Plants remain one of the most valuable sources of therapeutic agents for managing diseases and maintaining health. Ageratum conyzoides (AC) belongs to the family Asteraceae and has been known since antiquity for its medicinal properties and effectiveness in the treatment of various ailments ranging from skin disease, fever, to relief colic, flatulence, dysentery, and diarrhea. Despite its extensive ethnomedicinal use, limited scientific evidence exists to substantiate its pharmacological properties. This study was therefore designed to determine its nutrition and phytochemical component as herbal remedy for hypertension. Proximate analysis (%) shows that the plant has a low moisture content (6.57 ± 0.053), a low crude protein content (8.15 ± 0.041), low concentration of fat (3.10 ± 0.000), a moderate amount of fibre (16.58 ± 0.088), low Ash content (4. 29 ± 0.010) and high amount of carbohydrate (61.21 ± 0.010). This confirms AC as a good source of energy and fibre that aids digestion and improve the intestinal tract. The phytochemical constituents (Tannins, Phenols, Alkaloids, Flavonoids and Saponins) were found to be 2.79%, 49.03mg/g, 0.94%, 38.22mg/g and 3.80% respectively. This confirms the plant’s richness in phytochemicals and antioxidant compounds. The concentration of essential amino acids (mg/g protein) (Leucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Isoleucine, Threonine, and Methionine) were found to be 66.00, 38.05, 48.00, 36.00, 38.00 and 16.05 showing the nutritional quality of AC. Mineral compositions (mg/100g) (magnesium, calcium, iron, potassium, phosphorus, sulphur, manganese, cobalt, selenium and zinc) were found to be 27.45, 65.00, 8.16, 720.07, 100.42, 25.00, 5.15, 0.05, 0.72 and 2.24 confirming the nutritional and medicinal richness of Ageratum conyzoides as a herbal remedy. This study demonstrated that dietary supplementation of Ageratum conyzoides in local delicacy (black soup) has the potential to improve the nutritional status vis a vis the overall health benefit with regards to hypertension and other traditional use.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a single-stranded, blood-borne, RNA virus, which infects hepatocytes and can cause chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The task of this hospital-based study was to identify the level of HCV infection in patients in some of the districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. There were 250 patients attending Royal Imperial Hospital, Mingora, to have pre-surgery assessment. Data analyses were performed based on gender, age group and district of residence. Blood samples were taken, serum/plasma was separated and HCV screening was done by the use of rapid diagnostic device. Among 250 patients, 7 were positive of HCV which constitutes a total of 2.8 prevalence. The positive rate of males was 4 out of 104 with a prevalence of 3.84, and the positive rate of females was 3 out of 146 with a prevalence of 2.05. Analysis by district indicated that most positive cases were in Swat with Shangla having the least prevalence. The distribution in terms of age showed that HCV positivity was more common among the adult age groups than among the young people. The results indicate that HCV is a health issue to the community of the study area especially adults and males. To decrease transmission, better screening, awareness, safe blood transfusion practices, sterilization of surgical and dental instruments, and avoidance of sharing needles are advised.

Introduction: Miliary dissemination of adenocarcinoma is a rare, aggressive, and often terminal form of metastasis characterized by countless tiny (millimetric) nodules spreading throughout the lungs, mimicking miliary tuberculosis. It affects less than 5% of all lung adenocarcinomas. The aim of this study is to present a case of miliary disseminated adenocarcinoma originating from the lung with all diagnostic requirements. Materials and Methods: A 57year old male patient with 80-pack year smoking status admitted for invasive diagnostics in our clinic between (22.10.2026-29.10.2026) due to x-ray showing miliary disseminated lung infiltrates and pleural effusion. Results: The light criteria of the pleural effusion showed exudate with high LDH values highly suspected of malignancy. Contrast enhanced CT was scheduled and it showed multiple miliary disseminated infiltrates, mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy. Liver and adrenal gland metastases were also noted. Bronchoscopy with TBB from the branch of the right upper lobe, together with TBNA from position 7 and 11R, both came positive for adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was positive in 50% of ROS1; TTF1; CK7; CEA; and negative on CK20; EGFR, ALK, PDL1 confirming primary adenocarcinoma of the lung. Additionally, the patient was presented on tumor bord for treatment options and staging being T4N3M1c2. Conclusion: Miliary disseminated adenocarcinoma is aggressive and usually diagnosed late. Immunohistochemistry can provide an exact origin of the malignant disease.

Present investigation aims to study the seasonal fluctuations of micro algae in Kondakarla Lake (Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh) for a period of one year from March 2024 to February 2025. A total of 115 species were reported which belongs to different categories of algae such as Chlorophyceae (46), Bacillariophyceae (34) Cyanophyceae (27) and Euglenophyceae (8). It was observed that species diversity and abundance of micro algae varied seasonally. Pre monsoon and post monsoon seasons recorded a greater number of species than monsoon season.

The cataracts which is the major cause of blindness in the world has been largely attributed to genetic mutations especially in high consanguinity regions. Particularly, mutation in the FOXE3 genes is found in the congenital cataracts particularly in those families that have had consanguinity marriages. The topic that will be discussed in this paper will be a consanguinity family of Pakistanis and how the FOXE3 gene mutations are used in the pathogenesis of congenital cataracts. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and DNA analysis identified that two individuals with the disease in the family contained a mutation in the FOXE3 gene (c.720C>A), which produced a premature stop codon at codon 240. The mutation leads to production of a truncated FOXE3 protein that disrupts the lens formation and cataracts are developed. The research will contribute to the knowledge of genetic causes of cataracts and consequent implications early diagnosis, genetic counseling and treatment of the affected patients in consanguineous groups. The findings demonstrate the importance of genetic testing and early intervention in the treatment of congenital cataracts particularly in high-consanguinity areas.