The study was carried out to detection of H.pylori in [200] patients who attended two teaching hospitals in Baghdad. The diagnosis done by Immunochromatography methods. Stools and blood Samples was taken from each patient as well as other [30] healthy control matching in their age. The study included detection the Levels of Interleukin-27 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9in sera of the patients and the control. The result indicated presence of H pylori antigen in 115 cases 69 cases of males and 46 of females, Also, the results indicated increasing levels of Interleukin-27 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in patients’ sera in comparison with healthy control.

One of the most important parasitic diseases in freshwater fish farming due to its clinical and economic importance, ichthyophthiriasis results from I. multifiliis (a ciliate obligate parasite) infection, also known as "white spot disease" or simply "Ich." This literature review is aimed at compiling the existing knowledge about the taxonomical position, biological features, and three-stage life cycle (consisting of the theront, trophont, and tomont) of the parasite under the influence of various environmental parameters such as temperature, salinity, and pH. In addition, the epidemiological features of the infection (host specificity, susceptibility factors, transmission methods, and seasonal prevalence) as well as host-parasite relationships (mechanisms of parasite entry, i-antigen-induced immune evasion, and host response) will be considered. Clinical features and histopathological changes for various cultured species are reviewed along with the diagnosis, which includes both traditional methods as well as molecular diagnostics like qPCR and ddPCR. It is emphasized that the disease creates significant financial loss, costing more than USD 1 billion annually on a worldwide basis. The effect of the disease is significant in aquacultures from Europe, China, and North America. Prevention and management of this disease include chemical treatment, salt treatment, biological control, immunostimulants, vaccine, and biosecurity. There is no method available which gives total protection. Latest innovations in the fields of genomics, transcriptomics, novel treatment methods and DNA vaccines are also mentioned. The conclusion made by the authors is that sustainable management of I. multifiliis calls for an integration of various measures such as decreased use of chemicals, increased biosecurity, biological control, genetic resistance and precision aquaculture, with vaccine efficacy, drug resistance and climate change adaptation highlighted as key research areas.

This study investigated the nutritional, energetic, and mineralogical implications of replacing conventional maize with underutilized agro-industrial by-products in livestock rations. A 100% maize control diet (MFF) was evaluated against three experimental diets where maize was replaced at a 50% inclusion level with Irish potato peel meal (MPF), yam peel meal (MYF), or cassava peel meal (MCF). The partial substitution preserved total organic matter density across all formulations (>90%). However, the higher concentration of structural non-starch polysaccharides inherent to root and tuber epicarps significantly reduced carbohydrate and caloric delivery (p < 0.05). Nitrogen-free extract (NFE) decreased from 47.42% (control) to 38.92% (MYF), 38.05% (MCF), and 35.47% (MPF). The reduction in digestible carbohydrates led to a decrease in calculated metabolizable energy (ME) profiles, which fell from 10.43 MJ/kg (MFF) to 9.62 MJ/kg (MYF), 9.50 MJ/kg (MPF), and 8.72 MJ/kg (MCF) due to the dilution of physical fiber. Conversely, the incorporation of tuber wastes resulted in a substantial natural increase in the concentration of essential minerals. Potassium accumulated significantly in MPF (0.97%) and MYF (0.53%), while calcium surged from 28.47% (control) to peaks of 68.67% (MPF) and 65.63% (MYF). Magnesium uniformly exceeded 81% across all test groups, alongside prominent accumulations of iron and zinc. However, phosphorus was significantly depressed in the cassava peel group (MCF: 9.37%), altering optimal dietary Ca/P ratios. Ultimately, replacing 50% of maize with root crop by-products offers a viable strategy for maintaining organic matter stability and enhancing mineral content, as long as targeted micronutrient balancing is applied for sustainable feed production.