Comparative analysis as well as the elemental composition were carried out on oil samples obtained from three groundnut species namely; Earthnut, pygmy and pignut. .The extraction process was carriedout using soxhlet apparatus with hexane as the extraction solvent. The physicochemical characterization was carried out using standard methods in terms of Iodine value (IV), Free Fatty Acids (FFA), Saponification value and Acid Value (AV).The selected element of Na, Mg. Zn. Fe. Ca. K and p were determined by the use of atomic absorption spectrophotometer model buck VGP connected to a computer. The phosphorus content was determined using the calorimetric method. Proximate Analysis was also carriedout on the three species of ground. From the results of the analysis, Earthnut has 43.7% oil, Pygmy 45.8% and pignut 45.8%.The result of the physicochemical characterization of the oil sample showed that for earthnut the values of 43.72±0.21 IV.

Tabernaemontana divaricata is commonly used for the treatment of various illnesses. In the present study crude flower extracts were made using four different solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol and chloroform and were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis .Well diffusion method was used for screening of the antimicrobial activity against selected oral pathogens such as Streptococus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Results showed the presence various phytochemicals including alkaloids, tannins, reducing sugars, saponin, steroids and triterpenoids and proteins. Among these extracts, methanol extract showed significant antibacterial activity against most tested bacteria. The weakest activity was seen in the acetone extracts.

Irrational use of Medicines is a global phenomenon. Various studies conducted in developed as well as in developing countries during past few years regarding the safe & effective use of drugs show that irrational drug use is a global phenomenon & only few prescriptions justify rational use of drugs. Rational use of medicines requires that "patients receive medications appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements, for an adequate period of time, and at the lowest cost to them and their community".

Freshwater Molluscan distribution and diversity status of Parola region, district Jalgaon, were studied during June 2015 to May 2016. The samples were collected at every month from three sites. Total 14 species were recorded throughout the year, out of which 11 species were Gastropods and 3 species were Pelecypods; which belongs to 5 orders, 9 families and 11 genera. The average numbers of animals were indicated per season: i.e. monsoon, winter and summer. Maximum species were recorded in winter season at all these three sites. Molluscan diversity were calculated by the various diversity indices such as Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H), Simpson’s Dominance index (D), Simpson’s index of diversity (I-D), Simpson’s Evenness(E) and Pielou’s Evenness index (J).

A survey of herbaceous fodder plants along the national highway from Parwanoo to Kaurik was carried out. Mostly along the national highway rural areas were situated and they used local flora for their cattle or livestock. Some of the herbaceous plant species used as fodder among the communities of these areas. In Present paper, 53 species belonging to 17 families and 44 genera were recorded and identified. The families with higher number of species were Poaceae with 29 species, Leguminosae with 5 species, Brassicaceae and Cyperaceae with 2 species, Acanthaceae, Begoniaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Commelinaceae, Compositae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Datiscaceae, Oxalidaceae, Pedaliaceae, Polygonaceae, Solanaceae, Urticaceae with 1 species each. The genera represented by the higher number of species Setaria (3 species), Chrysopogon, Cyperus, Oplismenus, Paspalum, Saccharum, Trifolium (2 species) and rest of the genera comprising only one species.

Aim of this study is to evaluate the relation between emotional intelligence and attitudes and behaviours of nurses who work in a mental health hospital in regard to mental illnesses and patients. This is a descriptive study. Participants are all nurses who work in Dr. Ekrem Tok Mental Health Hospital in Adana. The study sample consisted of 93 nurses who agreed and had criteria to participate in this study. Data were collected by using socio-demographic questionnaire, Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale and Opinions about Mental Illness Scale. Data were analysed using SPSS package programme, Pearson corelation test and t-test. The avarage age of individuals participating in the study is 39,44±7,73. Avarage working period of participated nurses in this hospital is 8,43±6,56. The mean score of Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale is 128,05±11,60. Findings indicate a positive correlation between emotional intelligence and B factor of Opinions about Mental Illness scale. According to the findings; the nurses with high level of emotional intelligence score had higher scores for protective and humane approach. Thus, the development of positive attitudes towards people with mental illnesses can be achieved based on this finding. Therefore, we can recommend training program in order to increase emotional intelligence for nurses.

Microalgae represent the main source of biomass production in an aquatic ecosystem which also possess system for generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Marine water receives increased number of anthropogenic chemicals from point and non-point sources. ROS concentration is dynamic in nature, that enhanced by the chemical sources in the marine environment and later it induces the oxidative stress in the marine organisms such as microalgae. In order to understand ROS changes with respect to seasonal fluctuation of marine pollutants and their impact on microalgal communities, two regions of Southeast coast of India were selected i.e., Tuticorin – a pollution impact site and Rameshwaram – the reference site. In this study microalgae distribution during three seasons i.e., summer, monsoon and winter were analysed. Quantification of physiochemical and heavy metal ions were analysed. ROS such as superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals were measured using Electron Spin Resonance. Species richness, dominance and cell density of microalgae were calculated. All season data analysis showed significant reduction of species distribution and diversity in both sites. The species richness i.e Shannon- wiener diversity was high in the reference site, where as the dominance simpson diversity was high in impact size showed that the pollutants decreased the richness increase the dominance of some microalgal species. Correlation between the chemical parameter and microalgal distribution showed that the physiochemical parameters like Alkalinity, Phosphorus, Nitrogen compounds, BOD, DO were determined the microalgal density, species richness and dominance in both sites. Dynamic changes of heavy metals ions such as Hg, Cd, Cr, Fe, Zn and Al with the other marine in an chemicals impact site during different season’s sites enhance the ROS production. It was found that the micro algal communities were highly affected by chemicals in polluted marine water and that could enhance the oxidative stress.

The whole plant of Catharanthus pusillus of family Apocynaceae was subjected to isolation and identification of chemical constituents. The extract was purified and isolated by column chromatography and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The isolated compound was then subjected to UV spectrum, FTIR for identification of functional groups and 1HNMR and 13C-NMR for identification of protons and carbon atoms. ESI-MS was done to identify the molecular weight of the isolated compound. From the interpretation of the spectral data, the isolated compound was found to be 3-β acetyl oleanolic acid.

The aim of the study was to optimize the process parameters involved in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by aqueous leaf extract of Tabernaemontana heyneana and to evaluate the catalytic reduction of methylene blue (MB) perhaps for the first time. The various optimum parameters include boiling time for preparation of extract, concentration of extract, silver nitrate concentration, effect of pH, reaction time and temperature were analysed using UV-vis spectrophotometer. The optimized AgNPs were characterized by AFM and evaluated the catalytic activity on reduction of methylene blue. The optimized factors for synthesis of AgNPs were 10 min boiled leaf extract, 3 ml leaf extract addition to reaction mixture, 1 mM AgNO3 concentration, pH 9 of reaction mixture, reaction time 2 h and temperature 80°C. AFM characterization confirmed the oval shaped AgNPs with size 5-20 nm. The synthesized AgNPs showed a good catalytic activity on the reduction of methylene blue. Therefore, it is proposed that, the optimized parameters helps in getting hold of applications in environmental and biomedical sciences.

In aquatic ecosystems, metal concentrations are monitored by measuring the levels in fish, water and sediments. Contribution of heavy metals in the water bodies include industrial effluents, fossil fuels burning, agricultural runoffs, geological weathering domestic waste and human and animal excretions. Water, sediment and fish samples from the river were used to assess the levels of heavy metals concentration in the river. The objective of this study was to measure the concentration of levels of the heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni) in samples of water, fish (Oreochromis niloticus) and sediments from Afram River. Heavy metal concentration and selected physicochemical parameters (Electrical conductivity, Temperature, TDS and pH) of the water samples were determined. Levels of the heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni) in water, fish (Oreochromis niloticus) and sediments from Afram River were determined using VARIAN AA 240FS-Atomic Absorption Spectrometer in an acetylene- air flame. In the fish (Oreochromis niloticus) samples, the highest concentrations of 50.46 mg/kg, 34.18 mg/kg, and 15.60 mg/kg were recorded for the metal Fe in the fish gills, bones and muscles respectively whereas the lowest concentration of < 0.08 mg/kg was recorded for the metal Cd in the gills, bones and muscle.

A total of seventy five (75) marine fishes comprising eight (8) species were collected from local wholesale markets at Kaneshie and Abeka, Accra, Ghana. The samples obtained from Kaneshie market were Salmon salar (Salmon), Thunnus obesus (Tuna), Scomber scombrus(Atlantic mackerel) and Clupea harengus (Atlantic herring) and those obtained from Abeka market were Centroberyx affinis (Red fish), Merluccus paradoxas(Hake fish), Scomber trachurus (Atlantic horse mackerel) and Melanogrammus aeglefinus(Haddock). Mercury concentrations in the muscle and liver tissues were determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a semi-automated mercury analyzer. Mean mercury concentrations in the muscle ranged from 0.06 to 0.33 µg g-1 wet weight, with Thunnus obesus having the highest followed by Merluccus paradoxas which are all predatory fishes. Mean mercury concentration in the liver tissue ranged from 0.06 to 0.34 µg g-1 wet weight, with Thunnus obesus having the highest followed by Melanogrammus aeglefinus. There was no significant difference between mercury concentrations in the muscle and liver tissues for any of the samples. Low levels of mercury were found in both tissues for all the samples. Mercury concentrations were relatively greater in the tissues of higher trophic level fish such as Thunnus obesus, Merluccus paradoxas and Melanogrammus aeglefinus whereas low trophic level fishes recorded low mercury concentrations. The results obtained for total mercury concentration in the muscles analyzed in this study were below the WHO/FAO threshold limit of 0.5µg/g wet weight, which suggest that the exposure of the general public to mercury through fish consumption can be considered negligible.

The establishment of offshore aquaculture production areas that compete with traditional fishing activities is a potential source of conflict that needs to be assessed in coastal areas. Having little specific data available on the impacts of these farms, we aimed, through the present study, to gather information on this issue, especially regarding Monastir bay, a major zone of aquaculture production in the eastern shore of Tunisia. Hence, we have surveyed fishers‟ observations through a questionnaire-based methodology. A total of 78 fishermen were interviewed, in December 2016, in three different ports: Monastir, Sayada and Teboulba. Results revealed that 77 % of local fishing communities complained about the loss of fishing grounds and changes in the quantity and quality of catches. Net damage, caused by dolphin predation, was reported by 31% of fishermen. The most abundant and dominant fish and mollusc species around fish farms, as reported by 30% of inquired fishermen, were Mugil cephalus, Octopus vulgaris and Sardinella aurita, while 15% of fishermen interviewed reported the presence of marine turtles near cage fish farms. The present survey already provides an important data platform that will be useful to decision makers, to adopt appropriate strategies allowing harmonious coexistence between fish farms and fishing activities, in order to ensure ecological sustainability.

Thioquinazolinones are utilized in chemical synthesis of physiological significance and pharmacological utility. Thioquinazolinones are a large class of active chemical compounds exhibiting a broad spectrum of biological activities in animals as well as in humans. Research studies on thioquinazolinones reveals that the derivatives can be used in series of biological activities such as anti HIV, anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antimutagenic, anticoccidial, anticonvulsant, antiinflammatory, CNS depressant, antimalarial, antioxidant, antileukemic activity, antileishmanial activity. This review focused on the various biological activities of thioquinazolinones. The heterocyclic fused rings thioquinazoline have drawn a huge consideration owing to their expanded applications in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry. Thioquinazolinone are reported for their diversified biological activities and compounds with different substitutions bring together to knowledge of a target with understanding of the molecule types that might interact with the target receptors. Thioquinazolinones are an important chemical for the synthesis of various physiological significance and pharmacological utilized molecules. Thioquinazolinone are a large class of biologically active compounds that exhibited broad spectrum of biological activities such as anti-HIV, anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antimutagenic, anticoccidial, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antimalarial, antioxidant, antileukemic, and antileishmanial activities and other activities. Thioquinazolinone used as advantaged scaffold, the alteration is made with different substituent.

Institutionalization during old age requires tremendous adaptability. Reminiscence therapy has proven to be among the most effective at minimizing these outcomes. Loneliness, anxiety, and depression are common problems for older adults in long-term care. Reminiscence therapy is a non- pharmacological intervention that may be of some benefit. In comparison to individual reminiscence therapy, group reminiscence therapy is a preferred option when dealing with the resource constraints of long-term care. The current study aims to understand the researcher has done an extensive literature review to understand in depth concepts and ideas about Reminiscence Therapy on Depression among the elderly. The objective of this systematic review is to provide healthcare professionals with information to assist in their decision to utilize reminiscence therapy for depression reduction in older adults outside of the primary care setting. Reviewed studies that were randomized controlled trials not only varied in person, outcome measurement, control, and exposure/intervention, the results of these studies was also diverse. About half of these studies showed that reminiscence therapy resulted in a statistically significant decrease in depression. Despite that reminiscence therapy requires further testing, it should be considered as a valuable intervention. Future directions of studies on reminiscence therapy are suggested.

The aim of this study was to assess the self-perceived strategies on administration of antibiotic prophylaxis among dental practitioners. The study duration was of one month duration from June 2016 to July 2016. A self-designed structured and pretested questionnaire was administered among all the registered dental practitioners and dental institutional teaching faculty of Durg-Bhilai, Chhattisgarh. Questions regarding the common antibiotics prescribed and the indications for which the antibiotics prescribed were included in the questionnaire. Total of 127 dentists responded to the questionnaires with a response rate of 100%. It was observed that Amoxycillin (91.3%) was the commonly preferred antibiotics followed by fluoroquinolones (20.5%). Endodontic procedures (57.5%) and surgical procedures (45.7%) are most common procedures for which antibiotic prophylaxis were prescribed. The drug of first choice for patients with an allergy to penicillin was clindamycin (30.7%). 74.8% of respondents have never undergone any form of training on antibiotic prescription. Amoxicillin was the most commonly preferred antibiotics subsequent to different dental procedures. There is a clear need to emphasize correct diagnostic methods and develop contextualized prescription guidelines and educational initiatives, so that the optimum effect of antibiotics will be achieved without compromising patient‘s health.

Urolithiasis is the process of forming stones in the kidney, bladder, and urethra. The prevalence of urolithiasis is approximately 2 to 3 percent in the general population. The development of the stones is related to decreased urine volume or increased excretion of stone-forming components such as calcium, xanthine, oxalate, cystine, urate and phosphate. Herbal plants have been the basis for medical treatments since ancient time, and such traditional medicines still widely practiced today. The scope of herbal medicine is sometimes extended to include fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts. In this study in vitro antiurolithiatic activity of Citrus limetta was done by two methods. Method A. was test by turbidity method in which method activity of the extract was tested in terms of inhibition of calcium oxalate formation by the method of Prachi Khare et al. with modification and Method B.was test by calcium oxalate dissolution method in this second method the role of plant extract in dissolving the already formed calcium oxalate stones nucleus in artificial system. The experiment was carried out in four arrangements according to the method of Unnati Atodariya et al. with modification. In the method A it was observed that the extract with 100 mg/ml concentration has shown higher percentage of inhibition (35.29%) of calcium oxalate formation than the extract with 250 mg/ml concentration. While the standard drug has shown percentage inhibition of 58.82% and in Method B the Low Dose of the Extract (50 mg/ml) had shown 15.2% of dissolution and High Dose of the Extract (100 mg/ml) had shown 27.7%, while the standard cystone (50 mg/ml) had shown 68% of dissolution of calcium oxalate. From the study it can be concluded that the hydroethanolic extract of Citrus limetta possesses in-vitro anti urolithiatic activity which can be due to the presence of phyto-constituent such as flavonoids present in it.

Present study was designed to evaluate the ameliorative effect of Tribulus terrestris (TT) and vitamin C against permethrin induced oxidative stress in goat testicular tissue in vitro. Testicular tissue was divided into control and three experimental groups EI, EII and EIII. All the groups were cultured in TCM-199 nutritive media at 95% humidity, 5% and 39℃ in CO2 incubator for 4hr. and 8hr. duration. In group EI, the testicular tissue was exposed to 100µg/ml and 200µg/ml of permethrin. EII group was exposed to 100µg/ml and 200µg/ml of permethrin along with 0.1mmol of vitamin C. While EIII group was tested for 100µg/ml and 200µg/ml of permethrin along with 100µg/ml hydro-alcoholic extract of TT. Present study revealed that the activity of antioxidant markers such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in permethrin treated groups as compared to control in both dose and time dependent manner. Maximum decline (62.69%, 39.4%, 51.5% decrease in level of CAT, GPx, GSH respectively) in the antioxidant status of the tissue was reported at 200µg/ml for the duration of 8hr. However, 100µg/ml of permethrin resulted in 29.3%, 14.3%, 29.5% decrease in CAT, GPx, and GSH level respectively for the same exposure duration i.e. 8hr. The activity of antioxidants was found to be improved in vitamin C (EII) and TT (EIII) supplemented groups (p<0.05). From the present study, it is concluded that permethrin induce a decline in the status of antioxidant enzymes. Vitamin C and TT are potent antioxidants that mitigate the toxic effects of permethrin by elevating the level of antioxidants.

Wide range of inter-annual climatic variability and frequent occurrence of extreme climatic events is a great concern. There is a need to assess the impact of such events on agriculture and to suggest suitable agri-management options for sustenance. The appropriate regional based agro-advisory needs to be established for the farmers and other stake holders. Inter-annual climatic variability has to be linked through growth and yield of crops and cropping systems in various production environments of Bangladesh. Climate change is a global concern, and we must identify vulnerable regions as well as identify suitable mitigation and adaptation strategies through various agronomic and management options to sustain the agricultural production. Development of climate resilient agriculture is of paramount importance. Agri-response must be evaluated in relation to future climate change scenarios, in which crop modelling can play an effective role. With the help of crop simulation tools, assessment can be made for newer production centres and identifying suitable resource management options for maximizing production. Impact of climate change needs to be worked out on regional scales by integrating crop models with relational layers of bio-physical and socio-economic aspects. For this purpose use of geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing tools is needed. In this review article, we have discussed about the inter-annual climatic variability and occurrence of extreme climatic events in Bangladesh and their association with agricultural production system. In this paper, we have demonstrated the potential of crop models viz. INFOCROP, DSSAT to assess the impact of this climatic variability and its change on growth and yield of crops and cropping systems and thereby suggesting appropriate management options for sustenance.