Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by patches of skin losing pigment due to the destruction of melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing pigment. The condition can affect people of all ages and ethnicities, with symptoms including milky-white patches on the skin, premature graying of hair, and color loss in mucous membranes like the mouth or nose. Among the main causes of vitiligo are; Autoimmune Response: Vitiligo is primarily an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks melanocytes, leading to depigmentation. Factors like family history, genetic predisposition, and immune system disorders contribute to its development, Triggers: Events such as sunburn, emotional distress, or exposure to certain chemicals can trigger or exacerbate vitiligo. The treatment options are; Medications: Treatments include light therapy (phototherapy), oral medications like psoralen combined with UVA light (PUVA), and depigmentation therapy using monobenzone to match skin tones Surgery: Surgical options are available for some cases of vitiligo and Psychological Support: Counseling and mental health services can help individuals cope with the emotional impact of vitiligo, in conclusion, v is a multifaceted skin condition lacking a conclusive remedy, many types of vitiligo, but the most common one is Non-segmental Vitiligo (NSV), honmental and genetic are the most important causes of vitiligo. Important symptoms of vitiligo are; depigmented patches, hair discoloration, sensitivity to sunlight, treatment of vitiligo have many approach, among them are; topical Corticosteroids, phototherapy and Cosmetic Camouflage.

Phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.), a member of the Tiliaceae family, is a remarkable fruit-bearing shrub with significant medicinal and nutritional value. Originating in South Asia, it has gained popularity worldwide, particularly in subtropical and tropical regions. This review comprehensively examines the botanical characteristics, medicinal properties, nutritional composition, cultivation practices, and challenges faced by Phalsa growers, with a focus on its potential for crop improvement through mutagenesis and polyploidization techniques. With around 150 species, Grewia is the sole genus in the Tiliaceae family that produces edible fruit. Phalsa bushes, known for their rapid growth, yield orbicular fruits with moderately acidic yet nutritious pulp. The fruit is esteemed for its medicinal benefits, ranging from anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties to its use in treating various respiratory and cardiovascular ailments. Despite its nutritional and medicinal significance, Phalsa cultivation faces challenges such as poor post-harvest management, limited germplasm diversity, and abiotic stress susceptibility. To address these challenges and enhance Phalsa's agricultural potential, mutagenesis and polyploidization techniques have been explored. Induced mutagenesis offers a promising avenue for creating genetic diversity and improving traits such as stress tolerance and disease resistance. However, culture contamination remains a significant obstacle in achieving optimal shoot initiation and propagation efficiency. Overall, this review underscores the importance of Phalsa as a valuable crop with immense medicinal and nutritional benefits. By leveraging mutagenesis, polyploidization, and tissue culture techniques, Phalsa growers can overcome existing challenges and unlock its full agricultural potential, contributing to food security and public health.

Syzygium cumini L., known commonly as jamun, is a fruit tree with significant adaptability to diverse environmental conditions, particularly saline soils. This review comprehensively explores the adaptation mechanisms of jamun to saline environments and its agricultural significance on a global scale. Given the increasing soil salinization worldwide, understanding the resilience of crops like jamun is crucial for sustainable agricultural practices in salt-affected regions. Jamun is native to the Indian subcontinent but has been cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Its ability to withstand various abiotic stresses, especially soil salinity, makes it an ideal candidate for cultivation in areas prone to such conditions. This review highlights the physiological and biochemical responses of jamun to high salinity, including ion regulation, osmotic adjustment, and antioxidant activity. These mechanisms help the plant maintain growth and productivity in environments where many other crops fail. Additionally, the review discusses the importance of jamun in traditional medicine and its nutritional benefits, emphasizing its potential for enhancing food security in saline-affected areas. The fruit's rich composition of vitamins, antioxidants, and minerals underscores its nutritional value, making it a beneficial addition to the diet in regions with limited crop diversity due to salinity. Furthermore, the paper addresses the agricultural practices conducive to maximizing jamun's yield in saline environments, including suitable propagation techniques and water management strategies. It also explores the genetic diversity within Syzygium cumini species, which could be leveraged to breed varieties with enhanced salt tolerance and better fruit quality. In conclusion, the global cultivation of jamun not only contributes to biodiversity but also offers a viable solution for agricultural productivity in salt-impacted soils. Continued research and development efforts are essential to optimize cultivation practices and expand the use of jamun in saline agriculture.

Oilseed crops are third most important for human being after cereals and sugars. Sunflower is a vital oilseed crop, which is grown globally for its oil purposes. Sunflower seeds are also the most important protein source. Sunflower contains two primary protein types: water-soluble albumins and salt-soluble globulins. The genotype plays a crucial role in determining the fatty acid composition of oil. However, environmental factors like water availability and temperature fluctuations during the grain-filling stage can also significantly impact on oil content. That’s why this study was aimed to investigate the impact of water deficit environments on seed yield and related traits of sunflower hybrids. In this study seven sunflower hybrids (SF-177, Pl-64 A 93, Hysun-33, Hysun-39, US-666, FSS-64 and Agsun-5264) were sown according to RCBD by using three replications. Data was recorded days taken to initiation of flowering, plant height, 1000 seed weight, oil content and protein content. Results showed that drought stress adversely affected all the parameters in this experiment, but some hybrids perform better for yield and oil content under drought conditions. Such as hybrid SF-177 and Hysun-39 represented least difference in 1000 achenes weight under normal and drought conditions. Hybrid FSS-64 (44.33%) and Hysun-33 (43.66%) showed highest oil content under drought conditions. While hybrid Agsun-5264 and Hysun-39 showed maximum protein content under drought stress.

Alchornea cordifolia extract is widely used as ethnomedicine in Ivory coast to treat various ailments related to bacterial, fungal, parasitic and inflammatory disorders, infertility problems, among other. Here, the objective was to evaluate some long lasting neuroprotective properties of Alchornea cordifolia extract against a rat’s model of LPS-induced early-life neuroinflammation. The neuroinflammation was induced with a single dose of LPS (1mg/kg, i.p) in neonatal rats (postnatal day 4) or PBS rats (1ml/100g, vehicle). Six hours later, some LPS rats were treated either with minocycline (50 mg/kg, i.p) or Alchornea cordifolia extract (200 or 400 mg/kg, p.o) for 14 consecutive days. Then, rats were followed carefully till adulthood (P 90) for the evaluation of cognitive behavioral status and oxidative damage level in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Results showed that the treatment with Alchornea cordifolia extract (200 or 400 mg/kg) attenuated LPS-induced deficits of spatial learning and memory (Y-maze and Morris water maze) and recognition memory (Object recognition test). However, only dose of 200 mg/kg of Alchornea cordifolia extract reduced significantly lipid peroxidation through MDA content and enhanced the enzymatic antioxydant SOD level in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. On the whole, the threshold dose 200 mg/kg of Alchornea cordifolia demonstrated long lasting beneficial neuroprotective effects against LPS-induced early-life neuroinflammation incomparable to reference molecule minocycline. This findings suggest that Alchornea cordifolia rich in quercitrin bioactive need further biochemical and histopathology studies before promising as efficient therapeutic agent against neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.