Quantitative analysis of biodiversity in district Palandri was undertaken from September, 2022 to May 2023 in district Palandri, AJK to collect data on the distribution and status of its wildlife. Point count method was used to observe the species in nine different habitats in the study area A total of 1049 individuals of 126 species of amphibians, birds, reptiles and mammals are observed in the study area belonging to 23 orders and 57 families. The Aves group had the most species variety, with 87 species followed by Mammals that were the second most varied group, with 18 species. Reptiles and amphibians contained 16 and 5 species, respectively. The most abundant species were Indus Valley Toad (n=11), Bengal Monitor (n=13), Russet sparrow (n=41) and House mouse (n=14) were recorded in district Palandri, AJK. Calculated values of Shannon Wiener (H) and Simpson index (1-D) of the district Palandri were 4.60 and 0.99 respectively. Anthropogenic activities such as logging, Settlements, deforestation, forest fires, hunting, extensive grazing of cattle were the reasons for decline in vertebrate species. By implementing conservation strategies, we can help ensure the long-term survival of these species and the ecosystems.

The utilization of indigenous plant species for remediation of polluted soils comes at a low economic and ecological cost when compared with traditional methods. In this study, the phytoremediation potential of indigenous ruderal plants in highly polluted soil within a petrochemical refinery complex was evaluated. First, a survey of the most abundant herbaceous plant species was carried out within the complex during the wet and dry seasons. The concentration of Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in soil and plant samples was determined using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence. Results show ten herbaceous plant species (Calopogonium mucunoides, Terminalia macroptera, Centrosema pubescens, Piliostigma thonningii, Cochlospermum tinctorum, Isoberlinia tomentosa, Monotes kerstingii, Detarium microcarpum, Paspalum orbiculare, Borreria verticillata) with accumulation factors (of Cd and/Cu) greater of than 1, thus revealing them as metal extractors. Furthermore, they have high above ground biomass due to their rapid vegetative growth, self-sustaining and easy to propagate. There are possibilities of further evaluating and genetically improving metal tolerance traits in some of these plant species in relation to their potential use in phytoremediation programmes in metal-polluted sites.

The review focused on recent patents between 2018 and 2023 that concern the use of green solvents that are relevant to the development of bio-based solvents, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents and supercritical fluids. It draws on data from global databases to identify progress toward sustainability, safety and industrial efficiency with reduced environmental impacts. The patents are categorized according to their type, applications and innovation, thereby highlighting emerging trends, research gaps and the role of intellectual property in driving sustainable chemistry solutions. Essentially, among other principles of green chemistry and circular economy, they are identified on the basis of their low toxic effects, biodegradability and renewable sourcing. These green solvents, however, are greener alternatives to more conventional petrochemical-based solvents in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, cosmetic, and other applications. A number of recent patents on chemical synthesis, extraction, and cleaning technologies highlight the environmental and industrial advantages of green solvents. This will consist of activity-specific ionic liquids, scalable bio-derived solvents and extremely efficient solvent recovery systems for improving the efficiency and sustainability of chemical processes. Despite challenges like cost, scalability and performance limitations, patents demonstrate opportunities to improve synthesis methods, develop multifunctional applications, and integrate green solvents into existing industrial systems. This review emphasizes the transformative potential of green solvents in fostering environmental sustainability and supporting a circular economy. Green solvents are helping reshape industrial practices and reduce toxic petrochemical solvent reliance while addressing global environmental and regulatory challenges.

New pharmaceuticals developed from the current medicinal plants can treat the ailment more successfully, potentially aiding the treatment, since a safer and more effective way may be discovered in the future. Nutritional value of medicinal plants and searching of novel compounds enhance the with therapeutic use in the different sectors. Secondary metabolites are created as byproducts or intermediates of secondary plant metabolism. Polymeric nanoparticles are colloidal structures that act to control the novel delivery of medications by guiding them to certain locations. Curcumin is one of the plant-based compounds with some medical potential. It a yellow polyphenol that typically targeted the cells of the viral particles. Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known treatment for hemiplegia and stroke. Nanoparticles are used in cancer diagnosis and therapy because of their ability to target tumours, deliver drugs, and boost the immune system. Among their advantages are their mucoadhesive, biocompatible, and biodegradable properties, as well as their multifunctional physicochemical properties that allow for site-specific targeting and allows the chemical modification. Nanoemulsions are currently appealing nanocarriers due to their ability to enhance the drug transport across bio-membranes, prolong the half-life in the body, and encapsulate medications with a high lipophilic aptitude. These days, nanoparticles provide a vast array of biological applications or an expanded the different fields.

Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) and carbon nanodots (CNDs) represent a revolutionary new frontier in nanotechnology with their distinct structural, optical, and chemical characteristics. Their unique properties have allowed them to be incorporated into various scientific and industrial applications. This comprehensive study delves into the synthesis, characterization, and functionalization of CNPs and CNDs, exploring the concepts underlying their remarkable qualities, which include excellent photostability, adjustable fluorescence, biocompatibility, and simplicity of surface modification. These nanostructures have various industrial applications, including electronics, energy, environmental research, and healthcare. Their potential to transform healthcare is fascinating, highlighted by their use in photothermal treatment, bioimaging, and drug delivery systems in biomedicine. The ability of CNPs and CNDs to tackle urgent ecological issues is further demonstrated by their application in environmental restoration, including water purification and pollution detection. The use of CNPs and CNDs in optoelectronics and energy storage devices like supercapacitors and batteries further illustrates their value in developing efficient and sustainable technologies. Even with these encouraging advancements, issues remain to be resolved, such as maximizing large-scale manufacturing, maintaining consistency, and dealing with long-term environmental effects. To overcome these obstacles and realize the full potential of carbon-based nanomaterials, this analysis highlights the necessity of multidisciplinary cooperation, which will eventually open the door for creative answers to pressing global issues.

This review reviews techniques to enhance immunity and productivity in broilers, explicitly highlighting the effects of vaccination on poultry health. The grill business is integral to the global food supply, and improving grill health and productivity is vital to satisfy the increasing demand for poultry meat. Vaccination is essential for safeguarding poultry from viral illnesses, augmenting their immunological responses, and raising overall production efficiency. The main aim of this review is to analyze the many vaccination procedures utilized in grill production, evaluate their efficacy, and pinpoint research deficiencies. The review consolidates the latest discoveries about vaccine classifications, administration methods, and ideal vaccination timelines. It underscores the correlation between vaccination and immunity, the impact on growth performance and feed conversion efficiency, and the economic advantages of vaccination initiatives. The review also examines problems in vaccination, including vaccine failure, resistance, and environmental factors that affect vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, it examines novel trends in vaccine creation, encompassing the utilization of next-generation vaccines and adjuvants alongside the amalgamation of vaccination with alternative management strategies to enhance health outcomes. The results indicate that vaccination markedly decreases illness prevalence, improves production, and promotes the sustainability of poultry husbandry. It highlights multiple research deficiencies, especially regarding the prolonged impacts of vaccination on immunity and productivity, alongside the obstacles presented by developing diseases and vaccine resistance. Future research should focus on advancing more efficacious vaccines and investigating integrated vaccination techniques that account for environmental and genetic variables. It provides significant insights into contemporary vaccination techniques, their effects on broiler health, and prospective advancements in vaccination strategies within chicken production.