This research aimed to evaluate a range of targeted nutritional strategies focused on both growth performance and carcass characteristics, as well as economic efficiency in broiler chickens under standard conditions based on four diets, including a usual control diet, an energy-dense diet, an amino acid (AA) optimized diet, and an AA-optimized-cost ration supplemented with multi-enzyme preparations. Four hundred eighty-one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to four treatments and raised for 42 days. The results showed that the final body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratios were significantly greater in the groups fed the energy-dense and amino acid–nutrient density diets compared to the control group. This suggests better growth efficiency. Carcass analysis showed that chickens fed diets with higher energy and optimized amino acid levels had a higher dressing percentage and more breast meat. This suggests that nutrients were better directed into building lean tissue. Although the enzyme-based, cost-optimized diet did not match the biological performance of the nutrient-rich diet, it performed similarly to the control group. As a result, feed costs were reduced, contributing to economic benefits. Economic research indicated that feeding the high-energy diet gave the lowest feed cost per kg body weight gain and highest gross margin/bird. Adhering closely was the diet with optimized amino acid composition. Taken together, these results emphasize that precise nutrition, the correct level of calories, amino acid profile and the strategic inclusion of enzymes is necessary in broiler production industry to improve growth performance and carcass yield. This research gives valuable insight for developing feed formulation systems that maximize biological and economic efficiency in modern poultry production.

The coconut or Cocos nucifera L., is a traditional plant that is treasured across the world for its many uses beyond its delicious taste and refreshing water. Coconuts harbor a rich array of phytochemicals, that include terpenoids contributing to their nutritional value and therapeutic potential. This review embarks on a journey to unveil the diverse profile and nutritional perspectives of terpenoids in coconut possessing health-promoting properties. Terpenoids, comprising a variety of compounds such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and triterpenoids, exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, thereby bestowing health benefits on consumption. Understanding the pharmacology of terpenoids in coconut and its nutritional implications helps for maximizing its utilization in functional foods, dietary supplements, and pharmaceutical formulations. This comprehensive review underscores the importance of phytoconstituent (terpenoids) in coconuts as a source of bioactive compounds and highlight avenues for future research that harness their full potential for human health and well-being.