The present study focused on the phytochemical profile, isolation of bioactive components, and determination of the toxicity of Azadirachta indica seed extract. The crude extracts of seeds of A. indica were prepared by cold maceration in hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. Phytochemical screening followed by column chromatography separated main fractions. Acute toxicity was studied using albino mice, administering doses to calculate LD50 and observing for behavioral and physical changes. A. indica seed extracts routinely produce a "brown gummy mass" that is dominated by non-polar chemicals, with hexane obtaining the highest extraction efficiency (28.55%), indicating phytochemical diversity and solvent selectivity. Ethyl acetate had the maximum ability to extract phenols and flavonoids, while methanol was efficient for tannin recovery; this clearly shows the influence of the degree of polarity on the solvent concerning phytochemical extraction. Hexane extract of A. The highest phytochemical diversity was observed in the seeds of A. indica, followed by methanol and then ethyl acetate. The 1H-NMR of compound Fa1 isolated from A. indica seeds confirmed the molecular structure, pointing out functional groups, methyls-and stereochemistry. The 13C-NMR spectrum of A. indica extract showed aliphatic, aromatic, and methyl carbons, giving important signals with significant chemical shifts due to functional groups. GC-MS of Fa1 from A. The A. indica showed complex structural features that included hydroxyl groups and alkyl fragments, confirming its bioactivity and possible interactions with biological systems. Hexane crude extract of seeds of A. indica showed minimal acute toxicity profile in albino mice. No mortality or symptoms were observed during a 24-hour observation period in doses as high as 5000 mg/kg. Whereas the ethyl acetate extract of A. indica seed showed no mortality at any concentration, the crude methanol extract in its crude form exhibited no signs of toxicity or fatality, even at 5000 mg/kg. This dictates its safety profile. Acute toxicity studies of A. indica Linn-seed extract fraction F1 in albino mice do not provide any evidence of any damage, even at high dosages up to 5000 mg/kg. Finally, A. indica seed extracts demonstrate varied phytochemicals and minimal toxicity, confirming their potential for safe bioactive uses.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L., Pedaliaceae) is a one of the earliest oilseed plants highly prized in tropical and subtropical countries. In Chad, its yield remains low, averaged 500 kg.ha-1 and organic and/or mineral fertilization are used to increase its grain yield. The low production would be linked ether to lack of crop knowledge, changing agronomic conditions and probably to the lack of pollination services. The seeds contain very high oil contents and are rich in total phenolic compounds and antioxidants which give it unprecedented stability for its oils. Thus a two-year experiment (rainy season 2022-2023) was conducted at Bébédjia in Chad to assess the effect of different types of amendments and pollination by entomophilous insects on the oil content, total phenols and antioxidant activity of sesame seeds. The study was based on a split plot design with three replications. The two studied factors were studied: fertilization with six types of amendments (control, 0.050 t.ha-1 of mineral NPK fertilizer , 5 t.ha-1 and 10 t.ha-1 of compost, 5 t.ha-1 and 10 t.ha-1 of cow-dung manure) and pollination with two modalities (free pollination plot and insects protected plot. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that fertilization highly (p < 0.001) affected all the three studied biochemical parameters while the effect of pollination was significantly only for the antioxidant potential (p < 0.05). The effect of the interaction between fertilization and pollination was significant only for polyphenols content (p < 0.05). Among treatments, the highest seed oil contents were obtained for compost 10 t.ha-1 (52.77%) and cow manure10 t.ha-1 (51.34%). Highest rates of polyphenols and antioxidants were recorded for unfertilized control indicating that amendments reduced these biochemical traits. This study showed that insect pollination had little effect on these biochemical traits in contrast organic fertilizers at 10 t.ha-1 increased the seed oil content of sesame but reduced the polyphenols rates and the antioxidant potential.

The breeding behaviour of Grey Jungle Fowl (Gallas sonneretti)) was studied in village Bari of district Doda of Jammu and Kashmir near agricultural fields during the month of June of 2024. During the course of observation it was observed that female lays 8 eggs in a nest on the ground near agricultural fields. The incubuton period is 21 days. But surprisingly on 15th day of incubation all the eggs were found to be disappeared from nest.