Fenugreek seed mucilage (FSM) is isolated from the seeds of Trigonella Foenum-graecum, commonly known as Fenugreek, which is herbaceous plant. Fenugreek seeds contain high percentage of mucilage, which does not dissolve in water, but swell up and become slick when exposed to fluids. Atorvastatin is one of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), which are lipid-lowering medications used in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Atorvastatin is poorly absorbed orally, its oral bioavailability is very low (about14%) because it is very slightly soluble in distilled water and pH 7.4 phosphate buffer, which would limit its clinical application. The objective of this study is to enhance atorvastatin solubility in order to increase its bioavailability by the formulation of solid dispersion using fenugreek seed mucilage. Mucilage was extracted from the seed and evaluated for flow properties, pH value, FTIR spectroscopy and percentage practical yield. Then solid dispersions with different drug to polymer ratios were prepared from fenugreek mucilage and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), after that saturation solubility was tested for fenugreek seed mucilage solid dispersion (FSMSD), hydroxxy propyle methyl cellulose solid dispersion (HPMCSD) and pure drug. Tablets were prepared from solid dispersion with the highest saturation solubility, then tablets were tested and evaluated. The tablets showed satisfactory physicochemical properties as 1.77%RSD in tablet weight variation, 1 min disintegration time, 5.24±0.457 Hardness and 89% drug release in 45 min. it is concluded that FSM is a promising excipient that can be used in dosage forms formulation to enhance solubility of low soluble drugs.

Four simple, sensitive, precise and accurate spectrophotometric methods A, B, C and D have been developed for the quantitative estimation of Naftopidil. UV method (A) has been developed by using alcohol as the solvent. The wavelength of maximum absorbance selected was 269nm. The method was linear between the range of 2-10g/ml with correlation coefficient of 0.9999. %RSD of precision was calculated and found to be 0.965. Colorimetric Methods B, C and D have been developed by oxidation followed by complex formation reaction using 1,10- phenanthroline, 2,2’- bipyridyl and Potassium ferricyanide respectively, using ferric chloride as oxidizing agent. Regression analysis for the methods was carried out and the correlation coefficient was found to be between the range of 0.99969-0.9999 depicting very good linear relationship between the concentration of the drug and corresponding absorbance values. % RSD of precision for the three colorimetric methods was calculated and found between the range of 0.4126-1.1354 showing that the methods are precise. Accuracy studies were carried out at three different levels and the results fall between the range of 99.89 to 99.96.

Background: Sinonasal masses (SNMs) are a pretty frequent medical entity that take place amongst patients of all age groups. Their symptoms and signs regularly overlap, as a result a diagnostic predicament exists. A right analysis is prudent for instituting right cure and anticipating recovery. The purpose of this analysis was to find out the incidence & variety of nonneoplastic & neoplastic lesions of nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses. Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine the histopathological spectrum of sinonasal masses in patients coming to a tertiary care hospital and also to compare the findings with other studies. Methods: This analysis was carried out on 150 patients with SNMs presented to the Department of Histopathology at National Institute of ENT & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh over a period of about two years (September 2016 to May 2018). Their demographic data, clinical profile and histopathological diagnosis were analyzed. Results: A total of 150 cases were studied. The neoplastic lesions formed the larger group, 87 cases (58%) followed by nonneoplastic lesions, 63 cases (42%). Nonneoplastic lesions were more common in the age group of 2nd & 3rd decades while neoplastic masses were prevalent in the 2nd & 6th decades. The lesions of nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses had a stronger predilection for males as compared to females with the male to female ratio being 2.33. Conclusions: The majority of sinonasal masses sent for histopathology are inflammatory, a variety of benign & malignant lesions may present as nasal masses. All nasal masses must need thorough histopathological examination.

Background: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression and amplification have been considered as a therapeutic and prognostic target in a quantity of tumors although conflicting data exist about the incidence and clinical consequence of HER2/neu status in the patients. The growth risk of bladder cancer is age dependent. In general, adolescent and young adults tend to develop well differentiated non-invasive, rather than invasive bladder cancer. Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the Immunohistochemical study of HER-2/NEU Expression in urothelial bladder carcinoma and its correction with histopathological Grade. Methods: This was a cross sectional study. Patients with paraffin blocks of urinary bladder tissue which were histologically diagnosed as urothelial carcinoma at the Department of Pathology, BIRDEM and other private laboratories were included in our study during the period of January 2016 to December 2018. Results: This study shows that, a total of 56 histologically diagnosed cases of urothelial carcinoma were included. There were 34 cases (60.7%) of high grade and 22 cases (39.3%) of low-grade urothelial carcinomas. The age of the patient ranged from 23 years to 98 years (mean 66.34±15.3 years). Majority of patients (50.98 %) belonged to 61 to 80 years age group. High grade tumors were predominantly seen at an older age. There were 42 males (75.0%) and 14 females (25.0 %) with a male to female ratio of 3:1. Conclusions: Significant correlation in expression of HER-2/Neu was found with grading of urothelial carcinoma. A positive HER-2 status is associated with aggressive urothelial carcinoma and provides independent prognostic information for urothelial carcinoma recurrence and mortality.

Many plant species have their own toxicity, direct or indirect. On this point, the perfect knowledge of the metabolite constituents of the plants as well as the toxicity related to them is necessary for an adequate use in the formulation of the Improved Traditional Medicines and all other products related to the plants. Our study aims to carry out the quantitave screening and the study of the subchronic toxicity of ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Canarium schweinfurthii. Harvested in Bamendjou in the West Cameroon region, the stem bark of C. schweinfurthii was extracted with ethanol at 700. The estimation of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, tannins, saponins and alkaloids has been evaluated by different methods described in the literature. The subchronic toxicity assessment was performed over a 90-day period, with 4 batches of 10 rats (5 males and 5 female’s albino Wistar rats) following OECD 408 guidelines. The determination of biochemical parameters, and hematological parameters was done in serum and histological sections on organ. Among the quantified compounds, saponins were the most abundant followed by polyphenols, alkaloids, then flavonoids and finally tannins. On repeated dosing for 90 days, the extract contributed to non-significant weight growth in rats at all dose levels in both male and female rats. Analysis of biochemical, hematological and histological parameters and histological sections did not show any serious signs of toxicity in the treated groups. Finally, the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of C. schweinfurthii even rich in secondary metabolites appears to conserve an acceptable safety for the formulation of improved traditional medicines.

The present electrochemical study deals with the evaluation of a complexation process involving different metal and ligands and its physicochemical properties to find out the ligand- metal ratio of complex in solution. For the determination of complexing nature “Monovariation method” have been used to ascertain the ligand metal ratio in the complex. The stability constant of the formed complexes were calculated by conductance measurement using Modified Job’s method (Turner Anderson Method). The analysis had been carried out by using conductometric principle and the final outcome of the experiment may influenced by temperature and with the ionic concentration of metal and ligand solution. Free energy change values were determined to find out the feasibility of the complexation process. One of the method was validated statistically by using system and method precision parameters. Lastly the complexes was been assayed by using a specific chromogenic agent with a specific spectroscopic technique that may give biological action in future.

Background: WHO and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics recognise the words "post maturity," "post term," "postdate," and "prolongedpregnancy" to describe pregnancies that continue beyond their intended end points (expected date of delivery). As much as 10% of pregnancies become more complicated due to a pregnancy that lasts longer than expected, and this poses risks to both the mother and the unborn child. Objective: To study of medical induction of labour in post-dated pregnancy. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Abdul Malek Ukil Medical College, Noakhali, Bangladesh from January to June 2022. 100 patients included in our study. Labour induction in post-dated pregnancy was performed only after appropriate assessment of the mother and foetus. The inclusion criteria were intact membrane, cephalic presentation, singleton pregnancies, low Bishop score in post-dated pregnancies. Absolute contraindications to induction of labour include contracted pelvis, placenta previa, unexplained vaginal bleeding, presentation other than head and previous caesarean section were excluded from the study. This study shows that the main method was oxytocin drip and second method was ARM+oxytocin in drip, some cases induced by using oral prostaglandin and very few cases induced by intra cervical prostaglandin. Results: During the study 21-31 years age group, 60%. 42% were in oxytocin drip followed by 38% were in ARM + Oxytocin drip, 14% were in misoprostol in oxytocin drip 30% were failed cases followed by in ARM + Oxytocin drip it was 25%, in misoprostol it was 14%. Majority had Spontaneous vaginal delivery followed by 15% had Delivery by Caesarean section and 10% had Delivery with the aid of Forceps. 13% had foetal distress and 5% had unfavorable cervix. 75% were healthy baby and 20% were distress baby. Conclusion: Successful birth outcomes are strongly correlated with labor starting at the optimal time. An accurate diagnosis of postdatism is crucial. Mothers' worries and issues related to postdatism may be reduced with the help of sound guidance and close observation from healthcare providers. Due to technical constraints in foetal monitoring and oxytocin titration, caesarean section is often used to terminate most post-dated pregnancies in various hospitals throughout the nation. When a mature cervix and optimal fetal presentation are present, inducing labor seems to be safe for both the woman and the baby.

Background: Myopia, or nearsightedness, affects a large percentage of the population and is typically identified in those under the age of 20. Having myopia makes it difficult to see far away. While you have no issue seeing nearby items, such as those used to indicate aisles in a grocery store, you may have trouble seeing further away ones, such as road signs. Objective: In this study our main goal is to evaluate the distribution of iris colour and its relationship to myopia in Bangladeshi patients. Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out at tertiary hospital from March 2020 to December 2021, researchers from several fields and sessions worked together on a single unified study. There were a total of 100 people, with a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 6/6, and ages ranging from 11 to 25 years old. Patients were limited to no more than six hours of television every day. All three degrees of myopia (mild, moderate, and severe) were covered. Results: During the study, 51% belong to 10-15 years followed by 35% belong to 16-20 years and 14% belong to 21-25 years. In addition, among patients mild 55%, moderate 21%, and severe 24% myopia. Screen time, significantly associated with myopia. 40% who had screen time was 1-2 hours had severe level myopia. Followed by 45% who had screen time was 2-4 hours had severe level myopia and 50% who had screen time was 4-6 hours had severe level myopia. 66% who had mid-level myopia had grade I Irish color. Followed by 56% who had moderate level myopia had grade I Irish color and 50% severe level myopia had grade I Irish color. 66% who had simple myopia had grade I Irish color. Followed by 55% who had curvatural myopia had grade I Irish color. Conclusion: Darker iris color was linked to higher myopia-related refractive errors, even when other known myopia-related risk variables were taken into account.