The incorporation of empirical data from 2021 to 2025 underscores climate change as a primary determinant of urban health in West Africa, with Nigeria bearing the greatest impact. The study found that increased disease severity was the major factor. The data in the review illustrate an unhealthy climate that drives up illness rates. The numbers presented indicate that the annual heat-wave exposure per person increased from 28 days in 2021 to 33.2 days in 2024, with a concurrent 8.6% increase in heat-related mortality. Lagos is the city that experiences the most rapid urban heat, with the earth’s surface temperature rising by 4.5°C from 2000 to 2022. Major flood events typically trigger outbreaks; the 2024 disaster displaced 1.3 million people and resulted in 7,485 cholera cases (Case Fatality Rate 4.3%), with a 63% increase in acute watery diarrhea. Social vulnerabilities largely shape health outcomes, so those effects hit harder in poor and informal areas with little or no infrastructure to mitigate risks. Among other risk factors in these locations, indoor temperatures can reach 35–40°C during heat waves, which is followed by a hospitalization spike of 15–25% at the time, and post-flood malaria cases can increase by 125%. The convergence of climate hazards with poverty, fragile health systems, and spontaneous urbanization exacerbates health crises in a compounded manner. Heat-health action plans, resilient urban planning enforcement, and the WASH infrastructure investment to safeguard the fast-growing urban population are among the core measures that need to be taken.

Background: Sterilization is a fundamental component of infection control in dental practice, ensuring the safety of both patients and healthcare professionals. However, conventional sterilization procedures are often associated with considerable energy consumption, water usage, and the generation of biomedical and plastic waste. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward environmentally sustainable healthcare practices, leading to the adoption of eco-friendly sterilization approaches in dental offices across the United States. Objective: This review aims to highlight current trends in eco-friendly sterilization practices in U.S. dental offices and discuss their potential benefits, challenges, and future implications for sustainable dental care. Discussion: Recent developments in sustainable sterilization include the use of energy-efficient autoclaves, reusable sterilization containers, environmentally safer disinfectants, digital sterilization monitoring systems, and resource-conserving strategies. These innovations seek to reduce the environmental footprint of dental practices while maintaining high standards of infection prevention and regulatory compliance. In addition to environmental benefits, eco-friendly sterilization measures may contribute to long-term cost savings, improved workplace safety, and enhanced patient perception of dental services. Nevertheless, widespread implementation remains influenced by several factors, including financial investment, limited awareness, staff training requirements, and concerns regarding the effectiveness and standardization of certain sustainable alternatives. Conclusion: Eco-friendly sterilization practices represent an important advancement toward sustainable dentistry. Continued technological innovation, professional education, and institutional support are essential to encourage broader adoption of environmentally responsible sterilization methods while preserving the effectiveness of infection control protocols in modern dental offices.

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) in perimenopausal women may indicate a spectrum of endometrial pathology ranging from atrophic change to carcinoma, and transvaginal sonographic measurement of endometrial thickness (ET) has been proposed as a non-invasive tool to triage women who require histopathological sampling. This study aimed to determine the distribution of ET and histopathological diagnoses among perimenopausal women with AUB and to evaluate the diagnostic performance of ET cut-off values in predicting endometrial pathology. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh, in collaboration with the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Pathology, from July 2021 to June 2023. Ninety-seven perimenopausal women aged 39 years and above presenting with AUB underwent transvaginal sonography followed by histopathological evaluation of endometrial samples. ET was correlated with histopathological findings using the chi-square test. Results: The mean age was 43.04±2.54 years; menorrhagia was the commonest symptom (51.5%). The overall mean ET was 7.98±3.32 mm, ranging from 5.83±1.06 mm in atrophic endometrium to 12.15±2.36 mm in endometrial polyps. ET was significantly associated with histopathological diagnosis (χ²=21.74, p<0.001). An ET cut-off of >4.9 mm gave 100% sensitivity and negative predictive value but 24.0% specificity; >7.9 mm gave the best balance (66.0% sensitivity, 76.0% specificity, 71.1% accuracy); >11.9 mm gave 100% specificity and positive predictive value but 29.8% sensitivity. Conclusion: Endometrial thickness correlates significantly with histopathological diagnosis in perimenopausal women with AUB. No single cut-off simultaneously optimises both rule-in and rule-out performance; a graded diagnostic approach combining ET with clinical judgement is recommended before proceeding to invasive sampling.

Artificial intelligence [AI] has become an indispensable part of scientific and medical research, however, the exponential growth in model complexity and computational requirements has made AI adoption challenging for resource-limited settings. The concept of Frugal AI has emerged to address this gap by designing efficient, accessible, and sustainable AI systems that achieve comparable accuracy with reduced computational, financial, and environmental costs. In the context of medical research, Frugal AI enables data-driven discovery, diagnostics, and decision-making through low-cost, scalable, and adaptable methodologies. This review explores the evolution and influence of Frugal AI on research methodology in biomedical sciences over the past decade. It discusses its principles, technological innovations, and integration into experimental design, data management, and analytical frameworks. Furthermore, the paper critically evaluates the benefits and limitations of Frugal AI in medical research, highlighting its transformative role in improving accessibility, reducing bias, and fostering innovation in low-resource environments. Finally, it underscores the future perspectives of Frugal AI in achieving equitable, reproducible, and sustainable medical research worldwide.