Cut throat injuries are usually homicidal rather than suicidal, presenting with challenging air way compromise and blood loss secondary to damage of vital structures in the neck. We present a case of cut throat injury- a suicidal attempt of a psychologically normal young adult in attempt to pacify his family dispute which was repaired with the assistance of fiberoptic endoscopy.

Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary malignant bone tumor in both children and adults, is characterized by the development of bone or osteoid substance by the tumor cells [1]. Despite of Surgical treatments and combinational chemotherapy, long term survival remains unsatisfactory because of delay in diagnosis, distant metastasis and chemoresistence. Thus, in recent years, it has become one of the most promising fields to investigate molecular mechanisms contributing to osteosarcoma carcinogenesis and progression. Several biomarkers have been proposed to predict the evolution of osteosarcoma including survivin, ErbB2, Ki67 antigen, alpha V integrins, Tumor Endothelial Marker (TEM7), IGF1, Leptin, micro RNA. Recent advances in expression biology have shifted in identifying and developing specific and sensitive biomarkers such as micro RNAs. Circulating micro RNA is emerging as promising noninvasive biomarkers for human cancers. In this review,we provide a perspective on emerging concepts and potential usefulness of microRNA as diagnostic, prognostic markers in OS and involvement of specific microRNA in OS metastasis. We tried to discuss the genetic mechanisms and molecular pathways involved by aberrant microRNA in OS. MiRNA-directed gene regulation will pave the way for improving traditional gene therapy approaches in many cancers. Moreover, since therapeutic targeting of miRNAs promises to improve the clinical management of patients with OS.

This cross-sectional study aims to find out incidence and severity of stress among undergraduate male and female medical students and explore its association with Body mass index (BMI). A total of 523 young healthy males and females (19- 22 yrs) were categorized as normal, overweight and obese based on their BMI. The level of stress was determined among the participants using PSS-14 questionnaire. Majority of the male participants were found to be overweight with an average BMI 26.95±0.34 while average BMI noted in females was 23.66±1.25. Around 36% of these undergraduate medical students were found to be stressed with average stress score of 26.09± 0.51. In fact among overweight males incidence of stress was 33.66%. However, female subjects showed an increase in percentage prevalence of 94.12% in obese category. Interestingly stress score both in male and females showed a rising trend with maximum in obese being 26.09±0.51 in males and 32.53±1.73 in females. The level of stress was significantly different between obese male and obese females (P<0.00027). Statistically significant correlation (P<0.05) is observed between stress vs. BMI, Stress vs. Weight, Stress vs. Waist Circumference (WC) and stress vs. Hip circumference (HC) in the overweight females. The occurrence and severity of stress is found greater in female undergraduates.

Sudanese values of HbA1c was found to be 3.8% ± 1.17 in males and 3.4% ± 1.17 in females and the diagnostic level of HbA1c was 6.5% according to WHO. The objective of this study was to measure the level of HbA1c in newly diagnosed diabetic Sudanese patients and to compare the results with the normal Sudanese values. This was a hospital based cross sectional pilot study conducted during 2017 in Omdurman teaching hospital, Khartoum state on Sudanese patients attending emergency department with age above 18 years and newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Twenty patients were assessed by questionnaires covering age, family history of DM, physical activity and diet. The BMI was calculated from the weight and height and the blood pressure was measured and 5 ml of venous blood was taken to measure a test of HbA1cusing Nycocard© machine after overnight fasting. The mean of HbA1c in newly discovered males was 11.88%±0.43and in females was 13.26%±0.66%.Female gander was found to be positive relationship to HbA1C but statistically not significant with a p value (0.086). HbA1c level in newly diagnosed diabetic Sudanese patients was found to be very high compared to the normal Sudanese values of HbA1c (3.8% ± 1.17 in males and 3.4% ± 1.17 in females) and to the diagnostic value of HbAIc (6.5%) which might indicate that DM diagnosis was late.

Facial trauma with retention of foreign material in the wound is of common occurrence. But foreign body impaction secondary to trauma in the neck is rare. Though such cases are common as part of occupational hazards, we rarely come across such cases related to road traffic accidents. Here we present a case report of impacted glass piece in the neck, secondary to a road traffic accident.

Since the introduction of mobile phones in the late eighties, many studies have raised concerns about the possible adverse effects on health, as a result of the exposure to RF and microwave electromagnetic fields as RF-EMR can penetrate deep into organic tissues and get absorbed producing many biological effects in human body. As brain is involved in very important functions and RF-EMR might have damaging effects on its different parts, the present study was undertaken with an aim to study effects of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) emitted by mobile phones on cerebellar cortex of albino rats under light and electron microscopy and to evaluate such changes after exposure to graded dose of RF-EMR. The present study was carried out on twenty four adult albino rats of either sex weighing 180-200 grams each. The animals were divided into four groups: 1 control and 3 experimental and were exposed to RF-EMR via complete missed calls of 45 seconds duration each. Both the experimental and control groups were then sacrificed and cerebellar cortex was isolated for tissue processing. The processed tissues were then studied under light microscope (Hematoxylin & Eosin Staining) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Light microscopic findings of the present study showed that cellular size of neuronal cells in purkinje layer of cerebellar cortex of RF-EMR exposed rats decreased along with condensed cytoplasm and nucleus. Electron microscopy showed swollen and vacuolized mitochondria with disordered cristae fewer in number. The rough endoplasmic reticulum also exhibited sacculated distension. From the findings of the present study it appears pertinent that in order to protect the population living around base stations and users of mobile handsets, governments and regulatory bodies adopt safety standards, which translate to limits on exposure levels below a certain value and efforts are underway to harmonize the different standards in existence.

Acute pancreatitis is the acute inflammation of the pancreas. It can be resulted due to many causes. Acute pancreatitis due to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is not commonly observed in the clinical practice. Etoricoxib is a type of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which belongs to the group of selective cyclooxygenase two enzyme inhibitors. Etoricoxib induced severe acute pancreatitis is not reported in literature. Here we describe a patient with severe acute pancreatitis caused by etoricoxib. The improvement of symptomatology and the biochemical profile was remarkable after the omission of etoricoxib. This case highlights the importance of considering etoricoxib as a cause of acute pancreatitis which needs further exploration.

Contamination of groundwater is one of the major environmental issues faced at present due to indiscriminate disposal of sewage, industrial, and chemical waste without proper treatment. This contamination may affect physical, chemical, and biological variables of groundwater. Hence, the aim was to assess the physicochemical and biological properties of groundwater in an urban setting of Belagavi. A total of 30 water samples were collected from open wells in different places by purposive sampling technique. Physicochemical properties, including pH, total alkalinity, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness, chloride ion, and carbon dioxide were assessed using standard methods. Microbiological analysis was done using standard microbroth dilution technique. The obtained values were compared with standard values set by the World Health Organization (WHO) standards and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking water. Physicochemical properties of the study samples: pH, TDS, total alkalinity, chloride content, turbidity, and calcium and magnesium hardness were within the standard limits set by WHO and BIS; while, EC and bicarbonate hardness were not within the permissible limits. Microbial analysis showed the presence of Escherichia coli in 29 samples and the most probable number (MPN) of the samples was > 180 cfu/100 mL. Although most of the physicochemical properties of the groundwater were within the WHO and BIS standards, the microbiological analysis-MPN assay showed the presence of bacterial contaminants in most of the groundwater samples. Even though groundwater from most of the wells studied were contaminated, they can be revived as good sources of water provided the water is processed before consumption.

Viral gastroenteritis is one of the most frequently occurring medical illnesses all over the world, especially in developing countries. Although, clinical features of viral gastroenteritis are generally limited to the intestine, they may also extend beyond the gastrointestinal tract, which could be life threatening and fatal. The etiology of viral gastroenteritis in adults usually remains unclear. The aim was to investigate the etiology and clinical profile among adult patients with acute viral gastroenteritis. Patients (100) underwent investigations including, hemoglobin test, urine examination, fasting blood sugar, liver function test, renal function test, and serum electrolytes. Stool specimens were tested for rotavirus and adenovirus using the rapid kit test. The categorical and continuous data were compared using chi-square test and student t-test, respectively. At 95% confidence interval, p ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Of the 100 gastroenteritis patients, 26 patients were diagnosed positive for viral gastroenteritis. The leading cause of viral gastroenteritis was rotavirus (22) followed by adenovirus (4) and rotavirus-adenovirus co-infection (2). Diarrhea (100) was the major clinical feature. Incidence of gastroenteritis was mainly observed in patients (41) below 30 years of age. Acute viral gastroenteritis was significantly associated with the clinical features including vomiting, fever, dehydration, and reduced urine output; and biochemical parameters including renal and hepatic function abnormalities (p < 0.001). The study concluded that rotavirus, followed by adenovirus, can cause severe gastroenteritis and is an important etiologic agent in hospitalized adult cases of gastroenteritis.

Malaria is one of the important diseases affecting several areas in India especially in the tribal and interior forest regions causing great morbidity and mortality. The National Vector-Borne Disease Control Program [NVBDCP] was launched in 2003-04 to control all vector-borne diseases, however seasonal and local outbreaks, especially in tribal areas, are common. This study was done to determine the prevalence of malaria during Aug-Nov 2015 season outbreak of malaria in tribal regions of Adilabad district of Telangana State. The objective of the study was to understand the type of malaria in the pediatric patients and the treatment is done and the outcomes. Methods: The study was done in Department of RIMS Adilabad during the seasonal outbreak of malaria from August to November 2015 and all the patients detected with malaria, its treatment and complications were recorded and analyzed. Results: a total of 3361 patients have admitted in the pediatric wards for various illnesses out of which 201 patients had malaria. The prevalence of malaria in the pediatric ward patients was 6.25%. The most commonly affected age group was 5 to 10 years recording highest number (n= 73) 36.32% of the total number of cases recorded. In male out of 113 cases, 38 cases (33.63%) belonged to 5 -10 years of age group. In females, 35 out of total 88 cases (39.77%) were in 5 -10 years of age group. out of 201 patients 164 patients (81.59%) had developed P. falciparum malaria indicating this is the predominant form of malaria present in this group of the population. Similarly, P. vivax was recorded in 19 (9.45% of the patients) and 18 (8.96%) had both the type of parasites in the peripheral smears. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study it can be concluded that the prevalence of P. facliparum malaria is very common in tribal Adilabad district. There is a higher prevalence of malaria-related complications in pediatric patients. There is an urgent need to educate the people and create awareness among the tribal people regarding the growth and spread of malaria. This will reduce the burden of morbidity and mortality due to malaria in this region.