Cancer is now being viewed not as a single genetic disease but as a multi-layered, multi-level disease that exists on a systems level and is a biochemical process that is powered by dynamic, multi-layered interactions with molecules. This review will take the systems biology approach by combining metabolomics, proteomics, and epigenomics to explain the biochemical heterogeneity and adaptive plasticity of cancer. The bioenergetic requirements of growing tumor cells are manifested through metabolomic reprogramming which is the altered glycolysis, lipid metabolism, and redox balance. Simultaneously, proteomic changes remodel signaling pathways, which mediate cell survival, immune resistance, and treatment resistance. Additional epigenomic changes such as DNA methylation, changes in histone positioning and regulation of non-coding RNAs also coordinate the pattern of gene expression without changing the sequence of the DNA itself. The intersection of these layers of omics points to cancer as an outcome of interdependent biochemical processes, and not single events at the molecular level. Recent developments in the field of multi-omics integration, which has been made possible by the high-throughput and computational modeling technologies, have allowed the discovery of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets with greater specificity and predictive capability. Notably, this integrative model changes the existing paradigm of reductionist approaches to the holistic tumor biology concept. This review identifies the opportunity of systems-level knowledge in informing precision oncology by mapping cross-talk between metabolic pathways, protein networks, and epigenetic landscapes. Finally, the combination of multi-omics information offers a strong foundation to unlock the complexity of tumors, enhance the early diagnosis of cancer, and inform the design of tailored therapeutic approaches during cancer treatment.

Functional nutrition plays a pivotal role in aquaculture by promoting fish growth, enhancing immune responses, and mitigating the impact of environmental and pathogenic stressors. With the intensification of fish farming and growing concerns over antibiotic resistance, the use of functional feeds including nutraceuticals, prebiotics, probiotics, antioxidants, and immunostimulants has emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional practices. This review critically examines the nutritional requirements of fish, explores the bio efficacy of various feed additives, and evaluates their roles in gut health modulation, disease resistance, and stress mitigation. We also discuss proactive health management strategies and the integration of vaccination and feed-based interventions. The review highlights current advancements, identifies research gaps, and emphasizes the need for precision in formulating functional feeds tailored to species-specific requirements. This integrated nutritional approach supports healthier fish stocks, improves aquaculture productivity, and reduces the industry's ecological footprint.

Nickel sulphate (NiSO4) is a common industrial substance employed in various applications such as electroplating, battery production, and metal coating. However, its continuous occupational and environmental exposure has elicited toxicological issues. This review is a critical assessment of the histopathological, biochemical and molecular alterations of the liver in mice exposed to nickel sulphate, correlating the findings from both animal and mechanistic tests. Studies evidently show that NiSO4 leads to dose-related liver cell damage, necrosis, steatosis, inflammatory infiltration, and degeneration in animals, closely linked to the increase of serum transaminases and oxidative-stress biomarkers. From a mechanistic perspective, nickel exposure affects redox homeostasis, mitochondrial integrity, and lipid metabolism leading to ferroptosis, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling. Additionally, comparative data analysis between hepatic injuries induced by soluble and particulate nickel salts shows that the former is more fatal, highlighting the relevance of compound bioavailability and exposure pathway. The hepatoprotective effects of antioxidants and flavonoid supplements (e.g. selenium, silymamarin, hesperidin, etc.) against hepatic injury are seen in preclinical models. Cross-species researchers also show that there are conserved oxidative and inflammatory systems of damage, suggesting it may be applicable in human risk assessment. According to the review, early biomarkers, multi-omics, and mechanistically directed interventions are needed to enhance toxicological assessment. Overall, long-term exposure to nickel sulphate is a realistic risk for hepatic damage; therefore, increased occupational preventive and mechanistic research should be used to improve preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Remote sensing-based smart irrigation management based on the use of geographic information system (GIS) has become a revolution in the effort to maximize the efficiency of water use in agricultural systems and the management of complex biotic and abiotic stresses to the agricultural system. This paper integrates recent developments in satellite-based monitoring, sensor fusion, and spatial analytics to come up with adaptive irrigation systems that adapt dynamically to crop water needs. Remote sensing platforms can be used to measure vegetation indices, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and thermal anomalies in real-time, allowing the initial identification of stress conditions resulting in drought, salinity, pests and diseases. GIS-based modeling also improves the decision-making process by incorporating multi-layered spatial data such as topography, soil characteristics and climatic variables to produce accurate irrigation timetables and risk maps. These technologies are integrated to facilitate precision agriculture through less wastage of water, low input costs, and enhanced crop resilience to the dynamic environment. Further, the predictability of stress forecasting and optimization in the process of irrigation can be improved using machine learning algorithms and geospatial data. The case studies show that smart irrigation systems can provide a great deal of stability in yield and efficiency in resource use in a wide range of agro-ecological areas. Though there are current challenges of accessing data, technical complexity and infrastructure constraints, continued technological advancements are ensuring that these systems continue to be scaled and accessible. In general, remote sensing and GIS convergence offer a sound platform of sustainable water management, which is part of food security and climate adaptation policies in contemporary agriculture. Future studies ought to be conducted on the incorporation of low-cost sensor networks, cloud computing infrastructure, and farmer-oriented decision-support systems to make them easy to use, scale, and be adopted in resource-constrained agricultural areas in the world to advance sustainable development.

Sustainable management of marine fauna globally is increasing due to anthropogenic demands, the decline in biodiversity, and climate-related changes in the ecosystem. Combining ecological concepts and fisheries science would provide an overall approach to achieving a balance between conservation objectives and food security requirements. This review critically evaluates how there are converging approaches between ecosystem-based management, population dynamics, and adaptive fisheries strategies that can contribute to improving resilience in marine systems. It lays stress on trophic relationships, habitat connectivity and species-specific response to exploitation, indicating the shortcomings of conventional single-species management strategies. More sophisticated tools like ecosystem modeling, remote sensing, and data-driven stock assessments are elaborated as key ingredients of informed decision making. Furthermore, the contribution of governance systems, stakeholder involvement, policy consistency is gauged in promoting sustainable exploitation and maintenance of ecological integrity. New ideas such as climate-smart fisheries, biodiversity-inclusive management and nature-based solutions are discussed in response to the uncertainty that might occur in the future. The synthesis emphasizes the need to work across disciplines to reduce overfishing, habitat destruction and ecosystem imbalance. This method will bring ecological theory and fisheries into a balance to advance long-term sustainability, increase adaptive capacity, and restore marine biodiversity. Finally, ecology and fisheries science should be integrated as a paradigm shift to whole ocean stewardship, which guarantees the survival of marine life and the marine ecosystem services it offers at a time of unprecedented environmental change.