Morinda citrifolia is an herbal medicine that is used for disease treatment as recommended in traditional medicine. The present study aimed to characterize silver nanoparticles from Noni seed. In this experimental study, green synthesis was carried out then the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, EDX, TEM and FTIR. Findings showed that SEM images of the AgNPs of different shapes were obtained in the case of different seed extracts being used as reducing and capping agents. Seed extract formed approximately spherical, triangular, and cuboidal AgNPs, respectively. Elemental mapping of AgNPs by SEM-EDX shows the presence of 0.31% Ag and 40% oxides with 39% Carbon and other elements in trace amounts. TEM image demonstrates that the AgNPs were spherical. The image shows agglomerates of small grains and some dispersed nanoparticles, confirming the results obtained by SEM. FTIR result reveals the assignment of functional groups to 19 FTIR bands (690-3833 cm 1). Bands were categorized based on possible functional group classes (alkene, aromatic, alcohol/phenol/ether, amine, etc.). Specific functional groups like alkenes, conjugated alkenes, ketones, aldehydes, nitriles, alkynes, and carboxylic acids were identified based on characteristic wavenumbers. The study presents a green synthesis approach to prepare silver nanoparticles using Noni seed extract. Reduction of silver nitrate with Noni seed extract is a simple, conducted at room temperature, efficient, and clean method to synthesize silver nanostructures.

Background: Optic Disc Drusen (ODD) are calcified deposits in the optic nerve head and may be implicated in Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION), particularly in younger patients. NAION typically affects older individuals but is occasionally seen in younger populations, where ODD may contribute to its pathogenesis. In regions like Bangladesh, the prevalence of ODD in younger NAION patients is underreported, making it essential to explore this association further. Objective: To assess the prevalence of ODD in young patients diagnosed with NAION in Bangladesh and explore its clinical significance. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed medical records from two tertiary care centers in Bangladesh over a 10-year period (2009–2019). Patients aged 18–50 diagnosed with NAION were included, and the presence of ODD was determined using various imaging modalities such as enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound (US). The prevalence of ODD in NAION-affected eyes was calculated, and statistical analyses compared the presence of ODD with patient demographics and NAION characteristics. Results: ODD was detected in 53.3% of NAION-affected eyes and 56.7% of young NAION patients. EDI-OCT showed the highest sensitivity (54.2% detection in eyes and 58.3% in patients). Most ODD were bilateral (95.2%), with 20% of these patients also presenting with bilateral NAION. There was no significant difference in sex or age of onset between patients with and without ODD. Conclusion: The study reveals a high prevalence of ODD in young NAION patients in Bangladesh, suggesting a strong association between ODD and NAION in this demographic. The results emphasize the importance of using advanced imaging modalities like EDI-OCT for accurate diagnosis. Future research should investigate whether ODD is an independent risk factor for NAION in young patients.

Introduction: Cancer results from an anarchic proliferation of abnormal cells of the mammary gland and is the most common cancer in women in developed countries with 50,000 new cases in 2008. Objectives: The aim of our work was to describe the sociodemographic characteristics of patients, to determine the different sites and the frequency of metastases; and to describe the CT and histological aspects in the diagnosis of extension, therapy and assessment. Methods: Our study was retrospective descriptive over a period of 12 months from January 2020 to December 2020 in the radiology and medical oncology department of CHUME Luxembourg. It concerned all patients with histologically confirmed cancer who had undergone a scan before, during treatment or during therapeutic monitoring. The examinations were carried out with a HITACHI SUPRIA 16 BARRETTES CT scanner installed in 2015. Results: During the period of our study, the frequency of breast cancer was 10.7% (130 cases) out of 1204 scans carried out with a female predominance of 98%, an average age of 52 years and extremes of 12 to 90 years. The main metastases were: pulmonary (59%), followed by lymph node metastases (66%), bone (51%), liver (29%) and brain (2%). The association of pulmonary, lymph node, liver and bone metastasis represented 27% of the most frequent associations. As for the histological aspect, non-specific invasive carcinoma grade II SBR and TNM was the most frequent.

Introduction: Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are the most common complication of osteoporosis where Percutaneous vertebroplasty is thought to immediately improve the pain and disability status via stabilization and reinforcement of the fractured body with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) injection. Purpose: To evaluate the clinical and radiological outcome of Percutaneous vertebroplasty in osteoporotic VCFs in Dorso-Lumbar (DL) Spine. Materials and methods: It is a prospective study carried out in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and different private hospitals in Dhaka, from January 2010 to March 2023. Total number of patients was 121 i.e., 92 female 29 male patients (167 treated vertebrae), age ranged from 65-85 years with mean age 73.40 years. 10 cases at D10 and D11 each, 26 cases at D12, 21 cases at L1, 15 cases at L2, 16 cases at D12-L1, 03 case at D9,12, 05 cases at D10,11, 07 cases at L1,2 and 03 case at D9,12L1 and 05 cases at D12,L1,2. Follow up ranged from 24 to 36 months and outcome assessed regarding neurological status (Radiculopathy and Myelopathy), pain [Visual Analogue Score (VAS)] and disability [Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) questionnaire]. Radiological assessment of the treated spine was done to identify any vertebral height gain (McKiernan method), kyphosis correction (Cobb`s method). Results: The mean age was 73.40 ± 03.75 years. 74(60.97%) patients were in 65-74 years age group. 105(63.41%) cases had single vertebral level, 49(29.26%) with 02 levels and 12(07.32%) with 03 levels involvement. D12 (n=53, 31.17%) and L1 (n=52, 31.13%) were most frequent. The age, sex, occupation, and the level of involvement had no significant difference (p>0.05, chi-squared test). VAS for pain had significantly improvement (p<0.05, paired t test) from preoperative 08.50±0.50 to 03.50±0.30 postoperatively and 02.80± 0.50 at 1 year. The preoperative ODI 71.11±09.69 improved significantly (p<0.05, paired t test) to 17.34±04.11 postoperatively and 09.76± 04.83% at 1 year. The kyphotic angle was corrected to 05°±02.50° at the 12 months follow up radiograph. One level (02.30%) had cement leakage which was evident on postoperative X-ray but was asymptomatic even on the last follow up. Conclusion: Percutaneous Vertebroplasty is a significantly effective technique for immediate and short-term pain relief, disability status improvement in Vertebral Compression Fractures (VCFs) with satisfactory radiological outcome in DL spine.

Background: Eclampsia, characterized by the onset of seizures in women with preeclampsia, is a significant cause of maternal and neonatal mortality, especially in low-resource settings like Bangladesh. Young women, particularly those in their teenage years, are especially vulnerable to this life-threatening condition due to socio-economic and health factors. Objective: This study aims to assess the clinical outcomes of eclampsia patients aged 15 to 20 years admitted to Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCh) between July 2023 and December 2023. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at DMCh, focusing on young women diagnosed with eclampsia. Patients admitted with symptoms of preeclampsia or eclampsia after 20 weeks of gestation were included. Detailed clinical evaluations and sociodemographic data were collected, including obstetric history and predisposing factors. Diagnostic tests were performed, and management protocols were followed, including the administration of magnesium sulfate. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were monitored, including mode of delivery and complications. Results: The majority of eclampsia patients (39.13%) were aged 17-18 years, followed by 35% aged 15-16 years, with a significant proportion being primigravida (55%). Most cases occurred between 36-38 weeks of gestation (35%). Antepartum eclampsia accounted for 90% of cases, and 80% of deliveries were via cesarean section. Maternal outcomes revealed a 77% improvement rate, while neonatal outcomes showed an 80% survival rate, despite a 15% stillbirth rate. Conclusion: The findings indicate that eclampsia predominantly affects young, primigravida women in late gestation, with significant implications for maternal and neonatal health. The high incidence of cesarean deliveries and notable stillbirth rates highlight the need for improved prenatal care and postnatal monitoring in this vulnerable population. Addressing these gaps could help reduce the burden of eclampsia in young women in Bangladesh.

Introduction: The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical settings has shown promise in various domains including diagnostics, treatment recommendation, and patient management. Recent advances have explored the potential of AI in pre-surgical assessments, but its application in transplant psychology remains unexplored. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of AI in the context of screening potential liver transplant donors and recipients. To assess the feasibility of using ChatGPT-4 to screen potential liver transplant donors and recipients. Methods: This study utilizes a cross-sectional research design to evaluate the feasibility of using ChatGPT-4 in the preliminary screening of living liver donors and liver transplant candidates. The study aims to determine the accuracy and reliability of ChatGPT-4 in assessing hypothetical scenarios involving potential donors and recipients. Results: The analysis showed no found no significant differences between ChatGPT-4 and the expert panel in assessing liver transplant candidates, demonstrating an overall accuracy of 83.58%, sensitivity of 56.10%, and specificity of 80.49%. Additionally, the Cohen’s Kappa statistic of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.52-0.83) indicated substantial agreement between ChatGPT-4 and the psychologists’ evaluations. The absence of false positives (0%) and a low false negative rate (8%) emphasize ChatGPT-4's cautious and accurate decision-making capabilities. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that ChatGPT-4 has the potential to serve as an effective screening tool for liver transplant candidates, complementing the work of human experts and enhancing the overall efficiency of the transplant process. While challenges remain, the integration of AI into the liver transplantation workflow could lead to significant improvements in candidate evaluation and patient outcomes, paving the way for the broader application of AI in clinical practice.

Background: Clinicians confront heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) as the most pertinent pathological relationship. Antibodies directed against complexes of heparin molecules and platelet factor 4 (PF4) are the cause of this immune-mediated phenomena. HIT is a significant adverse event that affects individuals with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Objective: To assess the frequency of HIT in patients presenting with ACS. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out the Northeast Medical College's Department of Cardiology in Sylhet from June 2021 to December 2022. A total of 234 individuals aged 40 to 70 years old presented with ACS within 24 hours of symptom onset. This study excluded patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), aplastic anemia, myeloproliferative diseases, or pre-existing thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia was evaluated using medical records and a full blood count (CBC), with isolated thrombocytopenia (platelets <150 x109/L) prior to heparin administration. Results: Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, a history of ACS, and obesity were the most frequent comorbidities, accounting for 41.03%, 33.76%, 43.16%, and 14.96%, respectively. The incidence of HIT in NSTEMI and STEMI was higher than in unstable angina, although still comparable. The delayed presentation of ACS > 12 hours was also strongly correlated with the occurrence of HIT (p<0.05). Unstable angina and middle age (50–60 years) were found to have a significant relationship with HIT (p<0.05). Conclusion: HIT is more common in patients who have had a myocardial infarction or who have had symptoms for more than 12 hours at the time of hospitalization. Cardiologists and internal medicine experts must take extra precautions when administering heparin to high-risk patients to prevent problems.

Choanal atresia is a congenital defect in the permeabilization of the posterior end of the nasal cavities. Its bilateral form is responsible for respiratory distress that can be life-threatening. The unilateral form was suspected in view of the permanent unilateral right nasal obstruction. We report the observation of two clinical cases admitted to the Radiology and Medical Imaging department, CHU GT of Bamako (Mali). The aim of our study was to highlight the importance of screening for this condition at birth. Surgical treatment allowed us to obtain an overall success rate of 100%. Divulsion was used to pass the emergency stage after short-term palliative medical treatment in the case of bilateral choanal atresia. The operative techniques used were divulsion and nasal endoscopic route.

Background: Climate change significantly affects the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases by altering temperature and rainfall patterns, thus creating favorable conditions for vectors. Objective: This study aims to examine the impact of climate change on the incidence of vector-borne diseases, focusing on temperature and rainfall patterns in Dhaka. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to November 2023 at Shaheed Monsur Ali Medical College and Hospital, Uttara, Dhaka. A total of 125 patients diagnosed with dengue, malaria, and chikungunya were analyzed. Data on patient demographics, disease occurrence, and climate variables (temperature and rainfall) were collected. Regression analysis evaluated the relationship between climate factors and disease incidence. Results: Out of 125 patients, 69 (55%) had dengue, 31 (25%) had malaria, and 25 (20%) had chikungunya. Dengue cases peaked during the monsoon season (July to September), with a 35% increase compared to the dry season. A 1°C rise in temperature correlated with a 12% rise in disease incidence, while a 50 mm increase in rainfall resulted in a 15% increase in cases. Conclusion: The study confirms that rising temperatures and increased rainfall due to climate change are critical drivers of vector-borne disease transmission in Dhaka, necessitating targeted public health measures.