Wastewater from abattoirs has great impact on the environments, since it is made up of a significant portion of organic contents such as lipids containing high BOD and COD. Amongst other sources of lipid-rich wastewater, in the abattoir wastewater, a significant amount of bacterial capable of utilizing lipids and other organic contents has been found. Exploiting the extracellular hydrolytic capabilities of these microbes is necessary for the overall reduction in the organic contents of the wastewater. Lipolytic bacterial cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Bacillus subtilis were used in the treatment of the lipid-rich wastewater with enrichment nutrient combinations. Thus, the extracellular enzymes; lipase, protease and amylase were assayed at 6hour intervals for a period of 48hours for hydrolytic activity. Bacillus subtilis treatment showed the highest amylase and protease activity while Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the highest lipase activity and high amylase and protease activities with Staphylococcus aureus, also a good lipase producer. The result indicated extracellular production of the enzymes to cater for the initial breakdown of substrates in the wastewater medium. Owing to the enzymatic activities of lipase, protease and amylase possessed by these lipolytic organisms, they could prove to be beneficial for bringing down the overall organic load of abattoir wastewater.

S-180 tumour bearing mice were subjected to 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME) and Cyclophosphamide (CP) monotherapy and 2ME and CP combination therapy on 7th day of ascetic tumour cell transplantation when the tumour growth was at log phase. Then, the effect has been studied on host’s system in respect to dead cell – living cell frequency, tumour volume, haemoglobin percentage, and differential count of WBC. In 2ME and CP combination therapy, a steady increase in the dead cell or non-living cell population was noted with the steady decrease in tumour volume. Haematological studies from peripheral blood revealed a drastic depletion in neutrophil count and elevation of lymphocyte population on the 12th day and 16th day of tumour transplantation in combination therapy series. Moreover, the haemoglobin concentration is more or less stable in combination therapy treatment series. So, the 2ME and CP combination therapy provides some protective compensatory mechanisms in the body of the host.

The study examined plant species whose barks were being extracted and used for health maintenance by the Ijaw tribal community of Bayelsa State of Nigeria. 150 respondents, randomly selected, were interviewed with the aid of a semi-structured questionnaire guide. All the interviewed were focused, conversational and two-way in communication. Plant species with medicinally valued barks were identified and information on them were obtained and documented. The results obtained revealed that the socio-economic status of the respondents were not prerequisites to their consciousness on the medicinal values of plants in their vicinities. Despite the availability of most of the species in the respondents’ environment, market patronage was still the preferred source as many of them could not recognize the species even with their vernacular names. Also a declining rate in the passage of ethno-botanical knowledge from one generation to another now abounds in the study area. Trading in medicinal barks was prominent and was dominated by the females who sourced their stocks from diverse areas. A total of 62 plant species, belonging to 38 families, were observed to have their barks valued for medicine for diverse diseases. The methods of preparations and utilizations of the plant-based medicine were simple and easily adoptable by the respondents. The extraction methods utilized sourcing for barks were mostly predatory and annihilative. Most of the indentified species were indigenous, uncultivated with poor regenerative abilities thus most of them were presently not abundant in the study area. Conservation measures that could enhance their sustainability were prescribed.

Micro algae Dunaliella salina is isolated from Sambhar Salt Lake, which has very high amount of carotenoids. We studied growth of D. salina in various concentration of EMS through rapid addition and having 1 hour treatment in dark to find out effective and efficient dose of EMS for D. salina. Studies revealed the effectiveness and efficiency decreased with increase in EMS concentration. Lower concentration of EMS was more effective and efficient for promoting growth. Maximum growth was found in control as compare to EMS treated cultures. The concentration of EMS chosen reduced the rate of growth, cell movement and cell survival as compare to control. This reduction increased with increasing concentration of EMS. Thus the mobility and survival rate of D. salina was negatively related to the concentration of EMS. Rapid addition of EMS exhibited high growth in comparison to 1hour treatment of EMS in dark.

In order to contribute to the development of an integrated pest management strategy for stored grains, the insecticidal activity of Mentha rotundifolia L. essential oil was evaluated against Sitophilus granarius, wheat weevil. Insects and toxicity tests were carried out under laboratory conditions at a temperature of 27 ± 2 ° C and a relative humidity of 60 ± 5%, at Çankırı Karatekin University, Yapraklı Vocational School, Department of Animal and Plant Production. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to give 14 compounds in the essential oil of M. rotundifolia. The major component of the oil was identified as 3- Cyclopenten-1-one, 2-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)- (89,09%). M. rotundifolia essential oil has remarkable insecticidal properties. Highest contact toxicity (100%) of the oil was observed against S. granarius (1µL/insect application of 4% (v/v) oil solution in acetone, after 24 h). Highest fumigant toxicity (100%) was observed for S. granarius (10µL/10mL container application of 1% (v/v) oil solution in acetone, after 24 h). The set of knowledge elements obtained should help guide strategies for the integrated protection of the grain quality during the storage of local cereals production.

Himachal Pradesh experience diverse climatic condition due to wide variation in altitude ranging from 350 m in the southern tract to over 6500 m in the main Himalaya and in the area lying in it6. National highway from Parwanoo to Kaurik is very rich in biodiversity as well as forest cover along side. Along the side of this highway have number of dye yielding woody plants which produce different colours. Locally peoples use these plants for different purposes. Total 51 species belonging to 39 genera and 30 families have been recorded and identified with scientific name, family name, common name, part used and colour. Rosaceae is found to be dominant with 9 species followed by Leguminosae with 6 species, Berberidaceae having 4 spp., Euphorbiaceae having 3 spp., Anacardiaceae and Vitaceae with 2 species each and rest of family having one species each.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis infection in pregnant women in Setif region and to identify the main risk factors involved. The different parameters were collected by direct interviews and using standardized ELIFA technique for detecting the anti-toxoplasmic antibodies IgG / IgM and determining the immunological status of this sample. Our results showed a general lack of Toxoplasmosis awareness, a prevalence of 58% of seronegative pregnant women and 42% of seropositive women they may have risks of seroconversion as the case observed in our study. The statistical analysis confirmed that the consumption of undercooked meat is the main factor of contamination. This study has the advantage of setting up a serological monitoring of toxoplasmosis according to a legal framework with the aim of detecting and servile seronegative women, hence the importance of education and information in terms of prevention.

The use of plants for the treatment of various diseases was recorded in the history. Many conventional medicines originate from plant sources: many decades ago, most of the few effective drugs were plant-based. Examples include quinine (from cinchona bark), digoxin (from foxglove), morphine (from the opium poppy) and aspirin (from willow bark). The discovery and development of new drugs from plant sources continues, with drug companies engaged in large-scale pharmacologic screening of herbs. Arthritis is a condition typically characterized by pain, aching, stiffness and swelling in and around one or more joints. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disorder in which the body's own immune system starts to attack body tissues. Ricinus communis, the castorbean or castor-oil-plant is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. Many authors have reported that the plant has promised Antioxidant activity, Antinociceptive activity, Antiulcer activity, Antiasthmatic activity, Anti-fertility activity, Antihistaminic Activity etc cited in literature review. The present study is aimed to evaluate the methanolic leaf extract of Ricinus communis for acclaimed anti-arthritic activity by using protein denaturation method. Diclofenac sodium is used as a standard drug. From the results of the present study it can be stated that the methanolic leaf extract of Ricinus communis at two different concentrations (250mcg/ml & 500mcg/ml) is capable of inhibiting the denaturation of protein in rheumatic disease.

In the current scenario herbal medicines became the main system for the treatment of many diseases. Because of the advancement in science and technology a huge number of plants were discovered having therapeutic capabilities to treat many deadly diseases and have gain importance and acceptance within the medical community. Among various diseases urolithiasis has been a common problem from various centuries. For the treatment of urolithiasis many synthetic drugs are available in the market but because of their side effects herbal remedies are widely accepted. Our present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential to treat urolithiasis (kidney stones) where cystone was used as a standard drug. The present study revealed that the leaves of Ricinus communis possess mild antiurolithiatic activity which might be due to the presence of various phytochemical constituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenes etc.

Sustained release formulations are becoming more popular now days for the delivery of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) because of their ability to maintain therapeutic effective drug concentration for prolonged duration with low dosing frequency and side effects associated with NSAIDs. The present study was attempted to develop Sustained release tablets of a model NSAID drug, Etodolac. Etodolac Sustained release tablets were prepared by Gellan Gum (A, mg), Sodium CMC (B, mg), Xyloglucan (C, ml), Xanthan Gum (D, ml), MCC (E, ml), Talc (F, rpm), Orange flavour (G, rpm), Aspartame (H, rpm), Magnesium stearate (I, rpm). The granules were evaluated for flow properties by evaluating bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio and angle of repose. The tablets were evaluated for drug polymer compatibility study by FTIR, diameter, weight variation test, hardness, friability, disintegration test, SEM, Swelling Index, In vitro drug release, release kinetics, stability studies and Plackett-Burman Experimental Design was also applied to find the optimized formulation. The FTIR study revealed that no such interactions being taking place in between drug and polymers. The flow property of granules of all tablet batches was found to be good. All the tablet formulations had good tablet physiochemical properties. The swelling of the tablets was also found optimum. From the results of in-vitro study, it was concluded that Etodolac Sustained release tablet provided most sustained release of Etodolac over extended period of time with aid of greater stability.

A survey of herbaceous fodder plants along the national highway from Parwanoo to Kaurik was carried out. Mostly along the national highway rural areas were situated and they used local flora for their cattle or livestock. Some of the herbaceous plant species used as fodder among the communities of these areas. In Present paper, 53 species belonging to 17 families and 44 genera were recorded and identified. The families with higher number of species were Poaceae with 29 species, Leguminosae with 5 species, Brassicaceae and Cyperaceae with 2 species, Acanthaceae, Begoniaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Commelinaceae, Compositae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Datiscaceae, Oxalidaceae, Pedaliaceae, Polygonaceae, Solanaceae, Urticaceae with 1 species each. The genera represented by the higher number of species Setaria (3 species), Chrysopogon, Cyperus, Oplismenus, Paspalum, Saccharum, Trifolium (2 species) and rest of the genera comprising only one species.

Bio-slurry has potential value as good quality organic fertilizer and an agent of soil carbon sequestration through build up of soil organic matter level. Cowdung and poultry manure had the higher organic carbon content as well as higher nutrient concentration compared to Cow-dung and poultry bio-slurry. Nutrient concentration particularly N, P and S in CD and CB was found lower than the PM and PB. The highest carbon mineralization in Balina soil was found in poultry manure amended soil followed by cow dung, poultry bio-slurry and the lowest in cow dung bio-slurry. Carbon mineralization of manures in Noadda soil also followed the similar trend like Balina soil. However, Carbon mineralization of poultry manure and poultry bio-slurry was lower and cow dung and cow dung bio-slurry was higher in Noadda compared to Balina soil. Thus, decomposition of manure does not depend only on the quality of soil rather both the quality of manure and soil. Decomposition of manure was found slightly higher (around 5%) in Balina soil compared to Noadda soil when averaged over four manures. Among the manure, around three to four times less amount of CO2 was evolved during the decomposition of cow-dung and poultry bio-slurry as compared to cow-dung and poultry manure. Thus, this study indicate that soil application of bio-slurry had high potential in the mitigation of the greenhouse effect as well as short-term benefits in terms of improving soil organic matter stock, as compared to manure.

Myristica fragrans seed (Nutmeg) famed as the prominent fatty seed of medicinal and therapeutic quality came from the Spice island of Indonesia. It is endowed with phytochemicals, minerals and vitamins impart medicinal values. In captive conditions the ornamental fishes with deprived nutritional feed subjected to diseases and faded colour produces economic loss in their trade operations can be tackled by effective administration of plant products. In this perspective, a comparative study made in Poecilia latipinna (yellow molly)by providing (commercial feed) CF and TD1 (Myristica fragrans) for a duration of 60 days. The in vivo antibacterial efficacy of feed in tissues(gut & gill) of the specimen along with water samples from aquaria revealed positive result for TD1.The colour enhancing ability in yellow molly yielded best result higher for TD1 considered to CF. The total bacterial load in the water, gut as well as the gill of CF fed group was 75x104 CFU/ml, 45x104 CFU/ml& 23x104 CFU/ml while for TD1 it was 14x104 CFU/ml, 9x104 CFU/ml, 7x104CFU/ml. The quantitative estimation of carotenoids estimated was 6.32µµg/g wet weight in control and 12.12µg/g wet weight for TD1.From the present investigation arrived at the conclusion that TD1 provided better anti-bacterial activity than CF (commercial feed) not only prevent disease outbreak but also produce vibrant skin colour.

The objective of the current study was to investigate changing profile of reproduction hormone (Progesterone and Estradiol) BCS and parity in relation to the resumption of ovarian cyclicity postpartum in cows of European origin under semiarid conditions of Algeria. To measure plasma progesterone (P4) and estradiol 17-β (E2), blood samples were collected from 21 Montbéliarde dairy cows at 30, 40 and 50 d postpartum (dPP) respectively. Body condition score (BCS) was taken before and after calving. Cows were grouped based on progesterone concentration (resumption of ovarian cyclicity, ≥1 ng/mL) at 30, 40, and 50 dPP into a non ovarian activity (NOA) group (n = 6) and ovarian activity (OA) group (n = 15). P4 concentration was higher in the OA group than in the NOA group and statistically differed at 50 dPP (p = 0.04). E2 was higher in the OA group than a NOA group at d 30 (p = 0, 01) and d 40 (p = 0, 03). Despite superiority of BCS peri and postpartum but no significant differences were detected between the two groups. There was no significant difference between parity and ovarian resumption groups. Two groups were formed based on differences in onset of postpartum resumption of ovarian activity. OA (n =15/21 or 71.42 %) showed first ovulation between 30 d and 50 d after parturition. NOA (n = 6/21 or 28.57 %) manifested a first ovulation > 50 d in milk.

Nagaon district of Assam is located in the flood plains of the river Brahmaputra. The physiographic features of Nagaon District makes it ideal home for the growth of different types of economic plants. But these plants are found to be decayed by the association of some macro fungi. Among these macro fungi, different Ganoderma species were found to be associated with the different timber yielding plants and palm species. Ganoderma with great diversity produce large fruitification of different size, shape and colour. During the investigation 7 seven Ganoderma species were collected from 10 different Revenue Circles of Nagaon district. This work revealed that there are great diversity of Ganoderma species in Nagaon district, Assam. Some Ganoderma species have medicinal properties.

In December of 2015, the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC COP21) took place in Paris. UNFCC is an international environmental agreement on climate change, of which there are 195 States Parties. The U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned of the consequences of failing to limit global temperature rises to at least 2 degrees Celsius (above pre-industrial times), highlighting that the impacts would pose a threat to humanity and could lead to irreversible climate change. The meeting in Paris was hailed as a make-or-break opportunity to secure an international agreement on approaches to tacking climate change, a commitment to a longer-term goal of near zero net emissions in the second half of the 21st century, and supporting a transition to a clean economy and low carbon society. This paper discusses the issues and solutions of climate change, development and critical views, the UAE environmental regulation, company's environmental responsibility, and the future of the Paris Convention on Climate Change.