with minimal side effects. One such example is the use of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.), which has been demonstrated to possess antidiabetic properties. The objective of this study was to ascertain the antidiabetic efficacy of a bitter melon fruit extract suspension formula. This study employed an experimental methodology, whereby a suspension formulation of bitter melon fruit extract was prepared with three distinct doses. A total of 25 male white mice, induced with alloxan, were selected as test animals and divided into five treatment groups. Group X1 received a dose of 150 mg/kg b.w., Group X2 received a dose of 300 mg/kg b.w., Group X3 received a dose of 450 mg/kg b.w., while the negative control and positive control groups were also included. The data were subsequently analysed using the statistical software package SPSS (version 27), which included tests for normality, homogeneity, one-way ANOVA and the T-test. The findings of this study indicate that the treatment group, which received a suspension of bitter melon fruit extract at a dose of 450 mg/kg bw, exhibited a superior efficacy in reducing blood glucose levels, approaching the level observed in the positive control group.

Background: Osteoporotic proximal humerus fractures pose significant challenges due to reduced bone quality and healing potential. PHILOS plates offer angular stability, but long-term prospective outcome studies are limited. Objective: To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of PHILOS plates in managing osteoporotic proximal humerus fractures, focusing on functional recovery, complication rates, and patient satisfaction. Methods: This prospective study was conducted at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, North East Medical College, Sylhet, also with multicentered study from June 2022 to July 2024, involving 358 patients with osteoporotic proximal humerus fractures. Patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation using PHILOS plates. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Constant-Murley Score (CMS) and DASH score at 6, 12, and 18 months postoperatively. Complications, including screw perforation and avascular necrosis, were systematically recorded. Data analysis included mean score changes, percentages, and ANOVA for repeated measures. Results: The study reported a 94% follow-up rate. At 18 months, 83.5% of patients achieved good to excellent outcomes based on CMS. The mean CMS improved from 30.2 preoperatively to 76.8 at 6 months, 81.4 at 12 months, and 83.9 at 18 months (p < 0.001). The DASH score significantly decreased from 58.1 to 18.5 over 18 months. Complication rates included screw perforation in 6.7%, avascular necrosis in 5.3%, and hardware failure in 4.2%. Patients <70 years showed a mean CMS of 86.1 compared to 77.5 in older patients (p = 0.02). Conclusion: PHILOS plates provide reliable fixation for osteoporotic proximal humerus fractures, yielding excellent functional outcomes and manageable complication rates in a prospective setting.