Introduction: Metformin is the most widely administered anti-diabetic medication among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. However, metformin induces vitamin B12 mal-absorption which may increase the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency among T2DM patients. Aim: To determine the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency among diabetic patients on metformin therapy. Materials & Methods: This is a case-control hospital-based study conducted in Khartoum state. A hundred subjects were involved, fifty were with type 2 diabetes patients underuse of metformin, and fifty were diabetic patients not underuse of metformin. Serum Vitamin B12 levels were estimated by the ELIZA method in a fully Automated Biochemistry Analyzer (Cobas). Results: Table 3.2 shows the mean serum level of vitamin B12 in diabetes underuse of metformin and control group respectively were (252.6±101.3, 339.4±112.3), there was a significant decrease of serum level of vitamin B12 in patients under treatment with metformin compared to patients not underuse of metformin (p value=0.000). Conclusion: Significant decrease of serum vitamin B12 in the diabetic patients under treatment with metformin compared to diabetic patients not use of metformin. Vitamin B12 deficient subjects presented with significantly longer duration of T2DM, duration of metformin use, and use of higher metformin doses compared to non-deficient subjects.

Peripheral T and NK lymphomas of the nasal cavity are a heterogeneous group of neoplasia of lymphocytic origin. Nasal T/NK lymphoma is a rare and severe disorder in Africa and Europe. It is an aggressive form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with specific clinicopathological features. Diagnosis is based on immunohistochemical study. Treatment includes chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This type of lymphoma has a poor prognosis overall, even with treatment. We report a case of T / NK lymphoma simulating an orbito-jugal cellulitis. This is the case of a 49-year-old patient admitted with an extended left facial cellulitis. The CT scan of the facial mass showed a left unilateral pansinusitis with orbital infiltration. The diagnosis was made after an immunohistochemical study of the nasal biopsies. Histological examination revealed nasal-type T / NK lymphoma. The treatment consisted of radio-chemotherapy. T / NK lymphomas are aggressive; they mainly affect the nasal sinus cavities. They are responsible for angio-destruction and necrosis which make the symptoms nonspecific and the biopsies often negative, causing a problem of differential diagnosis. The treatment is based on radiotherapy and chemotherapy and the prognosis remains poor. The patient was treated with CHOEP chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy.

Chondrosarcoma is a very destructive malignant tumor of cartilage, bone and mesenchymal origin. Localization in the head and neck is rare and the sino-nasal site is even rarer. We report a case of chondrosarcoma of the nasal cavities and sinuses. The aim of our work is to show the importance of clinical, endoscopy and imaging in the diagnostic presumption, to discuss the choice of surgical technique and postoperative monitoring. We will highlight the difficulties that this tumor poses for the pathologist to differentiate between chondroma and chondrosarcoma.

We report the case of parathyroid adenoma incidentally discovered during a total thyroidectomy. The patient showed no clinical or biochemical signs that led us to suspect a hyperparathyroidism condition before the operation. But a macroscopically enlarged parathyroid was discovered during the dissection and it was removed. The patients had a single adenoma confirmed by histological analysis. No permanent hypoparathyroidism or recurrent hyperparathyroidism was observed. We recommend that any enlarged parathyroid discovered during neck surgery should thus be removed to avoid the risks of future surgical procedures due to successive both of clinical hyperparathyroidism.

The use of plants to treat chronic diseases such as high blood pressure is part of ancient African traditions. Many authors have placed an emphasis on the study of plants through the ethnobotanical approach and the results obtained in different regions have shown that the use of plants to treat chronic diseases is very widespread. Ethnobotanical surveys aiming at identifying plants with antihypertensive properties were carried out in the city of Nkongsamba, Littoral Region, Cameroon, with traditional health practitioners in markets and associations. The data analysis focused on determining, for each species, the frequency of citation (CF), the confirmation or consensus index of informants (ICs), the frequency of use (FU) and contribution to the constitution of revenue (Cpr). A total of 35 people were interviewed as part of this survey: 24 men and 11 women. The distribution of respondents by age group showed that the group [41-60] is the most represented. People from the Cameroon West Region were the most represented among respondents. The distribution of respondents according to profession showed that traditional healers were more represented. The distribution of respondents according to religion showed that Christians were more represented. The distribution of respondents by level of study showed that respondents who dropped out of secondary school were more represented. The floristic inventory identified 55 species divided into 50 genera and 33 families. The most cited species was Alium sativum. The flora of Nkongsamba therefore contains an important diversity of plants with antihypertensive properties widely used by traditional therapists.

Plant hormones are signaling molecules that needed for the growth of plants at optimum concentration to govern all the mechanisms of plants development and growth, embryogenesis, organ size regulation, defense from pathogens, tolerance to different stresses and also the reproductive development. The light-inhibition that aggravates the elongation of hypocotyl is controlled by red or far-red light receptor phytohormones that comprising the gibberellins, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, auxin, abscisic acid and ethylene. The level of cytokinin, auxin and GA increased at the fruit-set and constraint of their high level at fruit-set already been noted by their exogenous applications, and which causes the formation of parthenocarpic in tomato. In Arabidopsis, efficient induced germination of dormant seed needs cold-treatment and light activation of photo-chrome system. Germination of seed is plant first and adaptive choice in development and improvements in molecular physiology and genetics have revealed factors which controls the germination of seed. To improve photo-morphogenesis in the seedlings of Arabidopsis, PIF1 is regulated by light facilitated deprivation through the ubiquitin 26-S proteasome passageway. The germination of seed is important stage in the life cycle of plant and the decision made by an imbibing seed to initiate germination can be considered to be a critical regulatory step in plant development.

False creatinine results estimated by conventional Jaffe’s endpoints are still a problem in the laboratories. We hypothesized that delay in absorbance measurement may influence the concentration of creatinine measured by Jaffe’s conventional method. This study compared the agreements between creatinine measured by conventional Jaffe’s endpoints and kinetic Jaffe’s methods and the influence of delayed absorbance reading on creatinine concentrations in kidney disease patients. A cross sectional study conducted in one hundred (70 males and 30 females) adults with kidney dysfunction. Serum creatinine was measured by Jaffe endpoint method and by Jaffe’s Kinetic method. Significant increase was observed in the creatinine measured by Jaffe’s endpoint method compared with Kinetic method. The serum creatinine concentration measured by Jaffe’s endpoint methods increases with increase time. This study has indicated that conventional Jaffe endpoint and kinetic methods show poor agreement for the estimation of serum creatinine in the presence of renal dysfunction, the kinetic method performed slightly better. This study also suggests that delay in absorbance reading for Jaffe endpoint reaction is a factor which influences serum creatinine concentrations.

Different methods are used for the introduction of foreign DNA in the genome of a plant. These processes includes the biological methods which are based on pathogenic bacteria A. rhizogenes and A. fumefaciens, or the chemical and physical coordination’s like microprojectile-bombardment, micro-injection, chemical poration and electroporation. The bacterial transformation is the straight gene transferring mechanism through which the some of the bacteria intake the foreign DNA from environment. The protoplasts of plant treated with the polyethylene glycol take up the DNA more rapidly from the surrounding, and this DNA can be integrated stably in to plant chromosomal DNA. Biolistics contains acceleration of higher mass transporter elements (commonly made up of tungsten, gold or platinum) roofed with the genes which passed through cells, separating the DNA inside by the adsorption method. SiC whiskers are like a needle having a size of 20μm in length. These whiskers helps in penetrating the plasma membrane and cell wall of targeted cell for transferring the wanted DNA and hence, the transformants are attained.

Undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type (UCNT) is mainly known in its nasopharyngeal localization. Nevertheless, it can be found in other sites of the upper and lower aerodigestive pathways. The aim of this work is to study the characteristics and therapeutic management of UCNT located outside of nasopharynx; particularly at the larynx; in the light of the medical observation of a 65-years-old who presented a laryngeal lymphoepithelial carcinoma admitted to the department of otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery at the specialties hospital, Mohamed V university, Rabat-Morocco.

Microbes have ecological interactions with almost all life forms. Likewise, humans invariably engage in host-microbial interactions that could induce short-term or long-term effects. They are used in pharmaceutical industries for the synthesis of chemical compounds. Nowadays, chemical industries using the bacteria to synthesis the industrial products like. Some important features of bacteria in food industries remain unclear. This review highlighted the role of bacteria in industries for synthesis of compounds in medical as well as industrial point of view but some of the bacterial species have great impact on the human health thus causing serious diseases in human. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is used to produce cheese, yoghurt, kefir and kimchi. Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) is used in traditional manufacturing of vinegar. Bacteria are used to create multiple antibiotics such as streptomycin from the bacteria streptococcus. Another important role in pharmaceuticals is the use of microbes for the medically important studies, such as bacteriorhodopsin. Escherichia coli is used for commercial preparation of riboflavin and vitamin K.E. coli is also used to produce D-amino acids such as D-p-hydroxyphenylglycine, an important intermediate for synthesis of the antibiotic amoxicillin.

Surgery of the larynx not only allows reshaping the tumor but also to preserve maximally the laryngeal function. This is why the imaging gives an exact definition of the extent as well as the volume of the tumor. This is a retrospective study involving 58 patients performed at the ENT-head and neck surgery specialties hospital of CHU Rabat from January 2019 to December 2019.All patients with epidermoid carcinoma received cervical CT with axial and coronal slices and endoscopic (direct laryngoscopy) assessment. The realization of a computed tomography is used nowadays in common practice to review the loco regional extension of laryngeal cancers. It is an integral part of the staging with a crucial role in the mostly conservative therapeutic decision and monitoring [1, 2]. The exam should be performed remotely from biopsies, especially for small tumors. Indeed, the post-biopsy inflammatory reaction could falsely increase the tumor description. The decision of a suitable therapeutic attitude for each case of laryngeal cancer depends indeed on the sensitivity of endoscopic and scannographic examinations.

The basic mechanism for the absorption for the metals is not known in case of fish but some information is available that these metals absorb across gills and intestinal tract and then distributed via circulation in the whole body of fish. Heavy metals include cadmium, arsenic mercury and lead etc. which are existing in natural environment or in other hand these metals are present in the earth crust naturally in a very minute amount. Fish containing products contain different amount of metals. Copper is required in certain limit by human bodies, but when its amount of intake is increasing then it causes serious disorders like kidney failure, liver damage especially During Wilson’s disorder. Some fish varieties like those of shellfish etc. accumulate mercury in their bodies which form methylmercury which is extremely toxic that causes organ mercury compound. To be effective, bubbler/diffuser systems must be turned on early in the spring and run nonstop all summer until temperatures begin to cool in the fall.