Aim: To determine Knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) about Diabetic Retinopathy in diagnosed Diabetic patients at outpatient department of district head quarter hospital Sahiwal Pakistan. Introduction: Diabetic Retinopathy is a diabetes complication that affects eyes. It is caused by damage to the blood vessels of the light sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina). The longer you have diabetes and the less controlled your blood sugar is, the more likely you are to develop this eye complication. Methodology: This was hospital based, descriptive, cross sectional study. A written informed consent was taken from the all patients to take part in this study. Data was analyzed by using statistical package for social sciences SPSS version 24. Results: In this study 72 patients were included out of which 30 (41.7%) were male and 42 (58.3%) were female. Out of these 72, majority 42 (58.3%) patients had no knowledge about diabetes and only 30 (41.7%) patients had good knowledge regarding diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion: In this study, knowledge about diabetic retinopathy was not as satisfactory. Knowledge about Diabetic retinopathy was even lower than diabetes. Results for practices were totally different from knowledge. Practices for controlling diabetes regarding diet was good but regarding exercise showed poor results.

Staphylococcus aureus is a dangerous human pathogen and one of the leading causes of infections worldwide While S. aureus toxin production is highly strain-specific, because most toxins of S. aureus. Some of the genetic diseases that directly associated to the lysis of the cells of the blood. One of the diseases that associated to the genetic level included the sickle cell anemia. This is particularly useful in classifying streptococcal species. A substance that causes hemolysis is a hemolysin. Different effects appeared due to more hemolysis of the cells of the blood by different microbes. β-Hemolytic streptococci are also detected in laboratory rats but rarely cause disease. Streptococcus pneumoniae and a group of oral streptococci as Streptococcus viridans or viridans streptococci display alpha hemolysis. This is sometimes called green hemolysis because of the color change in the agar. Bacteria are often divided into different families and groups. This division is based in part on the physical appearance of the bacteria as well as some of their chemical and biological characteristics. The organism does not induce hemolysis, the agar under and around the colony is unchanged, and the organism is called non-hemolytic or said to display gamma hemolysis (γ-hemolysis).

2-Hydroxy-5-methylacetophenone salicyloyl hydrazone and its Cr (III), Mn(III), Fe(III) and VO(IV) metal complexes were synthesized. Elemental analyses, molar conductance, magnetic moments, electronic, 1H NMR, mass, IR, ESR spectra and thermal studies (TGA & DTA) were applied for characterization. The complexes are coloured solids, air stable, non-hygroscopic and soluble in DMF and DMSO only. IR spectral studies reveal that ligand act as tribasic tetradentate (ONOO) (enol form) donor towards Cr(III), Mn(III) and Fe(III) and dibasic tridentate (ONO) (keto form) donor towards VO(IV) complex. The molar conductivity data of the complex show them to be non-electrolyte. Magnetic susceptibility measurements favour octahedral coordination for Cr (III) and Fe(III) and square pyramidal coordination for Mn(III) and VO(IV). The complexes were treated for TGA and DTA studies. Thermo-kinetic parameters such as activation energy (Ea), order of reaction (n), entropy change (∆S), free energy change (∆F) and apparent entropy change (S*) have been calculated on the basis of TG curve by using the Freeman-Carroll and Sharp-Wentworth methods. ESR spectra of vanadyl complex are recorded and discussed. In addition, the antimicrobial activities of the ligand and its metal complexes were also examined by well diffusion method.

Carbohydrates are present in the form of starch and sugars in our food. The three major antioxidant vitamins are beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E. Beta carotene, like all carotenoids, is an antioxidant also a scavenger of singlet oxygen. The main cause of vitamin C loss from food is leaching, which transfers vitamin C to the cooking water, which is decanted and not consumed. Vitamin E is found naturally in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. The blood of the animals also contains the various clotting factors that significantly involved in the processes or events related the blood cancer or diseases. The major type of the protein in the system of vertebrate in the blood is the fibrinogen. The blood of the human also contains the various clotting factors that significantly involved in the processes or events related the blood cancer or diseases. The thrombolytic activity of the food extracts remains unclear and not completely studied yet. Different factors are involved in clotting of the blood. Different compounds in foods promoted the clotting of the blood by activating the calcium. This review helpful for the investigation of the novel compounds in many plants that are used to treat the large number of diseases as well as to understand the nature of compounds that reduce the production of the free radicals in the particular cells.

Shark liver oil is one of the sources of cellular energy and provides repair and restoration of damaged cells, and supports in protection of the body from the emergence of tumorous conditions. The Shark liver oil was tested orally at the dose of 1gm/kg/oral body weight, on gastric ulceration experimentally induced by Ethanol. The parameters considered to assess the Mucoprotective activity were percentage of ulcer, ulcer index, percentage of inhibition, pH, free acidity and total acidity, GSH, LPO and ALP. Pre treatment with the Shark liver oil resulted in significant decrease of the ulcerated area and reduced pH, free acidity and total acidity.

Marine sponges are on focus for their ability to produce compounds with antimicrobial activity. The aim of the current study was to screen extracts derived from marine sponge Sigmadocia fibulata (Schmidt) and Suberites carnosus (Johnston) for their activity against selected bacterial fungal and pestecidal pathogens. The crude extract derived from Sigmadocia fibulata (Schmidt) and Suberites carnosus (Johnston) were found potent against tested E. coli and P. mirabilis bacteria. The crude extract of both the sponges showed pasticidal activities against Periplanata Americana and Sitopbilus oryzae. No activity was noted against fungus when tested with crude extract of Sigmadocia fibulata (Schmidt) and Suberites carnosus (Johnston). Thus confirms that the crude extract of Sigmadocia fibulata (Schmidt) and Suberites carnosus (Johnston) have antibacterial and anti pesticidal property.

Objective: To determine the anti-asthmatic activity of Argemone mexicana ethanolic extract and its chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions. Methods: Present study was designed to evaluate the anti-asthmatic activity of Argemone mexicana stems using various experimental in vivo and in vitro animal models. Ethanolic extract of Argemone mexicana and its chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were evaluated for its anti-asthmatic activity by in vitro models (isolated guinea pig ileum preparation and isolated guinea pig tracheal chain preparation) in vivo models (Histamine and acetylcholine induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs and milk induced eosinophilia in mice models). Results: Ethanolic extract of Argemone mexicana significantly antagonized the effect of histamine induced contraction on isolated guinea pig ileum preparation. Ethanolic extract of Argemone mexicana, and its ethyl acetate fraction at the concentration of 10mg significantly inhibited the contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum and trachea chain preparation produced by histamine. Ethanolic extracts of Argemone mexicana at dose of 150, 250, and 350mg/kg body weight significantly extended the latent period of convulsion as compared to standard (Ketotifen fumarate) upon histamine and acetylcholine exposure in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Argemone mexicana stems have shown significant anti-asthmatic activity.

Most important medicinal plant is use as source of food in the world. It is necessary to understand the detection as well as chemical activities and other biochemical activities of potential compounds in medicinal plants. Medicinal plants are used as a source of the medicinal because it contains proteins as well as carbohydrates and important minerals needed for the body. Medicinal plants also possess the several chemical compounds due to which major diseases have been treated with special treatment of medicinal plants as compared to their plants. The presence of antioxidants that are found in rich amount in the external part of medicinal plants also leads to the various benefits. Medicinal plants contain a variety of compounds that are principally active and work against the free radicals. Out of potentially active compounds in the medicinal plants, antioxidants are the most important of all the compounds. The presence of the compounds in the inner as well as the outer portion of the medicinal plants makes it make antioxidants against the free radicals. These are the flavonoids that are showing the overall activities in the medicinal plants responsible for the blockages of the free radicals.

This case report highlights the efficacy of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in managing the post envenomation TMA, because Post snake bite renal failure due to thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is often overlooked and not considered as a separate entity while managing the patient.

Post-tracheostomy brachiocephalic arterial injury (TABC) is a rare complication. We report the case of a 62-year-old patient ho required invasive ventilation through an orotracheal tube for asthma. He had suddenly showed a cataclysmic hemorrhage externalizing around the tracheal cannula with bright red blood. The exploration had revealed a breach of two centimeters at the level of the TABC. Ulceration of TABC after tracheostomy despite its rarity is a fatal complication that must be known by the resuscitators.

The study was done to compare results of different imaging modalities Computed Tomography (CT scan) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with operative or histopathological diagnosis and to determine the accuracy of each. Forty patients with clinically or ultrasonographically diagnosed intraorbital masses were enrolled in the study who did not have any contraindication for contrast enhanced CT or MRI. A correct diagnosis was made in 37 patients and an incorrect diagnosis in 3 patients on CT scan while correct diagnosis was made on MRI in 38 patients and incorrect diagnosis was made in 2 patients. The clinical, surgical and histopathological findings were used as the gold standard for making a final diagnosis in these patients. There was an excellent agreement between CT and MRI in predicting extraorbital involvement, intracranial extension and optic nerve involvement. CT predicted bony involvement and areas of calcification better whereas MRI was better in predicting extraocular muscle involvement.

Primitive malignant melanoma of the nasal cavity is a rare tumour of uncertain aetiology and bad prognosis. Unlike skin melanomas, there are no risk factors and the disease is frequently diagnosed in old patients, which clinical complaints are normally non-specific and ranges from nasal obstruction, rhinorrhoea to epistaxis. In most cases this disease is diagnosed in advanced stages which make the treatment difficult.

Some formulations possess the ability to stimulate or suppress immune system thus may be important in controlling various disease condition or lead to undesirable prospect. Studies on immunomodulatory agent can leads to isolation of acceptable and reliable pharmacological agent with wider application. This study evaluate the immunostimulatory activity of Polyherbal Formulation (PHF) on Th1/Th2 cytokines secretion and cell mediated immune response in Wistar Rats. Twenty four (24) Wistar rats were randomly divided into six group and each group contains four rats. Group 1 received normal saline as normal control, Group 2 received Levamisole Hcl as positive control, Group 3 received Cyclophosphamide as negative control, while Group 4 - 6 received different concentration of aqueous extract of PHF. Blood was collected and processed to obtain a serum. The serum was used for Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-6,) cytokines analysis using ELISA techniques. Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin was used as antigen to induce Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. Footpad thickness was measured using digital vernier calliper. There was significant increase in serum concentration of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-6 across the treatment groups with increase in dose of PHF (p < 0.001). There was significant increase in DTH response across the treatment groups in dose-dependent manner (p< 0.001). The PHF has immunostimulatory activity on Th1/Th2 cells thus induce the secretion of the cytokines. It increase DTH response thus can be useful in immune response involving T lymphocytes. The formulation could be useful in managing immunosuppressed conditions due to its immunomodulatory potential.

Objective: describe the therapeutic modalities and surgical management of children with giant cystic lymphangioma. Materials and methods: These are two cases of a child with congenital giant cystic lymphangioma, respectively 14 months and 2 years old, treated in the otorhinolaryngology and neck and neck surgery department at the university hospital in rabat. Conclusion: Cervicofacial cystic lymphangiomas are benign tumor malformations of congenital origin. Their pathogenesis remains debated, the centrifugal theory being the most accepted. Their suspected positive diagnosis on clinical examination and medical imaging can only be confirmed by intervention and histological examination of the surgical specimen. Thanks to recent clinical-radiological staging, their management may involve surgery or sclerotherapy, depending on the indication. Without being a neonatal emergency, in general, the intervention must be early and complete, as the tumor is progressive, to ensure complete healing and the absence of recurrence.

Adult cervicofacial cellulitis is most often from a dental origin or infectious, but in some rare cases, it can be paraneoplastic or from a tumor. We report the case of a 31-year-old young man who presented with right cervical cellulitis associated with bilateral thyroid nodules classified TIRADS 4 and associated thymic hyperplasia. In this observation, the diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) was not initially made due to a diverse clinical semiology associating several diffuse cervical lesions, and an infectious context contradictory to the presentation typical of isolated peripheral cervical lymphadenopathy. Thus, the etiology of HL should be kept in mind when considering head and neck cellulitis.